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CO2 Emissions Induced by Vehicles Cruising for Empty Parking Spaces in an Open Parking Lot
Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Microdata Analysis. (Microdata analysis)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2078-3327
Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Microdata Analysis.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4871-833X
Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Computer Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1429-2345
Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Informatics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4812-4988
2022 (English)In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 14, no 7, article id 3742Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Parking lots are places of high air pollution as numerous vehicles cruise to find vacant parking places. Open parking lots receive high vehicle traffic, and when limited empty spaces are available it leads to problems, such as congestion, pollution, and driver frustration. Due to lack of return on investment, open parking lots are little studied, and there is a research gap in understanding the magnitude of CO2 emissions and cruising observed at open parking lots. Thus, this paper aims to estimate CO2 emissions and cruising distances observed at an open parking lot. A thermal camera was utilized to collect videos during peak and non-peak hours. The resulting videos were utilized to collect cruising trajectories of drivers searching for empty parking spaces. These trajectories were analyzed to identify optimal and non-optimal cruising, time to park, and walking distances of drivers. A new CO2 model was proposed to estimate emissions in smaller geographical regions, such as open parking lots. The majority of drivers tend to choose parking spaces near a shopping center, and they prefer to cruise non-optimal distances to find an empty parking space near the shopping center. The observed mean non-optimal cruising distance is 2.7 times higher than the mean optimal cruising distance. Excess CO2 emissions and non-optimal cruising were mainly observed during visitor peak hours when there were limited or no empty parking spaces. During visitor peak hours, several vehicles could not find an empty parking space in the region of interest, which also leads to excess cruising.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2022. Vol. 14, no 7, article id 3742
Keywords [en]
cruising, pollution, parking
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:du-40866DOI: 10.3390/su14073742ISI: 000782091300001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85127594018OAI: oai:DiVA.org:du-40866DiVA, id: diva2:1646475
Available from: 2022-03-22 Created: 2022-03-22 Last updated: 2023-04-14
In thesis
1. Parking support model for open parking lots
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Parking support model for open parking lots
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Parking is a common process performed by vehicle drivers when they arrive at their destination. It is considered to be the last mile transportation problem of personal vehicles. Some of the common problems observed by drivers are additional cruising, congestion, pollution, and driver frustration. This thesis is focused on open parking lots that provide free parking spaces. Since parking spaces are provided free, open parking lots are in high demand leading to additional cruising and pollution. One of the primary reasons for these problems is the lack of information on parking availability. Such information can be provided using a parking support model, or a smart parking system. As open parking lots do not provide any direct return on investments, no parking support models were available on the market. Therefore, this thesis aims to develop a parking support model suitable for open parking lots which can facilitate in providing real-time and short-term forecast of parking availability. This thesis also examines the magnitude of additional cruising and CO2 emissions observed in an open parking lot. A thermal camera was utilized for collecting data on open parking lots as it is not susceptible to varying illumination and environmental conditions. Since there were no pre-trained algorithms for enabling object detection using thermal camera images, a dataset was created with varying environmental and illumination conditions. This dataset was utilized by deep learning algorithms to facilitate multi-object, real-time detection. The developed parking support model facilitates in providing a real-time and short-term forecast of parking availability. Despite the use of low volume of data, the methods utilized in this thesis facilitated providing better detection and forecasting results. Algorithms, such as ResNet18 and Yolo, facilitated in providing real-time, multi-object detection with high accuracy. Similarly, a short-term forecast of parking availability was provided for the open parking lot using methods such as the Ensemble-based method, LSTM and SARIMAX. Ensemble-based method and LSTM provided better test prediction results with lower errors compared to SARIMAX. A new CO2 emissions model was proposed to estimate the magnitude of emissions observed at an open parking lot. The mean CO2 emissions of additional cruising is 2.7 times more than optimal cruising. Despite the individual CO2 emissions of vehicles being lower, aggregating CO2 emissions from multiple vehicles leads to higher pollution. This problem can be reduced by utilizing the parking support model.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Borlänge: Högskolan Dalarna, 2022
Series
Dalarna Doctoral Dissertations ; 21
Keywords
parking, deep learning, pollution, cruising, detection, tracking, forecasting
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics Computer and Information Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:du-41094 (URN)978-91-88679-36-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-06-03, room 311, 10:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2022-05-03 Created: 2022-03-24 Last updated: 2023-08-17Bibliographically approved

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Paidi, VijayHåkansson, JohanFleyeh, HasanNyberg, Roger G.

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