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To realise the clean energy transition, peer-to-peer (P2P) renewable energy sharing markets have been proposed as one possible solution for achieving such a goal and are recognised as a potential path to achieving other goals such as affordable and reliable energy. Existing studies have shown that coordination at the micro level can be achieved by employing such P2P market structures. A pressing question concerns how to set the trade price such that the community coordinates in a way that maximises social welfare. A solution to this question based on multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has been provided as a proof-of-concept in a single environment. However, various factors such as climate and community scale have been shown to affect the collective performance in such energy-sharing communities. In this work, to test the wider applicability of the proposed solution, a full factorial experiment based on the factors of climate, , community scale, , and price mechanism, , is conducted to ascertain the response of the community w.r.t. the outputs: community selfsufficiency, , total net-loss, , and income equality. . In short, we find that a community stands an odds of 2 to 1 in higher savings by adopting a smart agent.

This Data-sharing SME, Last-Mile Delivery LivingLab focuses on the last-mile (LM) transport setting. The LivingLab involves actors such as last-mile couriers, traditional delivery companies, retailers, and terminal companies. The LivingLab is one of 23 under the EU project FEDeRATED (www.federatedplatforms.eu), which aims to foster and achieve digital co-operation in logistics. Stakeholder engagement is required to achieve open data sharing in the interests of improving the operational efficiency of delivery. This LivingLab identifies that the last-mile couriers dispute the benefits of data sharing, while being pushed towards data sharing by (environmental) regulations and other market forces. However, and somewhat in contradiction, a considerable number of the couriers voluntarily associate themselves with a semi-Federated system of open and neutral data sharinginfrastructure. The financial gains for these couriers have been substantial.

Syftet med vårt projekt har varit att studera hur en ökad internationalisering av handeln som bransch, med ökade internationella prisjämförelser och ökad internationell e-handel, påverkar e-handlares prissättning och lokala marknaders känslighet för asymmetriska chocker. 

We develop a novel and generic text-based measure to classify and evaluate greenhouse gas (GHG) disclosures. We construct the measure using collocation analysis of GHG-related words and regular expressions. Automated implementation achieved high concordance compared to manual investigations. We move beyond the “bag-of-words” approach in classifying voluminous nonfinancial corporate disclosure. We also outline a methodology that is manyfold scalable and makes replicability straightforward. Compared to past studies, we work with a significantly larger sample of 5,017 reports across 80 countries, thereby dealing with greater complexity and leading to better generalizability. We also contribute to the debate on whether nonfinancial disclosures exhibit accountability or are merely greenwashing. We find a negative trend in accountability worldwide, and firm-level accountability in GHG disclosures is not detectable in a country-level reduction of GHG emissions. Moreover, firms disclose significantly higher accountable information in a civil-law legal environment compared to those in a common-law legal environment.

Retail chains continually expand, reconfigure, and contract their store networks to serve their customers and maximize profits. One notable consequence of these actions is changes in the distances between consumers’ residences andnearest stores, altering their transportation-related CO2 emissions. Therefore, this study aims to examine the environmental impact of the reconfiguration of the IKEA store network in Sweden during the twenty-first century and compare the actual reconfiguration to one that minimizes consumers’ travel distances and, thus, CO2emissions. The expansion of the IKEA network in Sweden between 2004 and 2016, adding four (2004–2007) and then three (2013–2016) additional stores, reduced consumers’ average travel distance to their nearest store from 87 to 65.2 km. However, had IKEA managers used our web-available decision support tool,eCOmpass, this reduction could have been achieved after the first round of store additions since the distance-minimizing locations for the four new stores established in 2004–2007 would have reduced average travel distance to 64.9 km. 

Much focus in the joint retailing and transportation domain has been on the transition to e-tailing and the reformation of supply-chain logistics. However, traditional retailing, where consumers visit stores for shopping, dominates and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Retailers continuously expand, contract, and reconfigure their store network for strategic reasons. This paper reports on a project aiming to facilitate the incorporation of environmental consequences into the retailer’s reconfiguration decision process. It describes the design and deployment process of eCOmpass, an online decision support tool that enables retailers to estimate the change in transportation-related CO2 emissions caused by a reconfiguration of their store network. This description encompasses the judgmental choices of data acquisition, optimization technology, and user interface. 

If online retail markets are integrated, in that cost shocks in one country also affect pricing in other countries, asymmetric shocks to any one country in the region will spill over to neighboring countries as well. Using web-scraped productlevel prices from a group of retail firms selling identical products in at least two of the four Nordic markets under study, we investigate if national markets are segmented at the borders. Contrary to previous studies, we use differences in product characteristics to divide the data into products that are easily transported across borders and those that are not. At the extreme end of the transportability spectrum, we investigate market integration for four types of games for computers or game consoles that are delivered via downloads, where the cross-border transaction costs should be close to zero. Our results show that markets for product categories where cross-border transaction costs are high are also segmented at the border, while markets for product categories that can easily be traded andtransported between countries are not. We find an even higher level of market integration for games delivered via downloads than for the same games sold through traditional channels. As such, cross-border transaction costs still matter for market segmentation, but only for the sub-set of products where such costs are high. 

Cyberrisk utgör ett hot mot teknologier, data och individers och organisationers integritet. Svårigheten för organisationer i att skydda sig och reducera hoten har ökat som en följd av att cyberbrottslingar har tillgång till bättre metoder och verktyg för datastöld och systeminfiltration. Detta är i synnerhet sant vad gäller fleragentsystem där agenterna är digitalt sammanlänkade via Internet. Denna skrift rapporterar, med fokus på fleragentsystem, de vanligaste och mest fundamentala cyberhoten samt presenterar luckor och tillkortakommanden i utbudet av verktyg syftande till att reducera cyberhoten. Trafikverket och dess verksamhet ingår i fleragentssystem. Skriften redogör för de mest samtida problemen och möjligheterna relevanta för transportområdet. Vidare så pekar den ut framtida forskningsbehov syftande till att ge vägledning till dem som leder cyberförsvaret i transportområdet. Skriftens slutsatser vilar på en systematisk litteraturgenomgång av vetenskapliga arbeten.

Cyber risks are considered as one of the main challenges that harm technology, data, and privacy of individuals and organizations. While cyber criminals tend to use improved methods and tools to steal data or hack into systems, the ability of organizations to mitigate such risks tend to become more difficult. Especially when the organization and various other agents operate in a multi-agent environment that is often connected to the internet. This report highlights some of the most common and fundamental cyber threats and cyber security gaps or vulnerabilities which might be found in risk mitigation tools that are used for cyber defense in a multi-agent environment. The Swedish Transport Administration for example operates in such an environment. The study exhibits latest challenges and opportunities in the transport arena while focusing on unique and specific disciplines related to the Swedish Transport Sector. It suggests future applicative research studies that will yield recommendations to cyber defense managers in the transport sector whose one of the major tasks is to perform mitigation of cyber risks. The study employed a structured literature review methodology drawing on existing scientific scholarship to prepare the report. 

Using data from 2001–2012, the effects of IKEA entry in four Swedish municipalities, 2004–2007, on labor productivity in durable goods retailing is investigated using synthetic control methods. We contribute to the literature on synthetic control methods by considering parametric specifications of the intervention effect, which improves the likelihood of identifying the effect of IKEA entry on labor productivity. Our results indicate that in three out of four entry municipalities, labor productivity increased more than in their synthetic counterparts after IKEA entry, and that larger positive effects are found in rural municipalities where the new IKEA was large relative to the existing durable goods retail market.