This chapter illustrates a learner-centric approach to investigating the potential of online resources for language learning. In contrast to studies that look at the use of particular applications, tools, or social media platforms in formal educational contexts, this approach takes into account the totality of the personal learning environments learners create for themselves, intentionally and unintentionally, which may include online vocabulary-training applications, connection with native speakers of the target language through social media, immediate and free access to cultural products such as films, music, and the press, and increasingly ubiquitous machine translation. Using an activity theory framework and questionnaire data, the empirical portion of this chapter illustrates some aspectsof the personal learning environments of adults studying a foreign language at the beginner level and draws the following conclusions: (a) exploring the applicability of technologies for language learning can be done bottom up rather than top down; (b) digital tools do not replace nondigital tools, they complement them; (c) the digital native/digital immigrant distinction (Prensky, 2001; Benini & Murray, 2014) is questionable; (d) learner objectives do not always correspond to curricular objectives; and (e) the lines between language learning and language use can be blurred, and this is enabled in part by technology.