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  • 1.
    Aghanavesi, Somayeh
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Mikrodataanalys.
    Memedi, Mevludin
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Datateknik.
    Dougherty, Mark
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Mikrodataanalys.
    Nyholm, Dag
    Westin, Jerker
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Datateknik.
    Verification of a method for measuring Parkinson’s disease related temporal irregularity in spiral drawings2017Inngår i: Sensors, E-ISSN 1424-8220, Vol. 17, nr 10, artikkel-id 2341Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive movement disorder caused by the death of dopamine-producing cells in the midbrain. There is a need for frequent symptom assessment, since the treatment needs to be individualized as the disease progresses. The aim of this paper was to verify and further investigate the clinimetric properties of an entropy-based method for measuring PD-related upper limb temporal irregularities during spiral drawing tasks. More specifically, properties of a temporal irregularity score (TIS) for patients at different stages of PD, and medication time points were investigated. Nineteen PD patients and 22 healthy controls performed repeated spiral drawing tasks on a smartphone. Patients performed the tests before a single levodopa dose and at specific time intervals after the dose was given. Three movement disorder specialists rated videos of the patients based on the unified PD rating scale (UPDRS) and the Dyskinesia scale. Differences in mean TIS between the groups of patients and healthy subjects were assessed. Test-retest reliability of the TIS was measured. The ability of TIS to detect changes from baseline (before medication) to later time points was investigated. Correlations between TIS and clinical rating scores were assessed. The mean TIS was significantly different between healthy subjects and patients in advanced groups (p-value = 0.02). Test-retest reliability of TIS was good with Intra-class Correlation Coefficient of 0.81. When assessing changes in relation to treatment, TIS contained some information to capture changes from Off to On and wearing off effects. However, the correlations between TIS and clinical scores (UPDRS and Dyskinesia) were weak. TIS was able to differentiate spiral drawings drawn by patients in an advanced stage from those drawn by healthy subjects, and TIS had good test-retest reliability. TIS was somewhat responsive to single-dose levodopa treatment. Since TIS is an upper limb high-frequency-based measure, it cannot be detected during clinical assessment.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 2.
    Alam, Moudud
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    An efficient algorithm for the pseudo likelihood estimation of the generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) with correlated random effects2009Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a two-step pseudo likelihood estimation technique for generalized linear mixed models with correlated random effects. The proposed estimation technique does not require reparametarisation of the model. Multivariate Taylor's approximation has been used to approximate the intractable integrals in the likelihood function of the GLMM. Based on the analytical expression for the estimator of the covariance matrix of the random effects, a condition has been presented as to when such a covariance matrix can be estimated through the estimates of the random effects. An application of the model with a binary response variable has been presented using a real data set on credit defaults from two Swedish banks. Due to the use of two-step estimation technique, proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional pseudo likelihood algorithms in terms of computational time.

  • 3.
    Alam, Moudud
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Feasible computation of the generalized linear mixed models with application to credit risk modelling2010Doktoravhandling, monografi (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis deals with developing and testing feasible computational procedures to facilitate the estimation of and carry out the prediction with the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with a scope of applying them to large data sets. The work of this thesis is motivated from an issue arising in credit risk modelling. We have access to a huge data set, consisting of about one million observations, on credit history obtained from two major Swedish banks. The principal research interest involved with the data analysis is to model the probability of credit defaults by incorporating the systematic dependencies among the default events. In order to model the dependent credit defaults we adopt the framework of GLMM which is a popular approach to model correlated binary data. However, existing computational procedures for GLMM did not offer us the flexibility to incorporate the desired correlation structure of defaults events. For the feasible estimation of the GLMM we propose two estimation techniques being the fixed effects (FE) approach and the two-step pseudo likelihood approach (2PL). The preciseness of the estimation techniques and their computational advantages are studied by Monte-Carlo simulations and by applying them to the credit risk modelling. Regarding the prediction issue, we show how to apply the likelihood principle to carry out prediction with GLMM. We also provide an R add-in package to facilitate the predictive inference for GLMM.

  • 4.
    Alam, Moudud
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Feasible estimation of generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) with weak dependency between groups2010Manuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a two-step pseudo likelihood estimation technique for generalized linear mixed models with the random effects being correlated between groups. The core idea is to deal with the intractable integrals in the likelihood function by multivariate Taylor's approximation. The accuracy of the estimation technique is assessed in a Monte-Carlo study. An application of it with a binary response variable is presented using a real data set on credit defaults from two Swedish banks. Thanks to the use of two-step estimation technique, the proposed algorithm outperforms conventional pseudo likelihood algorithms in terms of computational time.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 5.
    Alam, Moudud
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Industry shocks and empirical evidences on defaults comovement2009Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    It is commonly agreed that the credit defaults are correlated. However, the mechanism of such dependence is not yet fully understood. This paper contributes to the current understanding about the defaults comovement in the following way. Assuming that the industries provides the basis of defaults comovement it provides empirical evidence as to how such comovements can be modeled using correlated industry shocks. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with correlated random effects is used to model the defaults comovement. Empirical evidences are drawn through analyzing individual borrower level credit history data obtained from two major Swedish banks between the period 1994-2000. The results show that the defaults are correlated both within and between industries but not over time (quarters). A discussion has also been presented as to how a GLMM for defaults correlation can be explained.

  • 6.
    Alam, Moudud
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Likelihood prediction for generalized linear mixed models under covariate uncertainty2014Inngår i: Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods, ISSN 0361-0926, E-ISSN 1532-415X, Vol. 43, nr 2, s. 219-234Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the techniques of likelihood prediction for the generalized linear mixed models. Methods of likelihood prediction is explained through a series of examples; from a classical one to more complicated ones. The examples show, in simple cases, that the likelihood prediction (LP) coincides with already known best frequentist practice such as the best linear unbiased predictor. The paper outlines a way to deal with the covariate uncertainty while producing predictive inference. Using a Poisson error-in-variable generalized linear model, it has been shown that in complicated cases LP produces better results than already know methods.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 7.
    Alam, Moudud
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Carling, Kenneth
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Computionally feasible estimation of the covariance structure in generalized linear mixed models2008Inngår i: Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, ISSN 0094-9655, E-ISSN 1563-5163, Vol. 78, nr 12, s. 1229-1239Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we discuss how a regression model, with a non-continuous response variable, which allows for dependency between observations, should be estimated when observations are clustered and measurements on the subjects are repeated. The cluster sizes are assumed to be large. We find that the conventional estimation technique suggested by the literature on generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) is slow and sometimes fails due to non-convergence and lack of memory on standard PCs. We suggest to estimate the random effects as fixed effects by generalized linear model and to derive the covariance matrix from these estimates. A simulation study shows that our proposal is feasible in terms of mean-square error and computation time. We recommend that our proposal be implemented in the software of GLMM techniques so that the estimation procedure can switch between the conventional technique and our proposal, depending on the size of the clusters.

  • 8.
    Alam, Moudud
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Carling, Kenneth
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Chen, Rui
    Liang, Yuli
    How to determine the progression of young skiers?2008Inngår i: CHANCE: New Directions for Statistics and Computing, ISSN 0933-2480, Vol. 21, nr 4, s. 13-19Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 9.
    Alam, Moudud
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Carling, Kenneth
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Linde, Olof
    Sweco Eurofutures.
    Nääs, Ola
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Sandén, Peter
    Sweco Eurofutures.
    Wing, Stefan
    Sweco Eurofutures.
    Utvärdering av det arbetsmarknadspolitiska projektet "Volvo Cars och dess underleverantörer"2012Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [sv]

    Denna rapport är en utvärdering av det arbetsmarknadspolitiska projektet "Volvo Cars och dess underleverantörer", som har genomförts av Arbetsförmedlingen i samarbete med Skolverket och Svenska ESF-rådet. Den 5 juni 2009 ansökte Sveriges regering om medel hos den Europeiska globaliseringsfonen (EGF)2 för att kunna erbjuda åtgärder för personer som blivit uppsagda från Volvo Cars AB och dess underleverantörer. Syftet med projektet var att kunna erbjuda de som blivit uppsagda kompetensutveckling, nya yrkeskunskaper och möjlighet att etablera egna företag.

    På operativ nivå drevs projektet i samverkan mellan Arbetsförmedlingen och den kom-munala yrkesvuxenutbildningen ("Yrkesvux"). Yrkesvux i Göteborgs kommun fick i upp-drag av Skolverket att samordna den del av verksamheten som berörde kommunal yr-kesvuxenutbildning. Projektet startade 1 januari 2010 och avslutades 31 maj 2011. Enligt kommissionens beslut fick medel även användas retroaktivt för insatser som hade givits till de uppsagda i form av olika arbetsmarknadsutbildningar, det s.k. snabbspåret, under 2009 innan projektet hade startat.

    Av nästan 5 000 individer i målgruppen som registrerade sig vid Arbetsförmedlingen del-tog knappt en fjärdedel i projektets insatser (exkl. vägledning). Av dessa gick 55 procent i aktiviteter enbart genom Arbetsförmedlingen, 37 procent enbart genom Yrkesvux och åtta procent genom både Arbetsförmedlingen och Yrkesvux. De vanligaste förekommande utbildningsinriktningarna var industri och bygg, fordonsindustri, transport och magasine-ring, omvårdnad och handel.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 10.
    Alam, Moudud
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Hao, Chengcheng
    Carling, Kenneth
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Review of the literature on credit risk modeling: development of the past 10 years2010Inngår i: Banks and Bank Systems, ISSN 1816-7403, Vol. 5, nr 3, s. 43-60Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper traces the developments of credit risk modeling in the past 10 years. Our work can be divided into two parts: selecting articles and summarizing results. On the one hand, by constructing an ordered logit model on historical Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes of articles about credit risk modeling, we sort out articles which are the most related to our topic. The result indicates that the JEL codes have become the standard to classify researches in credit risk modeling. On the other hand, comparing with the classical review Altman and Saunders(1998), we observe some important changes of research methods of credit risk. The main finding is that current focuses on credit risk modeling have moved from static individual-level models to dynamic portfolio models.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 11.
    Alam, Moudud
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Maengseok, Noh
    Department of Statistics, Pukyong National University, South Korea.
    Lee, Youngjo
    Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, South Korea.
    Likelihood estimate of treatment effects under selection bias2013Inngår i: Statistics and its Interface, ISSN 1938-7989, E-ISSN 1938-7997, Vol. 6, nr 3, s. 349-359Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We consider methods for estimating the causal effects of treatment in the situation where the individuals in the treatment and the control group are self selected, i.e., the selection mechanism is not randomized. In this case, a simple comparison of treated and control outcomes will not generally yield valid estimates of casual effect. The propensity score method is frequently used for the evaluation of treatment effect. However, this method is based on some strong assumptions, which are not directly testable. In this paper, we present an alternative modelling approach to draw causal inferences by using a shared random-effect model and the computational algorithm to draw likelihood based inference with such a model. With small numerical studies and a real data analysis, we show that our approach gives not only more efficient estimates but also is less sensitive to model misspecifications, which we consider, than existing methods.

  • 12.
    Alam, Moudud
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Noh, Maengseok
    Department of Statistics, Pukyong National Univeristy.
    Lee, Youngjo
    Department of Statistics, Seoul National Univeristy.
    Likelihood estimate of treatment effects under selection bias2012Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    We consider methods for estimating causal effects of treatment in the situation where the individuals in the treatment and the control group are self selected, i.e., the selection mechanism is not randomized. In this case, simple comparison of treated and control outcomes will not generally yield valid estimates of casual effects. The propensity score method is frequently used for the evaluation of treatment effect. However, this method is based onsome strong assumptions, which are not directly testable. In this paper, we present an alternative modeling approachto draw causal inference by using share random-effect model and the computational algorithm to draw likelihood based inference with such a model. With small numerical studies and a real data analysis, we show that our approach gives not only more efficient estimates but it is also less sensitive to model misspecifications, which we consider, than the existing methods.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 13.
    Alam, Moudud
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Rönnegård, Lars
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Shen, Xia
    Karolinska Institutet.
    Fitting conditional and simultaneous autoregressive spatial models in hglm2015Inngår i: The R Journal, E-ISSN 2073-4859, Vol. 7, nr 2, s. 5-18Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a new version (> 2.0) of the hglm package for fitting hierarchical generalized linear models (HGLMs) with spatially correlated random effects. CAR() and SAR() families for conditional and simultaneous autoregressive random effects were implemented. Eigen decomposition of the matrix describing the spatial structure (e.g., the neighborhood matrix) was used to transform the CAR/SAR random effects into an independent, but eteroscedastic, Gaussian random effect. A linear predictor is fitted for the random effect variance to estimate the parameters in the CAR and SAR models. This gives a computationally efficient algorithm for moderately sized problems.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 14.
    Alam, Moudud
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Rönnegård, Lars
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Shen, Xia
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
    Fitting spatial models in the R package: hglm2014Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a new version of the hglm package for fittinghierarchical generalized linear models (HGLM) with spatially correlated random effects. A CAR family for conditional autoregressive random effects was implemented. Eigen decomposition of the matrix describing the spatial structure (e.g. the neighborhood matrix) was used to transform the CAR random effectsinto an independent, but heteroscedastic, gaussian random effect. A linear predictor is fitted for the random effect variance to estimate the parameters in the CAR model.This gives a computationally efficient algorithm for moderately sized problems (e.g. n<5000).

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 15. Arzpeyma, N.
    et al.
    Alam, Moudud
    Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för information och teknik, Statistik.
    Gyllenram, R.
    Jönsson, P. G.
    Model development to study uncertainties in electric arc furnace plants to improve their economic and environmental performance2021Inngår i: Metals, ISSN 2075-4701, Vol. 11, nr 6, artikkel-id 892Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    A statistical model is developed in order to simulate the melt composition in electric arc furnaces (EAFs) with respect to uncertainties in 1) scrap composition, 2) scrap weighing and 3) element distribution factors. The tramp element Cu and alloying element Cr are taken into account. The model enables simulations of a charge program as well as backwards estimations of the element concentrations and their variance in scrap. In the backwards calculation, the maximum likelihood method is solved by considering three cases corresponding to the involved uncertainties. It is shown that the model can estimate standard deviations for elements so that the real values lie within the estimated 95% confidence interval. Moreover, the results of the model application in each target product show that the estimated scrap composition results in a melt composition, which is in good agreement with the measured one. The model can be applied to increase our understanding of scrap chemical composition and lower the charged material cost and carbon footprint of the products. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 16. Besnier, Francois
    et al.
    Wahlberg, Per
    Rönnegård, Lars
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Ek, Weronika
    Andersson, Leif
    Siegel, Paul
    Carlborg, Örjan
    Fine mapping and replication of QTL in outbred chicken advanced intercross lines2011Inngår i: Genetics Selection Evolution, ISSN 0999-193X, E-ISSN 1297-9686, Vol. 43, artikkel-id 3Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Linkage mapping is used to identify genomic regions affecting the expression of complex traits. However, when experimental crosses such as F2 populations or backcrosses are used to map regions containing a Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL), the size of the regions identified remains quite large, i.e. 10 or more Mb. Thus, other experimental strategies are needed to refine the QTL locations. Advanced Intercross Lines (AIL) are produced by repeated intercrossing of F2 animals and successive generations, which decrease linkage disequilibrium in a controlled manner. Although this approach is seen as promising, both to replicate QTL analyses and fine-map QTL, only a few AIL datasets, all originating from inbred founders, have been reported in the literature.

    Methods: We have produced a nine-generation AIL pedigree (n = 1529) from two outbred chicken lines divergently selected for body weight at eight weeks of age. All animals were weighed at eight weeks of age and genotyped for SNP located in nine genomic regions where significant or suggestive QTL had previously been detected in the F2 population. In parallel, we have developed a novel strategy to analyse the data that uses both genotype and pedigree information of all AIL individuals to replicate the detection of and fine-map QTL affecting juvenile body weight.

    Results: Five of the nine QTL detected with the original F2 population were confirmed and fine-mapped with the AIL, while for the remaining four, only suggestive evidence of their existence was obtained. All original QTL were confirmed as a single locus, except for one, which split into two linked QTL.

    Conclusions: Our results indicate that many of the QTL, which are genome-wide significant or suggestive in the analyses of large intercross populations, are true effects that can be replicated and fine-mapped using AIL. Key factors for success are the use of large populations and powerful statistical tools. Moreover, we believe that the statistical methods we have developed to efficiently study outbred AIL populations will increase the number of organisms for which in-depth complex traits can be analyzed.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
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  • 17. Bring, Johan
    et al.
    Rönnegård, Lars
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Åldersbedömningar - en statistisk utmaning2018Inngår i: Folkvett, ISSN 0283-0795, nr 1, s. 7-13Artikkel i tidsskrift (Annet (populærvitenskap, debatt, mm))
    Fulltekst (pdf)
    Folkvett
  • 18.
    Carling, Kenneth
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Mikrodataanalys.
    A comment on outlier detection and skewed distributions2017Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    It seems that a paper of mine appearing in Computational Statistics & Data Analysis (Carling, 2000) has prompted the development of outlier detection methods for highly skewed data. However, I wrote the paper in the spirit of Exploratory Data Analysis (Tukey, 1977) and I shared Tukey’s opinion, and I still hold it, that skewed data are better to be transformed for approximate symmetry prior to detection of outliers (or other data analyses).

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 19.
    Carling, Kenneth
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Han, Mengjie
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    GRASP and statistical bounds for heuristic solutions to combinatorial problems2016Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    The quality of a heuristic solution to a NP-hard combinatorial problem is hard to assess. A few studies have advocated and tested statistical bounds as a method for assessment. These studies indicate that statistical bounds are superior to the more widely known and used deterministic bounds. However, the previous studies have been limited to a few metaheuristics and combinatorial problems and, hence, the general performance of statistical bounds in combinatorial optimization remains an open question. This work complements the existing literature on statistical bounds by testing them on the metaheuristic Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedures (GRASP) and four combinatorial problems. Our findings confirm previous results that statistical bounds are reliable for the p-median problem, while we note that they also seem reliable for the set covering problem. For the quadratic assignment problem, the statistical bounds has previously been found reliable when obtained from the Genetic algorithm whereas in this work they found less reliable. Finally, we provide statistical bounds to four 2-path network design problem instances for which the optimum is currently unknown.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 20.
    Carling, Kenneth
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Mikrodataanalys.
    Li, Yujiao
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Mikrodataanalys.
    The Power of the Synthetic Control Method2016Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    The synthetic control method (SCM) is a new, popular method developed for the purpose of estimating the effect of an intervention when only one single unit has been exposed. Other similar, unexposed units are combined into a synthetic control unit intended to mimic the evolution in the exposed unit, had it not been subject to exposure. As the inference relies on only a single observational unit, the statistical inferential issue is a challenge. In this paper, we examine the statistical properties of the estimator, study a number of features potentially yielding uncertainty in the estimator, discuss the rationale for statistical inference in relation to SCM, and provide a Web-app for researchers to aid in their decision of whether SCM is powerful for a specific case study. We conclude that SCM is powerful with a limited number of controls in the donor pool and a fairly short pre-intervention time period. This holds as long as the parameter of interest is a parametric specification of the intervention effect, and the duration of post-intervention period is reasonably long, and the fit of the synthetic control unit to the exposed unit in the pre-intervention period is good.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 21.
    Carling, Kenneth
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Meng, Xiangli
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Confidence in heuristic solutions?2015Inngår i: Journal of Global Optimization, ISSN 0925-5001, E-ISSN 1573-2916, Vol. 63, nr 2, s. 381-399Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Solutions to combinatorial optimization problems frequently rely on heuristics to minimize an objective function. The optimum is sought iteratively and pre-setting the number of iterations dominates in operations research applications, which implies that the quality of the solution cannot be ascertained. Deterministic bounds offer a mean of ascertaining the quality, but such bounds are available for only a limited number of heuristics and the length of the interval may be difficult to control in an application. A small, almost dormant, branch of the literature suggests using statistical principles to derive statistical bounds for the optimum. We discuss alternative approaches to derive statistical bounds. We also assess their performance by testing them on 40 test p-median problems on facility location, taken from Beasley’s OR-library, for which the optimum is known. We consider three popular heuristics for solving such location problems; simulated annealing, vertex substitution, and Lagrangian relaxation where only the last offers deterministic bounds. Moreover, we illustrate statistical bounds in the location of 71 regional delivery points of the Swedish Post. We find statistical bounds reliable and much more efficient than deterministic bounds provided that the heuristic solutions are sampled close to the optimum. Statistical bounds are also found computationally affordable.

  • 22.
    Carling, Kenneth
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Meng, Xiangli
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Confidence in heuristic solutions?2014Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Solutions to combinatorial optimization problems frequently rely on heuristics to minimize an objective function. The optimum is sought iteratively and pre-setting the number of iterations dominates in operations research applications, which implies that the quality of the solution cannot be ascertained. Deterministic bounds offer a mean of ascertaining the quality, but such bounds are available for only a limited number of heuristics and the length of the interval may be difficult to control in an application. A small, almost dormant, branch of the literature suggests using statistical principles to derive statistical bounds for the optimum. We discuss alternative approaches to derive statistical bounds. We also assess their performance by testing them on 40 test p-median problems on facility location, taken from Beasley’s OR-library, for which the optimum is known. We consider three popular heuristics for solving such location problems; simulated annealing, vertex substitution, and Lagrangian relaxation where only the last offers deterministic bounds. Moreover, we illustrate statistical bounds in the location of 71 regional delivery points of the Swedish Post. We find statistical bounds reliable and much more efficient than deterministic bounds provided that the heuristic solutions are sampled close to the optimum. Statistical bounds are also found computationally affordable.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    Confidence in heuristic solutions
  • 23.
    Carling, Kenneth
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Meng, Xiangli
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    On statistical bounds of heuristic solutions to location problems2016Inngår i: Journal of combinatorial optimization, ISSN 1382-6905, E-ISSN 1573-2886, Vol. 31, nr 4, s. 1518-1549Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Solutions to combinatorial optimization problems, such as problems of locating facilities, frequently rely on heuristics to minimize the objective function. The optimum is sought iteratively and a criterion is needed to decide when the procedure (almost) attains it. Pre-setting the number of iterations dominates in OR applications, which implies that the quality of the solution cannot be ascertained. A small, almost dormant, branch of the literature suggests using statistical principles to estimate the minimum and its bounds as a tool to decide upon stopping and evaluating the quality of the solution. In this paper we examine the functioning of statistical bounds obtained from four different estimators by using simulated annealing on p-median test problems taken from Beasley’s OR-library. We find the Weibull estimator and the 2nd order Jackknife estimator preferable and the requirement of sample size to be about 10 being much less than the current recommendation. However, reliable statistical bounds are found to depend critically on a sample of heuristic solutions of high quality and we give a simple statistic useful for checking the quality. We end the paper with an illustration on using statistical bounds in a problem of locating some 70 distribution centers of the Swedish Post in one Swedish region.

  • 24.
    Carling, Kenneth
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Meng, Xiangli
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    On statistical bounds of heuristic solutions to location problems2014Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Solutions to combinatorial optimization problems, such as problems of locating facilities, frequently rely on heuristics to minimize the objective function. The optimum is sought iteratively and a criterion is needed to decide when the procedure (almost) attains it. Pre-setting the number of iterations dominates in OR applications, which implies that the quality of the solution cannot be ascertained. A small, almost dormant, branch of the literature suggests using statistical principles to estimate the minimum and its bounds as a tool to decide upon stopping and evaluating the quality of the solution. In this paper we examine the functioning of statistical bounds obtained from four different estimators by using simulated annealing on p-median test problems taken from Beasley’s OR-library. We find the Weibull estimator and the 2nd order Jackknife estimator preferable and the requirement of sample size to be about 10 being much less than the current recommendation. However, reliable statistical bounds are found to depend critically on a sample of heuristic solutions of high quality and we give a simple statistic useful for checking the quality. We end the paper with an illustration on using statistical bounds in a problem of locating some 70 distribution centers of the Swedish Post in one Swedish region. 

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    On statistical bounds of heuristic solutions
  • 25. Casals, M.
    et al.
    Langohr, K.
    Carrasco, J. L.
    Rönnegård, Lars
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Parameter estimation of Poisson generalized linear mixed models based on three different statistical principles: a simulation study2015Inngår i: SORT - Statistics and Operations Research Transactions, ISSN 1696-2281, E-ISSN 2013-8830, Vol. 39, nr 2, s. 281-308Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Generalized linear mixed models are flexible tools for modeling non-normal data and are useful for accommodating overdispersion in Poisson regression models with random effects. Their main difficulty resides in the parameter estimation because there is no analytic solution for the maximization of the marginal likelihood. Many methods have been proposed for this purpose and many of them are implemented in software packages. The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of three different statistical principles - marginal likelihood, extended likelihood, Bayesian analysis-via simulation studies. Real data on contact wrestling are used for illustration.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 26.
    Felleki, Majbritt
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Genetic Heteroscedasticity for Domestic Animal Traits2014Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Animal traits differ not only in mean, but also in variation around the mean. For instance, one sire’s daughter group may be very homogeneous, while another sire’s daughters are much more heterogeneous in performance. The difference in residual variance can partially be explained by genetic differences. Models for such genetic heterogeneity of environmental variance include genetic effects for the mean and residual variance, and a correlation between the genetic effects for the mean and residual variance to measure how the residual variance might vary with the mean.

    The aim of this thesis was to develop a method based on double hierarchical generalized linear models for estimating genetic heteroscedasticity, and to apply it on four traits in two domestic animal species; teat count and litter size in pigs, and milk production and somatic cell count in dairy cows.

    The method developed is fast and has been implemented in software that is widely used in animal breeding, which makes it convenient to use. It is based on an approximation of double hierarchical generalized linear models by normal distributions. When having repeated observations on individuals or genetic groups, the estimates were found to be unbiased.

    For the traits studied, the estimated heritability values for the mean and the residual variance, and the genetic coefficients of variation, were found in the usual ranges reported. The genetic correlation between mean and residual variance was estimated for the pig traits only, and was found to be favorable for litter size, but unfavorable for teat count.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    Kappa of thesis
  • 27.
    Felleki, Majbritt
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Chalkias, Helena
    A Double Hierarchical Generalized Linear Model For Teat Number In Pigs2010Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 28.
    Felleki, Majbritt
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Lee, Dongwhan
    Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea .
    Lee, Youngjo
    Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea .
    Gilmour, Arthur R.
    School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, Faculty of Informatics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
    Rönnegård, Lars
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Estimation of breeding values for mean and dispersion, their variance and correlation using double hierarchical generalized linear models2012Inngår i: Genetics Research, ISSN 0016-6723, Vol. 94, nr 6, s. 307-317Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The possibility of breeding for uniform individuals by selecting animals expressing a small response to environment has been studied extensively in animal breeding. Bayesian methods for fitting models with genetic components in the residual variance have been developed for this purpose, but have limitations due to the computational demands. We use the hierarchical (h)-likelihood from the theory of double hierarchical generalized linear models (DHGLM) to derive an estimation algorithm that is computationally feasible for large datasets. Random effects for both the mean and residual variance parts of the model are estimated together with their variance/covariance components. An important feature of the algorithm is that it can fit a correlation between the random effects for mean and variance. An h-likelihood estimator is implemented in the R software and an iterative reweighted least square (IRWLS) approximation of the h-likelihood is implemented using ASReml. The difference in variance component estimates between the two implementations is investigated, as well as the potential bias of the methods, using simulations. IRWLS gives the same results as h-likelihood in simple cases with no severe indication of bias. For more complex cases, only IRWLS could be used, and bias did appear. The IRWLS is applied on the pig litter size data previously analysed by Sorensen & Waagepetersen (2003) using Bayesian methodology. The estimates we obtained by using IRWLS are similar to theirs, with the estimated correlation between the random genetic effects being −0·52 for IRWLS and −0·62 in Sorensen & Waagepetersen (2003).

  • 29.
    Felleki, Majbritt
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik. Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet.
    Lundeheim, Nils
    Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet.
    Genetic Control of Residual Variance for Teat Number in Pigs2013Inngår i: Proc. Assoc. Advmt. Anim. Breed. Genet., AAABG , 2013, s. 538-541Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    The genetic improvement in litter size in pigs has been substantial during the last 10-15 years. The number of teats on the sow must increase as well to meet the needs of the piglets, because each piglet needs access to its own teat. We applied a genetic heterogeneity model on teat numberin sows, and estimated medium-high heritability for teat number (0.5), but low heritability for residual variance (0.05), indicating that selection for reduced variance might have very limited effect. A numerically positive correlation (0.8) between additive genetic breeding values for mean and for variance was found, but because of the low heritability for residual variance, the variance will increase very slowly with the mean.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    Genetic Control of Residual Variance for Teat Number in Pigs
  • 30.
    Felleki, Majbritt
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Lundeheim, Nils
    Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen för husdjursgenetik.
    Genetic Heteroscedasticity for Teat Count in PigsManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 31.
    Felleki, Majbritt
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Lundeheim, Nils
    SLU.
    Genetic heteroscedasticity of teat count in pigs2015Inngår i: Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, ISSN 0931-2668, E-ISSN 1439-0388, Vol. 132, nr 5, s. 392-398Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The genetic improvement in pig litter size has been substantial. The number of teats on the sowmust thus increase as well to meet the needs of the piglets, because each piglet needs access to itsown teat. We applied a genetic heterogeneity model to teat counts in pigs, and estimated a mediumheritability for teat counts (0.35), but found a low heritability for residual variance (0.06),indicating that selection for reduced residual variance might have a limited effect. A numericallypositive correlation (0.8) was estimated between the breeding values for the mean and the residualvariance. However, because of the low heritability of the residual variance, the residual variance will probably increase very slowly with the mean.

  • 32.
    Grek, Åsa
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Mikrodataanalys.
    Nonresponse issues when analysing business survey data2018Licentiatavhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Data issues due to nonresponse or missing data arises often in company surveys or in firm data. Missing data and nonresponse causes bias. Another problem that causes bias is omitted variables. Accordingly, it will lead to wrong conclusions. The idea behind this licentiate thesis is to address these problems. The aim is to develop an insight into how common problems can be solved by transforming the data and changing the statistical method. There is no claim that the method suggested in the papers is always optimal. Rather, the goal of the papers is to give an awareness of problems that occurs in quantitative business research.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 33. Hallén Sandgren, C
    et al.
    Anglart, D
    Klaas, I C
    Rönnegård, Lars
    Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för information och teknik, Statistik.
    Emanuelson, U
    Homogeneity density scores of quarter milk in automatic milking systems.2021Inngår i: Journal of Dairy Science, ISSN 0022-0302, E-ISSN 1525-3198, Vol. 104, nr 9, s. 10121-10130Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Milk quality and clinical mastitis in dairy cows are monitored by detecting visually abnormal milk. A standardized method to evaluate clots in milk and studies of the incidence and dynamics of clots in milk at the quarter level are lacking. We validated a method to score clot density in quarter milk samples and describe the prevalence and dynamics of the density scores between consecutive samplings and periods in 4 farms with automatic milking systems. Using in-line filters, we collected quarter milk samples at each milking during 3 periods of 30 h each in each farm. Clot density was scored based on coverage of the filter area as 0 (negative), 1 (trace), 2 (mild), 3 (moderate), 4 (heavy), and 5 (very heavy). The score for a specific quarter and milking is referred to as the quarter milking score (QMS). Three assessors independently scored 902 images of filter samples with a Fleiss kappa value of 0.72. In total, 21,202 quarter milk samples from 5,398 milkings of 621 cows were collected. Of the quarter filter samples, 2.4% had visible clots, distributed as mild (1.4%), moderate (0.6%), heavy (0.3%), and very heavy (<0.1%, n = 8). Cases with a cow period sum of QMS ≥ 4, corresponding to 9.4% of all periods, harbored 86% and 94% of all QMS of 2 to 5 and 3 to 5, respectively. Of these cases, cows sampled in all 3 periods and clots in only 1 period had a quarter period sum score ≥ 1 in 1.8 different quarters in average. Corresponding numbers for the cows with clots or traces in 2 or 3 periods were 2.2 and 2.5 different quarters, respectively. A QMS of 2 to 5 in the preceding milking increased the chance of a QMS >1 in the following milking, with an average chance of 38%. The probability of a QMS > 1 increased with increasing previous QMS, a higher sum of QMS during the milking period, longer milking interval, and higher lactation number, but decreased with increasing days in milk. Our study showed that the method of clot-density scoring is feasible to perform and reproducible for investigating the occurrence and dynamics of clots in milk. Elevated clot-density scores clustered within certain cows and cow periods and appeared in new quarters of the cows over time. The low recurrence of QMS of 1 and 2 within quarters indicated that QMS 3 could be a reasonable threshold for detecting quarters with abnormal milk that require further attention.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 34.
    Han, Mengjie
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Mikrodataanalys.
    Heuristic optimization of the p-median problem and population re-distribution2013Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis contributes to the heuristic optimization of the p-median problem and Swedish population redistribution.  

    The p-median model is the most representative model in the location analysis. When facilities are located to a population geographically distributed in Q demand points, the p-median model systematically considers all the demand points such that each demand point will have an effect on the decision of the location. However, a series of questions arise. How do we measure the distances? Does the number of facilities to be located have a strong impact on the result? What scale of the network is suitable? How good is our solution? We have scrutinized a lot of issues like those. The reason why we are interested in those questions is that there are a lot of uncertainties in the solutions. We cannot guarantee our solution is good enough for making decisions. The technique of heuristic optimization is formulated in the thesis.  

    Swedish population redistribution is examined by a spatio-temporal covariance model. A descriptive analysis is not always enough to describe the moving effects from the neighbouring population. A correlation or a covariance analysis is more explicit to show the tendencies. Similarly, the optimization technique of the parameter estimation is required and is executed in the frame of statistical modeling. 

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 35.
    Han, Mengjie
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Mikrodataanalys.
    Håkansson, Johan
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Mikrodataanalys.
    Lundmark, M.
    Intra-urban location of stores and labour turnover in retail2019Inngår i: International Review of Retail Distribution & Consumer Research, ISSN 0959-3969, E-ISSN 1466-4402, Vol. 29, nr 4, s. 359-375Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this paper is to analyse labour turnover in retail firms with stores in different city locations. This case study of a Swedish mid-sized city uses comprehensive longitudinal register data on individuals. In a first step, an unconditional descriptive analysis shows that labour turnover in retail is higher in out-of-town locations, compared to more central locations in the city. In a second step, a generalized linear model (GLM) analysis is conducted where labour turnover in downtown and out-of-town locations are compared. Firm internal and industry factors, as well as employee characteristics, and location-specific factors are controlled for. The results indicate that commuting costs and intra-urban location have no statistically significant effect on labour turnover in retail firms. Instead, firm internal factors, such as human resource management, has a major influence on labour turnover rates. The findings indicate that in particular firms with multiple locations may need to pay extra attention to work conditions across stores in different places in a city, in order to avoid diverging levels of labour mobility. This paper complements previous survey-based studies on labour turnover by using a comprehensive micro-level dataset to analyse revealed rather than stated preferences concerning job-to-job mobility. An elaborated measure of labour turnover is used to analyse differences between shopping areas in different locations within the city. The particular research design used in this paper makes it possible to isolate the effect of intra-organizational conditions by analysing mobility within firms with workplaces in both downtown and out-of-town locations. This is the first comprehensive study of labour turnover and mobility with an intra-urban perspective in the retail sector.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 36.
    Han, Mengjie
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Håkansson, Johan
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Kulturgeografi.
    Rebreyend, Pascal
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Datateknik.
    How do different densities in a network affect the optimal location of service centers?2013Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    The p-median problem is often used to locate p service centers by minimizing their distances to a geographically distributed demand (n). The optimal locations are sensitive to geographical context such as road network and demand points especially when they are asymmetrically distributed in the plane. Most studies focus on evaluating performances of the p-median model when p and n vary. To our knowledge this is not a very well-studied problem when the road network is alternated especially when it is applied in a real world context. The aim in this study is to analyze how the optimal location solutions vary, using the p-median model, when the density in the road network is alternated. The investigation is conducted by the means of a case study in a region in Sweden with an asymmetrically distributed population (15,000 weighted demand points), Dalecarlia. To locate 5 to 50 service centers we use the national transport administrations official road network (NVDB). The road network consists of 1.5 million nodes. To find the optimal location we start with 500 candidate nodes in the network and increase the number of candidate nodes in steps up to 67,000. To find the optimal solution we use a simulated annealing algorithm with adaptive tuning of the temperature. The results show that there is a limited improvement in the optimal solutions when nodes in the road network increase and p is low. When p is high the improvements are larger. The results also show that choice of the best network depends on p. The larger p the larger density of the network is needed. 

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 37.
    Han, Mengjie
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Håkansson, Johan
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Kulturgeografi.
    Rebreyend, Pascal
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Datateknik.
    How does the use of different road networks effect the optimal location of facilities in rural areas?2012Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    The p-median problem is often used to locate P service facilities in a geographically distributed population. Important for the performance of such a model is the distance measure.

    Distance measure can vary if the accuracy of the road network varies. The rst aim in this study is to analyze how the optimal location solutions vary, using the p-median model, when the road network is alternated. It is hard to nd an exact optimal solution for p-median problems. Therefore, in this study two heuristic solutions are applied, simulating annealing and a classic heuristic. The secondary aim is to compare the optimal location solutions using dierent algorithms for large p-median problem. The investigation is conducted by the means of a case study in a rural region with an asymmetrically distributed population, Dalecarlia.

    The study shows that the use of more accurate road networks gives better solutions for optimal location, regardless what algorithm that is used and regardless how many service facilities that is optimized for. It is also shown that the simulated annealing algorithm not just is much faster than the classic heuristic used here, but also in most cases gives better location solutions.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 38.
    Han, Mengjie
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Håkansson, Johan
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Kulturgeografi.
    Rönnegård, Lars
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    How do neighbouring populations affect local population change over time?2013Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    This study covers a period when society changed from a pre-industrial agricultural society to a post-industrial service-producing society. Parallel with this social transformation, major population changes took place. In this study, we analyse how local population changes are affected by neighbouring populations. To do so we use the last 200 years of local population change that redistributed population in Sweden. We use literature to identify several different processes and spatial dependencies in the redistribution between a parish and its surrounding parishes. The analysis is based on a unique unchanged historical parish division, and we use an index of local spatial correlation to describe different kinds of spatial dependencies that have influenced the redistribution of the population. To control inherent time dependencies, we introduce a non-separable spatial temporal correlation model into the analysis of population redistribution. Hereby, several different spatial dependencies can be observed simultaneously over time. The main conclusions are that while local population changes have been highly dependent on the neighbouring populations in the 19th century, this spatial dependence have become insignificant already when two parishes is separated by 5 kilometres in the late 20th century. Another conclusion is that the time dependency in the population change is higher when the population redistribution is weak, as it currently is and as it was during the 19th century until the start of industrial revolution.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 39.
    Han, Mengjie
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik. HUI Research.
    Håkansson, Johan
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Informatik. Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Kulturgeografi. HUI Research, Stockholm.
    Rönnegård, Lars
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik. HUI Research, Stockholm.
    To what extent do neighbouring populations affect local population growth over time?2016Inngår i: Population, Space and Place, ISSN 1544-8444, E-ISSN 1544-8452, Vol. 22, nr 1, s. 68-83Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This study covers a period when society changed from a pre-industrial agricultural society to a post-industrial service-producing society. Parallel with this social transformation, major population changes took place. In this study, we analyse to what extent local population change is affected by neighbouring populations. To do this, we focused on the last 190 years of local population change that redistributed population in Sweden. We used literature to identify several different processes in the population redistribution. The different processes implied different spatial dependencies between local population change and the surrounding populations. The analysis is based on an unchanged historical parish division, and we used an index of local spatial correlation to describe different types of spatial dependencies that influenced the redistribution of the population. To control inherent time dependencies, we introduced a non-separable spatial-temporal correlation model into the analysis of population redistribution. Hereby, several different spatial dependencies could be simultaneously observed over time. The main conclusions are that while local population changes have been highly dependent on neighbouring populations in the 19th century, this spatial dependence became insignificant already when two parishes are separated by 5 km in the late 20th century. It is argued that the only process that significantly redistributed the population at the end of the 20th century is the immigration to Sweden.

  • 40.
    Han, Mengjie
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för information och teknik, Mikrodataanalys.
    Johari, Fatemeh
    Uppsala University.
    Huang, Pei
    Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för information och teknik, Energiteknik.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för information och teknik, Energiteknik.
    Generating hourly electricity demand data for large-scale single-family buildings by a decomposition-recombination method2022Inngår i: Energy and Built Environment, ISSN 2666-1233Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Household electricity demand has substantial impacts on local grid operation, energy storage and the energy performance of buildings. Hourly demand data at district or urban level helps stakeholders understand the demand patterns from a granular time scale and provides robust evidence in energy management. However, such type of data is often expensive and time-consuming to collect, process and integrate. Decisions built upon smart meter data have to deal with challenges of privacy and security in the whole process. Incomplete data due to confidentiality concerns or system failure can further increase the difficulty of modeling and optimization. In addition, methods using historical data to make predictions can largely vary depending on data quality, local building environment, and dynamic factors. Considering these challenges, this paper proposes a statistical method to generate hourly electricity demand data for large-scale single-family buildings by decomposing time series data and recombining them into synthetics. The proposed method used public data to capture seasonality and the distribution of residuals that fulfill statistical characteristics. A reference building was used to provide empirical parameter settings and validations for the studied buildings. An illustrative case in a city of Sweden using only annual total demand was presented for deploying the proposed method. The results showed that the proposed method can mimic reality well and represent a high level of similarity to the real data. The average monthly error for the best month reached 15.9% and the best one was below 10% among 11 tested months. Less than 0.6% improper synthetic values were found in the studied region.

  • 41.
    Han, Mengjie
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för information och teknik, Mikrodataanalys.
    May, Ross
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för information och teknik, Energiteknik.
    Reinforcement Learning Methodologies for Controlling Occupant Comfort in Buildings2021Inngår i: Data-driven Analytics for Sustainable Buildings and Cities, Switzerland: Springer, 2021, s. 179-205Kapittel i bok, del av antologi (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 42.
    He, Changli
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik. Tianjin University of Finance and Economics.
    Kang, Jian
    Teräsvirta, Timo
    Zhang, Shuhua
    The shifting seasonal mean autoregressive model and seasonality in the Central England monthly temperature series, 1772–20162019Inngår i: Econometrics and Statistics, ISSN 2452-3062, Vol. 12, s. 1-24Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    A new autoregressive model with seasonal dummy variables in which coefficients of seasonal dummies vary smoothly and deterministically over time is introduced. The error variance of the model is seasonally heteroskedastic and multiplicatively decomposed as in ARCH models. This variance is also allowed to be smoothly and deterministically time-varying. Under regularity conditions, consistency and asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimators of parameters of this model is proved. The purpose of the model is to find out how the average monthly temperatures in the well-known central England temperature series have been varying during the period of more than 240 years. The main result is that warming has occurred but that there are notable differences between months. In particular, no warming is found for February, April, May and June.

  • 43.
    He, Changli
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Sandberg, Rickard
    Testing parameter constancy in unit root autoregressive models against multiple continuous structural changes2012Inngår i: Econometric Reviews, ISSN 0747-4938, E-ISSN 1532-4168, Vol. 31, nr 1, s. 34-59Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This article considers tests for logistic smooth transition autoregressive (LSTAR) models accommodating multiple time dependent transitions between regimes when the data generating process is a random walk. The asymptotic null distributions of the tests, in contrast to the standard results in Lin and Teräsvirta (1994), are nonstandard. Monte Carlo experiments reveal that the tests have modest size distortions and satisfactory power against LSTAR models with multiple smooth breaks. The tests are applied to Swedish unemployment rates and the hysteresis hypothesis is over-turned in favour of an LSTAR model with two transitions between extreme regimes.

  • 44.
    He, Changli
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Teräsvirta, Timo
    An extended constant conditional correlation GARCH model and its fourth-moment structure2004Inngår i: Econometric Theory, ISSN 0266-4666, E-ISSN 1469-4360, Vol. 20, nr 5, s. 904-926Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The constant conditional correlation general autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model is among the most commonly applied multivariate GARCH models and serves as a benchmark against which other models can be compared. In this paper we consider an extension to this model and examine its fourth-moment structure. The extension, first defined by Jeantheau (1998, Econometric Theory 14, 70–86), is motivated by the result found and discussed in this paper that the squared observations from the extended model have a rich autocorrelation structure. This means that already the first-order model is capable of reproducing a whole variety of autocorrelation structures observed in financial return series. These autocorrelations are derived for the first- and the second-order constant conditional correlation GARCH model. The usefulness of the theoretical results of the paper is demonstrated by reconsidering an empirical example that appeared in the original paper on the constant conditional correlation GARCH model.

  • 45.
    He, Changli
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Teräsvirta, Timo
    Properties of moments of a family of GARCH processes1999Inngår i: Journal of Econometrics, ISSN 0304-4076, E-ISSN 1872-6895, Vol. 92, nr 1, s. 173-192Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper considers the moments of a family of first-order GARCH processes. First, a general condition for the existence of any integer moment of the absolute values of the observations is given. Second, a general expression for this moment as a function of lower-order moments is derived. Third, the kurtosis and the autocorrelation function of the squared and absolute-valued observations are derived. The results apply to a number of different GARCH parameterizations. Finally, the existence, or lack thereof, of the theoretical counterpart to the so-called Taylor effect in some members of this GARCH family is discussed. Possibilities of extending the results to higher-order GARCH processes are indicated and potential applications of the statistical theory proposed.

  • 46.
    He, Changli
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Teräsvirta, Timo
    Gónzalez, Andrés
    Testing parameter constancy in stationary vector autoregressive models against continuous change2008Inngår i: Econometric Reviews, ISSN 0747-4938, E-ISSN 1532-4168, Vol. 28, nr 1-3, s. 225-245Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In this article we derive a parameter constancy test of a stationary vector autoregressive model against the hypothesis that the parameters of the model change smoothly over time. A single structural break is contained in this alternative hypothesis as a special case. The test is a generalization of a single-equation test of a similar hypothesis proposed in the literature. An advantage here is that the asymptotic distribution theory is standard. The performance of the tests is compared to that of generalized Chow-tests and found satisfactory in terms of both size and power.

  • 47.
    Jia, Tao
    et al.
    Högskolan i Gävle.
    Jiang, Bin
    Högskolan i Gävle.
    Carling, Kenneth
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Bohlin, Magnus
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Kulturgeografi.
    Ban, Yifang
    KTH.
    An empirical study on human mobility and its agent-based modeling2012Inngår i: Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, ISSN 1742-5468, E-ISSN 1742-5468, artikkel-id P11024Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper aims to analyze the GPS traces of 258 volunteers for a better understanding of both the human mobility patterns and the mechanism. We report the regular and scaling properties of human mobility from several aspects, and importantly we find its levy flight characteristic which is consistent with the previous studies. We further assume two factors that may govern the levy flight property: (1) the scaling and hierarchical properties of the purpose clusters which serve as the underlying spatial structure, and (2) the individual preferential behavior. To verify the assumptions, we implement an agent-based model with the two factors, and the simulated agents indeed reproduce the same levy flight pattern as the observed one. In order to enable the model to reproduce more mobility patterns, we add the model a third factor, the jumping factor which means the probability that one person may cancel the regular mobility schedule and visit a random place. With this factor, our model could cover a relatively wide range of human mobility patterns with exponent values from 1.55 to 2.05.

  • 48.
    Laryea, Rueben
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Mikrodataanalys.
    Carling, Kenneth
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Mikrodataanalys.
    Cialani, Catia
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Nationalekonomi.
    Nyberg, Roger G.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Informatik.
    Sensitivity analysis of a risk classification model for food price volatility2018Inngår i: International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, ISSN 1466-8297, E-ISSN 1741-5241, Vol. 21, nr 4, s. 374-382Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    A sensitivity analysis to vary the weights of an accurate predictive classification model to produce a mixed model for ranking countries on the risk of food price volatility is carried out in this paper. The classification model is a marginal utility function consisting of multiple criteria. The aim of the sensitivity analysis is to derive a mixed model to be used in ranking of country alternatives to aid in policy formulation. Since in real-life situations the data that goes into decision making could be subjected to possibilities of alterations over time, it is essential to aid decision makers to vary the weights of the criteria using both subjective and objective information to introduce imprecision and to generate relative values of the criteria with a scale to form a mixed model. The mixed model can be used to rank future relative alternative value data sets for policy formulation.

  • 49. Lee, Youngjo
    et al.
    Alam, Moudud
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Noh, M
    Rönnegård, Lars
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Skarin, Anna
    Analyzing spatially correlated counts with excessive zeros: a case of modeling the changes of reindeer distribution2013Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Fulltekst (pdf)
    WP_2013
  • 50.
    Lee, Youngjo
    et al.
    Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
    Alam, Moudud
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Statistik.
    Sandström, Per
    Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå.
    Skarin, Anna
    Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala.
    Estimating zones of influence using threshold regression2020Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    In environmental impact assessments, it is important to be able to estimate influence of anthropogenic activities on animal populations. To quantify the influence, it is common to estimate how far, in distance, from a given disturbance source there is an influence on the animals’ habitat selection through estimating a zone of influence (ZOI). Usually, ZOI is estimated for one disturbance source at a time. In this work, we demonstrate how threshold regression modelling can be used for estimating ZOI from several possible sources of disturbances, simultaneously. Based on the theoretical properties of different estimation methods for the estimation of threshold regression we select a set of estimation methods and compare their merits through a simulation study and a real data example. The simulation results revealed that Adaptive Lasso, and Hierarchical likelihood (HL) methods, are two reasonable methods for dealing with the problem. HL performed better than Adaptive Lasso in that it had much higher success rate in identifying correct threshold with small sample size whereas Adaptive Lasso requires large sample to assure good performance. While Adaptive lasso needed to be aided with suitable weights, which are not easy to find, HL method did not require any prior weights. These two methods were applied to estimate the ZOI around 40 wind turbines and surrounding public roads on reindeer habitat selection in winter, by using GPS positioning data from 42 reindeer in north of Sweden in December to March (2012-2015). The results showed that both the disturbance sources have a negative effect on reindeer habitat selection in winter. The HL approach showed that the negative ZOI from the nearest wind turbine was 1.8 km (approx.), however the trend of higher selection of areas further away from the wind turbines was evident up to 4 km (approx.) from the active wind turbines.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
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