Regional climate projections for Central and Eastern Europe indicate a rise in summertime temperatures along with an increase in the frequency of warm temperature extremes by the end of the next century. In the case of Hungary, models indicate a 1.7–2.6°C rise in summer temperatures in the near future, and a 3.5–6.0°C increase is projected for the end of the twenty-first century—based on the A1B scenario. Besides rising temperatures, long term projections also signal a 20–40% decrease in summer precipitation in Hungary. In Budapest, the existing urban heat island (UHI) intensity of 4–8°C is expected to make these already adverse projections worse. Since the combined influences of these phenomena will be most pronounced in the densely built and populated areas of the city, identifying effective UHI mitigation and climate change (CC) adaptation strategies for these ares is of primary importance. This paper investigates the impact of cool roofs and pavements along with the influence of different canopy cover ratios on the urban canopy layer (UCL) climate for a summer day, and assesses their impact on human thermal comfort under projected climate conditions at the pedestrian level. The goal is to evaluate the effectiveness of these popular CC adaptation actions and to contribute to the development of a systematic framework for the assessment of UHI mitigation strategies. The study took four dense urban configurations from Budapest—characteristic to most Central European cities—to examine the effectiveness of these approaches. The numerical simulation study utilizes ENVI-met and MATLAB. Preliminary results indicate that the performance of CC adaptation strategies is the function of the configurations' initial thermal performance. Consequently, the starting point of any adaptation proposals should be the evaluation of the initial thermal behavior of the selected focus area, followed by the selection of appropriate strategies—based on both the shortcomings of the initial local or microclimate, and the available opportunities for improvements. This study is a first attempt to quantify key CC adaptation strategies for Budapest. The results of this research will provide feedback to local authorities on the effectiveness of the assessed approaches and foster the articulation of more precise and economic CC adaptation actions and measures.