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This study examines the current situation regarding e-voting in four selected European countries as well as whether Sweden can implement e-voting and achieve success. With the help of a literature study, the study defines the advantages and disadvantages of e-voting and the traditional voting procedure and through a case study, the current situation is identified by the selected European countries and an interview is conducted to gain an insight into the Swedish voting procedure and where Sweden stands when it comes to e-voting. By analyzing the interview and doing a comparative analysis of the key factors that affected the failure or success of e-voting in the selected countries with the key factors identified in Sweden, the result will be clear whether an implementation in Sweden can be successful or not.

The focus of this study was to evaluate different search engines on Swedish text. Information retrieval is widely used by both people and organizations, and it is important to be able to efficiently retrieve needed information at the right time. The study determined that relevance and speed are the most important factors in search engines. The evaluation measures the precision and recall which are relevance measurements, and speed of two search engines, Elastic search and MarkLogic. The evaluation has determined that there is no significant difference in the relevance of the retrieved results between the engines. The evaluation has also determined that there is a statistically significant difference in speed between the engines, with Elastic search outperforming MarkLogic. Both search engines performed very well in terms of successful searches, meaning to return a relevant document in the first 20 results. Both engines succeeded in fulfilling the information need 96% of the time.

The application YouTube released in 2005 is today known as the most prominent platform on the world wide web for sharing, creating, and discovering video content(s). By utilizing technology trends such as Machine learning, YouTube can take advantage of algorithms such as deep neural networks to entice the users with a massive amount of personalized recommended content(s)t to watch based on the user's data.

The algorithm in the YouTube recommendation system collects the users' personalized data such as location, watch history and search history to recommend video content. The YouTube recommendation system gives personalized recommended content(s) to a YouTube user with the collected data. The user may deem the recommended content as ethically wrong. Therefore, bring up meaningful discussions such as a YouTube consumer's sentiment towards those contents they deem unethical.

This research study examines what ethical challenges exist in the YouTube recommendation system and how those challenges affect the YouTube consumers trust in the recommendation system.

• The research questions that were examined in this study are: What kind of ethical challenges does the YouTube recommendation system have?

• What kind of impact do those ethical challenges have on the user’s trust in the YouTube recommendation system?

The respondents consisted of students at Dalarna University. This research was conducted with semistructured interviews and a questionnaire that consisted of 11 questionnaires.

By examining the results from the literature reviews, interviews, and questionnaire, the gathered results show that challenges such as inappropriate, misinformed content and privacy exist with the YouTube recommendation system. Numerous of our respondents felt like they did not trust the YouTube recommendation system with their personalized data, primarily because of receiving video content that is not relevant, which has made some of the respondent question what YouTube does with the influx of the individual data.

Based on the result it can be concluded that there are many concerns related to ethical issues in the YouTube recommendation system. In essence, the respondents highlighted the significance of privacy when using a platform such as YouTube. The respondents desired more transparency with their data.

Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is a collection of tools and techniques for creating software-bots that mimics human interaction in existing information systems. RPA takes advantage of the user interface to perform repetitive tasks and is the fastest-growing automation technique. Organizations capitalize on RPA by automating repetitive, rulebased, and tedious tasks without making changes to the underlying systems.

Many Swedish organizations have already implemented RPA, and many new organizations will be implementing the technology in the future. This study focuses on organizations that have not yet implemented this technology and the challenges surrounding communication and process selection in an initial RPA project.

Several vendors and suppliers are competing in the RPA market. Meanwhile, scientific research in the field has just begun and struggles to keep up with the fast-evolving technology. Vendors and suppliers often exaggerate and hype terms and concepts, which creates confusion and may slow down the learning curve for beginners. Additionally, Organizations risk designing suboptimal automation strategies from biased guidelines and frameworks from vendors and suppliers.

Newcomers often confuse RPA with physical robots, and many definitions do not use any of the words in the abbreviation RPA. Communication is a prerequisite for any type of project but especially in the multidisciplinary field of RPA. Process selection is commonly described as the first challenge that new organizations will encounter. Choosing a process is considered an essential and complex phase due to the difficulties in measuring automation.

This study explores the literature and conducts six interviews with Swedish RPA experts to identify RPA related themes and challenges for future research.

The rapid development of digital technology together with new business models has

reached new levels in recent years, which has resulted in the processing of personal data

both increasing and changing. The problem with this development involves the violation

of personal integrity to a greater extent. In order to harmonize the processing of personal

data and to strengthen the protection of personal privacy, the EU has introduced a new

data protection regulation. The regulation will enter into force on May 25, 2018 and will

apply in national legislation, which will replace the Swedish Personal Data Act.

The purpose of the study was to identify what measures a number of organizations have

taken to comply with the rules of data protection regulations and the challenges that may

arise in the conversion. The study is limited to consent texts and processing of personal

data. The study is qualitative and we have, through interviews, taken note of a number of

organizations' views on challenges and measures regarding formulas of consent texts and

their personal data processing.

The conclusion in this study shows that all organizations have problems formulating

consent texts in an informative way, which is required for adequate data protection.

Organizations also see challenges in the processing of personal data. These challenges

consist of complex IT systems containing amounts of personal data that today cannot be

managed in accordance with the Data Protection Regulation, as relevant system support is

lacking.

Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is a wide variety of approaches and technical solutions that work as a support to automate repetitive tasks. In 2017, a new legislation was enacted in Sweden that made it possible for the public sector to automate decision support. This in turn led to more and more Swedish municipalities starting to implement RPA. Of Sweden's total 290 municipalities, 259 of them are classified as smaller municipalities. For these smaller municipalities, it is important to balance between having enough staff to manage both the finances and the tasks. In addition, several municipalities in Sweden cannot afford to hire new staff due to the current pandemic. Most of these smaller municipalities have not yet begun theirwork with RPA.

The study examines six smaller Swedish municipalities that have implemented RPA with theaim of finding out the effects and changes that have arisen after their implementation. This has been done through semi-structured interviews to find out how their implementation went, what processes and in which areas they have chosen to automate and what they have seen for effects of this. Thematic analysis was then used to find patterns and themes in the interviews to present a common overall result with rich descriptions.

This result showed successful implementations where the municipalities have come far different in their work and reached different levels of success, but where all through RPA have freed up time for their employees. These six municipalities also have a few processes to automate in the planning stage for the coming year.T

he conclusion of this study shows that RPA gives good results for the smaller municipalities that have chosen to invest resources in it. In the absence of other ways to solve the current problems, RPA is a good method for balancing finance and the growing challenges for a smallermunicipality. 

Amidst escalating cyber threats, the necessity for robust cybersecurity education is more pressing than ever, particularly within university environments that are increasingly targeted. This study, "CyberSafe in Action," evaluates the effectiveness of an interactive digital prototype designed to enhance cybersecurity awareness among Swedish university students. Through a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative pre- and post-intervention quizzes with qualitative interviews, the study assesses the prototype's impact on students' cybersecurity knowledge and behavioral intentions.The research involved 20 participants divided into an experimental group, which interacted with the prototype, and a control group, which did not. Results indicated a significant improvement in cybersecurity awareness in the experimental group, with average quiz scores increasing from 16.2 to 24.8, representing a 40.9% improvement in cybersecurity knowledge. In contrast, the control group experienced a decline in scores from 17.1 to 13.1, indicating a -25.6% change. Statistical analysis using paired and independent t-tests confirmed these enhancements were significant (p<0.01), demonstrating the prototype’s efficacy. Qualitative feedback highlighted increased engagement and a proactive approach to cybersecurity, affirming the benefits of interactive educational tools. This study contributes to pedagogical practices by demonstrating that interactive, problem-based learning can substantially enhance cybersecurity education. Recommendations for future research include larger-scale studies to explore long-term retention of knowledge and behavioural changes. This study underscores the critical role of innovative educational strategies in preparing students to navigate and secure increasingly digital landscapes effectively.

Data migration in migration projects have a big chance of failure caused by underestimating the weight and importance of planning for the migration of data between systems. The most common cause of failure is by having inadequate validation. Therefore, knowing what one should be aware of to minimize the risk of data migration will be of help.

This includes steps from David Barkaway for data migration projects about how to gather and retain generated knowledge for future projects. This also includes steps of how to perform data migration and avoid common causes of failure.

Based on the collected theory, interview questions will be written that enables me to create criteria a list of criteria for evaluating tools for data migration.

In this study I have chosen two different tools to evaluate. I will interview four IT-consultants with experience of data migration to best answer which criteria these tools should fulfill to be of interest for these four IT-consultants.

These tools are:

1. SQL-Server Integrated Services: A service from Microsoft within the .Net-environment for datamigration och Business Intelligence.

2. Talend Open Studio for Data Integration: A product from Talend made in java and is open-source, used for data migration.

The result shows that Talend fulfills more of the criteria than SSIS does.

Background ChatGPT is a chatbot released in November 2022. Its usage has grown to include being used in academia and for scientific writing, with varying results. We investigate if ChatGPT can be used for the technical part in a Bachelor’s thesis in System Sciences.

Aim We evaluate if it is possible to generate the code for detecting potential gender bias in previous responses from ChatGPT, in the form of a dialogue.

Method We use an exploratory case study where an iterative dialogue with ChatGPT is used to generate Python code to be able to analyse previous responses made byChatGPT. The methods for development were chosen by the authors from suggestions by ChatGPT.

Results Two separate dialogues resulted in a program that combined a fine-tuned Natural Language Processing model together with sentiment analysis and word frequency analysis. The program successfully identified responses in the dataset as having a female or male gender bias or being gender neutral.

Conclusions ChatGPT serves as a powerful tool for coding, although it currently falls short of being a one-stop solution that can generate code sufficient for more complex tasks witha single prompt. Our experience suggests that ChatGPT accelerates one’s work when the user possesses some programming knowledge. With further development, ChatGPT could transform coding workflows and increase productivity in related fields.

Implications ChatGPT as a tool is very capable in supporting students in the technical aspect of a Bachelor’s thesis and it is not unreasonable to assume that it works in other contexts, as well. As such, one can achieve more with the tool than without, and consequently it would be for the better to integrate ChatGPT into thesis work. This stresses the point that we need to find better regulations for cheating and plagiarism.

This paper describes how distance educations in developing countries can enhance interactivityby means of information and communication technologies. It is argued that e-learning involvesa shift in the educational structure from traditional transmission of knowledge to interactivecreation of knowledge. Our case studies are two distance educations in Bangladesh and SriLanka that use different technologies for implementing interactivity; Internet and computersin one case and video and mobile phones in the other. The findings are analyzed based onStructuration Theory and we compare the two approaches based on emerging norms andbeliefs. Findings from both cases show the concurrent enactment of both the transmissionand the interactive structure. Whereas peer collaboration and the use of self-assessment toolsmake students take more ownership of their learning, we also found the idea of a classroomwith an instructive teacher to be deeply rooted in the students’ minds.

Software deployment can be seen as the process where all activities are included to make a software available to users without a manual installation on the user’s computer or other machine. There are several software deployment tools that manage automated installations available to enterprises on the market today.

The department HVDC at ABB in Ludvika has needs of starting to use a tool for automated installations of software which currently is installed manually and is time consuming. As Microsoft partners ABB wants to see how Microsoft’s tool for software deployment could help for this need. 

Our study aimed to investigate how the department´s work with installations of software looks like today and to find opportunities for improvement for installations that can’t be automated at this time. The study also includes to develop a general framework for how businesses can proceed when they want to start using a software deployment tool. The framework also includes a designed requirement specification that will be evaluated against Microsoft´s tool.

To create an idea of how the work in the business looks like today, we have performed surveys and interviews with staff in HVDC. In order to develop a framework, we have used the data collected from the interviews, questionnaires and group interviews conducted to identify requirements and wishes from the staff of a software deployment tool. Literature studies were also conducted to create a theoretical framework to use when developing the framework and the requirement specification. 

Our studies have resulted in a description of software deployment, opportunities for improvement in the work of software installations and a general framework that describes how businesses can proceed when they are about to start using a software deployment tool. The framework also provides a set of requirements that have used to evaluate Microsoft's tool for software distribution. In our study we have not seen that anyone before have developed a general framework and requirements specification that businesses can use as a basis when to start using a software deployment tool. Our results of the study can cover up this knowledge gap.

Geographical information systems are becoming increasingly important in today´s society where spatial data can be stored, collected, analysed, and visualized. By compiling spatial data reality can be abstracted. Detailed information on road networks and objects (traffic islands, noise barriers, signs, etcetera) for analysis leads to more efficient operation and maintenance work. Which in turn provides increased accessibility for road users. The technology company Triona has a map application where algorithmic connection of traffic islands (Norway-dataset) to the Norwegian road network has been challenging. A traffic island is an elevation in the street that delimits lanes and is reminiscent of a sidewalk in appearance. This case study addressed a sub-problem where classification of traffic islands could facilitate the connection and prerequisites for analysis. The aim was to present methods that could classify the traffic islands with supervised machine learning. With the algorithms K-nearest neighbors (KNN) and Decision tree, the possibility of automatically classifying the traffic islands was studied. A traffic island consisted of a vector polygon which is a list storing its corners (latitude and longitude). The Norway-dataset was not previously labelled into its eleven types. A data collection of 2157 refuges with seven types from Portland, USA was therefore applied instead. The traffic islands were transformed with Elliptical Fourier Descriptors which extracted an approximation of its contours to train the machine learning models on. Conclusions could be drawn by analysing the contours and observing performance. Performance was evaluated based on accuracy with precision and recall on the Port-land-dataset. Accuracy is the proportion of correct classifications. KNN achieved 64% and Decision Tree 69% accuracy. As both datasets contained real traffic islands in road networks, an assumption could be made that the accuracy would not be much higher if applied on the Norway-dataset. The result was not considered sufficient for a recommendation.

Role-based Access Control is a standardized and well established model in terms of handling access rights. However, the accepted ANSI standard 359-2004 lacks the support of geographically delimiting role authorizations. Information systems handling geographical data together with the increasing use of mobile devices call for a need to discuss such spatial aspects within the context of Role-Based Access Control. This thesis seeks to shed light on the current state of knowledge within the subject area as well as to identify aspects of it that are in need of further development. The theoretical framework conceived by the initial literature review has made the conduction of a systematic literature review possible, and the synthesis and analysis of the data together with the theoretical framework have led to the work’s contributions of knowledge: an overview of the subject where the state-of-the art in the area is presented and a structured list of desirous needs of research and development within the area of study.

This study examines the use of generative AI (GAI) coding assistants for system development and testing within government agencies and big companies, focusing on security risks and functional requirements. This is done through a survey where interviews and both internal and public documents are used as datacollection methods.

With the rapid development of large language models (LLMs) and their growing use in system development, it is crucial for organizations to choose AI tools that     meet both security and functionality requirements. This survey compares various tools based on these criteria, aiming to assist organizations in making wellbalanced choices in an ever-growing range of GAI tools for coding.

The security risks identified include the risk of information leaks and the generation of insecure code. The study suggests mitigations such as the use of tools that do not save or train on user data to reduce these risks. Functional requirements identified include the ability to generate and explain code, as well as integration with popular development environments like Visual Studio and Visual Studio Code. The tools were then filtered based on the identified mitigations, resulting in a recommendation of six tools that meet the security requirements. Four of these six tools, in turn, meet the set criteria from the partner (SwedishTransport Administration) regarding functional requirements.

This study contributes to academic research by offering an increased understanding of the security and functionality aspects of GAI tools (ChatGPT, Claude, Codeium, Codiumate, Cody, GitHub Copilot, Gemini, Q, Tabnine) within system development and testing. This through a list of potential security risks and an interactive comparison table where identified GAI tools can be filtered according to different requirements. 

This work is a survey about CGI’s self-developed invoice system called CDI. This invoice system is used by Trafikverket and the foundation of this work is based on a survey that maps out what problems there is with the current user interface in CDI. The work focuses only on the view where the user is performing accounts of invoices.

The user interface that is used today was developed around 2007 and according to CGI, needs a modernization. The idea over sight is to replace the user interface with a new, updated one that helps the user more than the current user interface.

The purpose of the report is to investigate what problems that users is experiencing with the current user interface and with the help of two self-developed design-proposals evaluate how to fix these problems.

This is being performed with the help of a zero-state analysis, that maps the current problems and another analysis that evaluates the design-proposals. Both analysis is made from interviews and is performed with three persons from Trafikverket that work with the invoice system on a daily basis.

When the evaluation is done there will be a revised version of the earlier design-proposals, this will be the final product of this report. The final product will later be used as a foundation in the work around developing the new user interface for CDI.

Digitalization is a hot topic in today’s world. It’s almost a must for businesses to engage in digitalization if they want to keep thriving one the market. A study conducted by Tillväxtanalys, a Swedish management authority, shows that businesses within the Swedish construction sector are less likely to have a high degree of digital maturity and a digitalized business. The study also shows that small businesses in general are falling behind big businesses in regard to digitalization. In a small business in the Swedish construction sector, the management have tried for years to digitalize their analogue business. The problem however, is the fear and resistance to change within the organization.

The purpose of this thesis report was to identify and describe the factors needed to engage the employees of a small business in a digitalization. Identify which types of change resistance that existed within the organization and to determine the degree of digital maturity.

This case study was conducted with the use of interviews and a questionnaire which have been answered by the employees at this company. The collected data was then analyzed and compared to previous research. The result of this study shows that there are two types of change resistance within the organization and that there are five important factors to engage employees in digitalization within small business; competence, trust, communication, organization-wide need and vision for the change and finally participation.

I have in this case study evaluated advantages and disadvantages with mob programming, at a IT-company called CGM (CompuGroup Medical LAB AB), in Borlänge, Sweden.

Mob programming is new way to work with computer code creation or system maintenance. A group of developers works together to solve problems, like computer bugs. Only one person sits at the keyboard at one time. Like an evolution of pair programming.

I have interviewed a selected number of staffs at CGM.

What are the pros and cons with mob programming for information systems engineers?

I have also conducted a test, with university students that study information systems science at Dalarna University. The students tested to solve a problem with mob programming, and then evaluated the test in a questionnaire.

Today, there is a large selection of brands and beers at Systembolaget and it’sbecoming increasingly important to be visible among all competitors on thestore shelf. As competition increases, it is no longer enough just to be able todistribute a good beer, even the packaging needs to be interesting and credible.The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the visual expressioninfluences the consumer's choice of beer in the store. The purpose is also toinvestigate whether there is a segment of consumers of the target group whobuy beer, who are more or less inclined to buy beer with a more unconventionalvisual expression in the label. The study is also expected to demonstratecommon features for the consumer in this segment.The following issues were raised to investigate this topic: what, in the beerlabel's visual expression, affects the consumer's choice of beer in the store, orare there other factors that are crucial to the purchase decision? Also: if thereare, what are the distinctive features of consumers who tend to buy beer with amore unconventional visual expression in the label? To answer our questions, asurvey was conducted using a web survey addressed to the consumer as well assemi-structured interviews with experts in the industry.The result shows that the nature of beer influences the consumer's buyingdecision the most, but the label's design, price and packaging are also decisivefactors in the buying decision. Illustrations and other artistic elements in thelabel are the visual expressions that affect the target audience most. The typicalconsumer is 32 years old, lives in the city, has a higher education, is a studentand / or full-time employee, has food and drink as an interest, is curious andspontaneous and is perceived as enjoying life by others.The conclusion is that there is a segment of consumers who are the target groupfor beer with a more unconventional expression in their labels. We can also seethat this segment has common features in the form of interests and suchlike.The study also indicates that the visual expression affects the consumer's choiceof beer in the store.

Background At the end of 2019 the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus began in China. Inorder to stall the spread of the virus, government agencies in Sweden havefaced a challenge with communica<ng informa<on in an effec<ve way. Oneway to reach a large number of people is through social media.Aim The study analyzed how three local government agencies had used Instagramto convey informa<on about the pandemic to their ci<zens. As well aswhat strategy has worked the best.Method Interviews were conducted in order to find out how the regions saw theirown work and goal with their use of Instagram. To accompany the interviews,an online form was used to pinpoint the target audience's aVtudetowards different types of Instagram posts. Together with a mul<modalanalysis of the posts, a triangula<on of the results was made.Results The strategies, target groups and goals with Instagram varied between theregional government agencies. Certain mul<modal strategies like culturalsymbols, analy<cal processes and textual metafunc<ons can have a posi<veimpact on the ci<zens aVtude towards the posts. It also showed the difficultywith designing informa<on for Instagram in a way that encourages citizensto read the post in its en<rety. This was especially prominent whenusing cultural symbols in a careless way or the message conveyed by theimage was perceived to be irrelevant. Finally, it showed that the local governmentsaim to follow the governmental wri<ng guidelines but don’t alwayssucceed.Conclusions The target audience and purpose of using Instagram varies between the regionalgovernment agencies and this is reflected in their mul<modal execu-<on of Instagram posts. Regional governments need to be aware that themessage of the image and the use of cultural symbols can have a nega<veimpact on the ci<zens' will to understand the content of the post.

E-learning has transformed the healthcare education system by providing healthcare professionals with training and development opportunities, regardless of their location. However, healthcare professionals in remote or rural areas face challenges such as limited access to educational resources, lack of reliable internet connectivity, geographical isolation, and limited availability of specialized training programs and instructors. These challenges hinder their access to e-learning opportunities and impede their professional development. To address this issue, a study was conducted to identify the factors that influence the effectiveness of e-learning in healthcare. A literature review was conducted, and two questionnaires were distributed to e-learning experts to assess primary variables and identify the most significant factor. The Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (Fuzzy ANP) was used to identify the importance of selected factors. The study found that success, satisfaction, availability, effectiveness, readability, and engagement are the main components ranked in order of importance. Success was identified as the most significant factor. The study results highlight the benefits of e-learning in healthcare, including increased accessibility, interactivity, flexibility, knowledge management, and cost efficiency. E-learning offers a solution to the challenges of professional development faced by healthcare professionals in remote or rural areas. The study provides insights into the factors that influence the effectiveness of e-learning in healthcare and can guide the development of future e-learning programs.

Projects involving clients, photographers and retouchers has a common goal but each part have different stops along the way.Extended deadlines, budget overruns, lack of communication and friction between the parties. These are all things that can occur in projects involving multiple parties. In this study, work processes in the production of advertising images has been analyzed in order to define strengths and weaknesses. The aim for this work was to develop guidelines for the parties to use in the future.In order to survey each party’s work process and their different views on the collaboration between them, six interviews were conducted. Since the interviewees’ consisted of people currently in the industry, the results were well-founded.The results from the study shows that some of the central parts of a well-functioning work process are a clear brief and the use of templates or checklists. These aspects contribute to high-quality results and delivery within deadlines.This study has been conducted in collaboration with Linjepunkt Repro, a company working with advanced image retouching and graphic production. The collaboration contributed to a clearer insight into the industry and valuable contacts. The result of the study could benefit the company and its partners, but it can also be applied to other similar work processes.

Mobile learning involves use of mobile devices to participate in learning activities. Most elearning activities are available to participants through learning systems such as learning content management systems (LCMS). Due to certain challenges, LCMS are not equally accessible on all mobile devices. This study investigates actual use, perceived usefulness and user experiences of LCMS use on mobile phones at Makerere University in Uganda. The study identifies challenges pertaining to use and discusses how to improve LCMS use on mobile phones. Such solutions are a cornerstone in enabling and improving mobile learning. Data was collected by means of focus group discussions, an online survey designed based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and LCMS log files of user activities. Data was collected from two courses where Moodle was used as a learning platform. The results indicate positive attitudes towards use of LCMS on phones but also huge challenges whichare content related and technical in nature.

Learning Content Management Systems (LCMS) are important tools for organizing learning material and communication. Increasingly mobile technologies are used for internet access; particularly important in developing countries where broadband is scarce. Mobile LCMS introduce specific challenges, which are yet not fully addressed. This paper reviews the literature on mobile LCMS for the purpose of identifying current research focus, research gaps, and future research directions regarding how to bridge the gaps and leverage CMS technology to support “mobile learning”. The concept matrix method is used to collect and analyze literature. Five prominent research areas are found; Use, access, design and infrastructure; communication and collaboration; engagement and knowledge development; content and service delivery; and implementation experiences and evaluation. A major gap identified is that research does neither clearly nor thoroughly address the intersection between learning and technology. Adjusting technologies to learning contexts and environments is a key area for future research.

Learning from anywhere anytime is a contemporary phenomenon in the field of education that is thought to be flexible, time and cost saving. The phenomenon is evident in the way computer technology mediates knowledge processes among learners. Computer technology is however, in some instances, faulted. There are studies that highlight drawbacks of computer technology use in learning. In this study we aimed at conducting a SWOT analysis on ubiquitous computing and computer-mediated social interaction and their affect on education. Students and teachers were interviewed on the mentioned concepts using focus group interviews. Our contribution in this study is, identifying what teachers and students perceive to be the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of ubiquitous computing and computer-mediated social interaction in education. We also relate the findings with literature and present a common understanding on the SWOT of these concepts.

Results show positive perceptions. Respondents revealed that ubiquitous computing and computer-mediated social interaction are important in their education due to advantages such as flexibility, efficiency in terms of cost and time, ability to acquire computer skills. Nevertheless disadvantages where also mentioned for example health effects, privacy and security issues, noise in the learning environment, to mention but a few. This paper gives suggestions on how to overcome threats mentioned.

Government websites offer great benefits to citizens and governments. Such benefits, however,cannot be realized if websites are unusable. This study investigates usability of government websites in Uganda.Using the feature investigation method, the study evaluated four Ugandan government websites according tothree perspectives. Results show that websites are partially usable in the design layout and navigationperspectives but are rather weak in stating legal policies. Evaluation results provide the Ugandan governmentwith a clear picture of what needs to be improved according to international website design standards. Moreover,the parsimonious evaluation framework proposed in the research is useful for any country that wants to do aquick and easy evaluation of their government websites.

In the early days of computers, expertise was needed in order to use computers. As IT tools have become more powerful and user friendly, more and more people have been able to use computers and programs as tools when carrying out working tasks. Nowadays, it is possible for people without special IT training to develop Information Systems (IS) that only IT specialists could have done some years ago. In this paper End User Development (EUD) using a Spreadsheet Program (SP) is discussed from a knowledge management perspective. EUD can be a part of an organization’s effort to take advantage of existing, often tacit, knowledge or creating new knowledge. An end user is a person who acts both as a user and a systems developer. A typical feature of an end user is that he has a good (often unique) knowledge of the business and the work related to the IS in question, which is called the User Developed Application. It is the combination of these two sorts of knowledge which is the key to EUD as knowledge management. The aim of this of this chapter is to relate EUD to knowledge management and, specifically, to describe how tacit knowledge can be audited when end users develop spreadsheet systems for their own domain of expertise. The main source is a set of qualitative case studies carried out between 1995 and 2005. (Avdic, 1999; Westin, Avdic & Roberts, 2005)

The Internet has made it possible for students to access a vast amount of high quality references when writing papers. Yet research has shown that the use of reference databases is poor and the quality of student papers is consequently often below expectation. The objective of this paper is twofold. First, it aims to describe the problems students experience when they search information using a university reference database. Second it aims to compare the perspective of students on the problems with that of their teachers. As basis for the study we have used the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. A web-based survey was carried out. A total of 150 students at Örebro University in Sweden participated in the survey. The results have been analysed by comparison of median values. Results show that students experience problems mostly in the category of efforts expectancy. Differences between the two groups are most significant in the category of effort expectancy and students’ patience in searching. Teachers are more pessimistic about students’ capacity in information searching than the students themselves.

This book presents contemporary European research on eParticipation by means of a 13 chapters each describing a PhD research project as well as analyses of this research. The book both reflects the field and contributes to shaping it by discussing both long-standing and emerging issues. Contributions include three chapters on issues of DEVELOPMENT, including communities of practice, user-centred development, and safety & privacy issues, four chapters on IMPLEMENTATION, including spatial planning, participatory budgeting, and transformation processes, and five chapters on issues of USE, focusing on local government, developing countries, EU, civil society and NGO.

Road ruts are depressions or grooves worn into a road. Increases in rut depth are highly undesirable due to the heightened risk of hydroplaning. Accurately predicting increases in road rut depth is important for maintenance planning within the Swedish Transport Administration. At the time of writing this paper, the agency utilizes a linear regression model and is developing a feed-forward neural network for road rut predictions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of using a Recurrent Neural Network to predict road rut. Through design science research, an artefact in the form of a LSTM model was designed, developed, and evaluated.The dataset consisted of multiple-multivariate short time series where research was limited. Case studies were conducted which inspired the conceptual design of the model. The baseline LSTM model proposed in this paper utilizes the full dataset in combination with time-series individualization through an added index feature. Additional features thought to correlate with rut depth was also studied through multiple training set variations.

The model was evaluated by calculating the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) for each training set variation. The baseline model predicted rut depth with a MAE of 0.8110 (mm) and a RMSE of 1.124 (mm) outperforming a control set without the added index. The feature with the highest correlation to rut depth was curvature with a MAEof 0.8031 and a RMSE of 1.1093. Initial finding shows that there is a possibility of utilizing an LSTM model trained on multiple-multivariate time series to predict rut depth. Time series individualization through an added index feature yielded better results than control, indicating that it had the desired effect on model performance.

Since the end of December 2019, China has been suffering COVID-19 for months. Under this circumstance, the epidemic situation in Heilongjiang province is interesting since it is more than 2000 kilometers away from Wuhan, which is the epidemic center, but the epidemic situation in Heilongjiang province once was really serious comparing with other provinces in China, which shows a different trend compared to its epidemic data during SARS pandemic. In addition, in order to correspond to the serious epidemic situation, Heilongjiang provincial government has published a series of policies and measures from various aspects. In this research, the policies and measures about against COVID-19 and encouraging the resumption of work and production of enterprises are focused on, and Enterprise Modeling is used to evaluate their effects. The data is mainly collected from reports published by Chinese social media, official press conferences hosted by Heilongjiang provincial government, questionnaires, and interviews. As for the analysis method, quantitative data analysis, qualitative data analysis, and Enterprise Modeling are used. This research aims to find the key factors that resulted in the phenomenon that there were a higher number of confirmed cases in Heilongjiang province and to evaluate the corresponding policies and measures issued by the local government. In conclusion, five main reasons for explaining the epidemic situation are concluded and the effects of the corresponding policies and measures are believed to be generally satisfied, which is verifiedby the responses from the questionnaire and interview.

The case study has examined how a need arises to integrate information systems with each other, what it means for companies that do not choose to integrate information systems and what advantages and disadvantages there are with system integration. The case company which in this study is called “Energiföretaget AB” and has several areas of responsibility that are considered to be socially important services for the infrastructure. The company provides locals with energy, drinking water, waste management and heat. Based on the business' seven different areas of responsibility, the case company is forced to use several information systems that provide the business system with all the necessary data for the staff to be able to create and connect with customers. The data collection was carried out via semi-structured interviews and three different people were interviewed from the case company. The selection of respondents is based on various criteria that were considered necessary for the study. The analysis has been able to reflect the study's theories that present four different types of information systems that companies can use and seven different motives for system integrations. The result of the study is that the need for system integration can consist of the outside world's demands on the business, where political decisions also affect whether the information systems must be changed and integrated with other information systems. The case company's latest expansion of area of responsibility also affects information systems in the business to be able to meet the work processes' needs. This means that changes are taking place and existing information systems must be integrated. It answers the first research question in this study. The second research question, which is what it means for companies that do not choose to integrate information systems, has not been answered due to the insufficient data collected and cannot be generalized. The third research question, which are the advantages and disadvantages of system integrations, has been answered and summarized in a table. Based on the analysis, the respondents' answers have been summarized in the table and report several points in both advantages and disadvantages. A recurring point that the respondents mentioned was that manual work disappears and minimizes errors in the information systems.

Sports are becoming more technologically advanced and thus become more dependent on information technology (IT) than before. In consequence of IT solutions being implemented in sports, this has allowed the information that was not previously accessible to the common to be available in mobile devices, as much of the public now holds. As the people who are on site at motor sport events now can have their own portable / mobile devices. Services which convey information such as real-time communication can be offered to the end user without the latter being bound to a specific location.

The purpose of this study is to identify and describe the services used in motorsports -related mobile applications to enhance the experience for sponsors attending racing events and to describe how these can be implemented in an IT solution where we limited ourselves to only describe the service that conveys real-time communication between the driver and race team to end users.

The study results are based on an analysis of existing mobile applications and their services in the field of motor sports where we have limited ourselves to analyzing the main motor sports by the International Automobile Federation (FIA) together with interviews with developers, sponsors and race teams.

This is explained in terms of two models, a conceptual model where the overall perspective of how to convey real-time communication is described from source to end-users as well as an architectural model where the architectural layers are described.

The importance of getting the right IT-tools for a company is big. Having a user-centered design when getting the right IT-tools is becoming more and more relevant when it’s important to understand what the end-user really wants. By having an observation of how users use the existing IT-tools and subsequently interviewed regarding perceived shortcomings and lack of functionality, I have been able to familiarize myself with the situation in which partner is located. Based on the interviews, the requirements of the users have been compiled and, with the help of these, I have been able to present recommendations on IT-tools on the market that match the requirements. The result of the work reflects my research questions, where I want to develop the requirements of users and to propose new IT-tools already available on the market based on these requirements.

Idag finns det en bred variation av influencers, där följarantalet varierar från några tusen till flera miljoner. Storleken på en influencers följarskara är ett väsentligt kriterium för ett företag när man ska välja influencer att samarbeta med. Dock kan det för ett företag vara en fördel att samarbeta med influencers som har ett mindre följarantal, men där denna istället har en närmare relation till sina följare. Det skulle alltså kunna vara så att en influencer med färre följare har större inverkan och att denna procentmässigt skulle kunna bidra till mer försäljning än en influencer med fler följare. Studien syftar till att undersöka om antalet följare en influencer har är en faktor som kan sättas i samband med hur många köp som genomförs vid en influencer-marknadsföring på Instagram. För att besvara detta har en kartläggning och en litteraturstudie genomförts. Studien har analyserat och jämfört 20 stycken unika samarbeten mellan ett utvalt företag i modebranschen och ett antal influencers med fler än 10 000 följare samt ett antal influencers med färre än 10 000 följare. Studiens resultat visade att influencers med färre antal följare hade större räckvidd och att deras inlägg ledde till fler köp i proportion till deras följarantal. Detta har betydelse för framtida samarbeten eftersom en influencer med färre följare många gånger har ett lägre arvode. Detta innebär i längden att företaget kan lägga mindre resurser på denna marknadsföring, men ändå få positiva resultat. Detta behöver dock inte utesluta användandet av influencers med ett större antal följare. Utan som företag bör man innan en kampanj startar, sätta upp mål och utgå ifrån vilken storlek på influencers som bäst passar deras mål.

Test improvement models have evolved and become more common since the 1990s. These models strive to give teams and organizations structure in their testing work. TMM, one of the oldest models, was developed in the early 90's and has since provided inspiration for several test improvement models with maturity levels thereafter. Two of them are TMMi and TIM. Both models, which are further worked on from TMM originally, have two different structures when it comes to how different parts of the test function are improved. In a case study, TMMi and TIM have been compared against each other to identify the differences in the models and recommendations from a team working on several consulting assignments. TIM is also evaluated on how current it is in an agile consulting company. The questionnaire and interview were used to collect data and the models were used to generate recommendations for the team. It appears that TIM can be applied to an agile consulting business, mainly because TIM focuses on what to do and the agile methodology focuses on how to do it. The main difference found between TIM and TMMi lies in their structure regarding maturity levels. TIM encourages balanced improvement through separate assessment of key process areas (KPA), so that the studied team has a better understanding of which of them needs to be improved primarily, unlike TMMi, which is stricter in its assessment. TIM in relation to TMMi has recommendations aimed at individual testers at a lower maturity level, which affects the degree of independence for testing. TMMi's recommendations emphasize that smoke tests should be performed by the team to a greater extent than is currently happening.

The term "Internet of Things" refers to when an object from the real world becomes a part of the internet. Tunabyggen in Borlänge plans to implement an information system that will monitor temperature and humidity in selected facilities using a constant internet connection and different sensors. It is a simple system that doesn't seem to have a major impact on the current operations. The economic effects is often possible to calculate in advance, but the impact on staff, environment and routines may be forgotten.

We have with this thesis examined the initial effects that may occur after the implementation of a new information system with Internet of Things functionality in a business, within the categories of economy, working environment, environmental impact and system management.

To answer this we made a case study which is based on a scenario methodology that consists of four phases. Phase 1, where we got our case and created an understanding of the scenario field. Phase 2, identifying the key factors. It has been done through a literature study and interviews with relevant staff on Tunabyggen. Phase 3, where the analysis of these key factors were made through the situation and future analysis. Phase 4, where we generate scenarios of the analyzed key factors. Finally we have done a SWOT analysis to highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.

The results clearly show signs that there will be many effects for Tunabyggen after the implementation of the new information system, which manifests itself in all categories. The conclusion is that even the implementation of a menial information system like this one, the impacts are many. This is something that we believe should be considered by all companies that are thinking of acquiring a new system so they do not only evaluate IT-systems in economic terms, but also other factors that play a crucial role for the implementation of an information system to be successful.

Molntjänster har blivit ett intressant fenomen i IT-världen. Molntjänster har skapat möjligheter för företag och individer att effektivisera sin verksamhet för en minimal avgift istället för att driftsätta egna servrar. Detta blir möjligt genom att erbjuda flera olika tjänster på varierande distributionsmodeller. Till följd av detta fenomen förekommer serviceförfrågningar av molntjänster kontinuerligt bland svenska privata företag och myndigheter. De privata företagen har ingen skyldighet att följa lagar som begränsar dem från att använda molntjänster, i motsats till krisberedskapsmyndigheterna och deras utvecklings- och testverksamhet. Detta examensarbete kommer fokusera på att analysera de möjligheter som finns för svenska krisberedskapsmyndigheters och deras utvecklings- och testverksamheter att använda molntjänster

Examensarbetet genomfördes som en kvalitativ studie med hjälp av intervjuer och litteraturstudier som datainsamlingsmetoder. Intervjuerna genomfördes på anställda i en krisberedskapsmyndighet för att ge en bild av hur dessa anställda med varierande befattningar tolkar molntjänster samt dess för- och nackdelar. Litteraturstudien användes för att spegla andra nationers synpunkter på molntjänster i myndigheter, samt vilka svenska lagar och regelverk som kan förhindra molntjänster i en krisberedskapsmyndighet.

Resultatet av examensarbetet visade att det existerar möjligheter för användning av molntjänster i en krisberedskapsmyndighet. Detta görs möjligt genom att analysera informationen som skall distribueras på en molntjänst.

Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is a form of technology that automates everyday tasks in organizations. RPA is used to transform repetitive tasks that do not require any creativity, for example sending out salary specifications for employees. A large number of organizations implementing RPA for the first time fail due to common mistakes, such as to underestimate the complexity or changes in the robot's work area. With a qualitative case study, factors that lead to a successful implementation of RPA have been identified, since knowledge of the success factors contributes to a less likelihood of failure with an implementation. All data collected comes from four qualitative interviews conducted with people who have worked with RPA implementations. The study's empirical results have been interpreted and analyzed with the aid of the theoretical critical success factors communication, well-defined goals, choosing the right processes to automate, competence, well-defined roles, adapting processes for implementation of RPA, end-user participation, support from top management. These concepts have also been used as a starting point in the design of the interview guide.The result of the study shows a ranking of the success factors identified during the interview, according to each of the interview respondents. Two overall themes were identified through a thematic analysis. The first theme describes what can cause failure when implementing RPA. The second theme divides areas for success factors that applies to the implementation of RPA in practice. The study finds that the success factors mentioned in the theory, such as choosing the right process for automation and standardizing/optimizing processes before automation, largely agree with what are considered as success factors in the practice. In addition, there are a lot of differences in the description of these factors in theory versus practice.

Background The awareness of our environmental impact and the interest for achieving a more sustainable consumer society has increased. The impact from consumption must be reduced in order to reach the global goals for a sustainable development. Second hand sales is a part of the solution towards a more sustainable future and is also one of the most increasing consumption trends. Consumers appreciate companies that take sustainable actions, and they need information from the companies to make more conscious buys. Social media platforms, such as Instagram, are being used by second hand companies to reach out with their information. However, it can be difficult to be seen amongst the large amount of information that overflows in Instagram feeds. Therefore, the companies need to develop their own visual identities in order to reach their desired target group and attract buyers. Aim The purpose of this study is to map how second hand companies uses graphics as a part of projecting their visual identities on Instagram. Method A visual content analysis was used to collect data for the study. Eleven second hand companies, whose Instagram posts contained clothing and home interior, was selected for the analysis. Results/conclusions The result of this study shows that the second hand companies total use of different graphics was spread evenly amongst the following elements: illustrations, logos/symbols, solid color surfaces and text. Of the total number of posts that were published by the second hand companies, 34% consist of posts with graphics. Posts that consisted of graphics were most often used in the combination of photographic images and graphics. These types of posts were the overall most common for the second hand companies in this group to publish. The colors that the group of second hand companies uses in their posts consisting graphics, were found in the categories: red, yellow, green, blue, black, white, gray and magenta of which red was used in the greatest extent. The typefaces that were used in the posts were classified as Sanserif, Seriff and Display but Sanserif typefaces were the more often used than the others. This study also covered these typeface classifications subclasses in which Neogrotesque, Grotesque, Transitional and Processed/Manipulated are used to the greatest extent.

Testing is a necessary but costly part of software development. Tests are performed at different abstraction levels and can be either manual or automated. On the lowest level of abstraction, where unit testing is performed, automated testing is commonplace and relatively uncomplicated, whereas system testing is more difficult to automate. This is especially true for GUI-testing, which requires special tools.      Triona wished to investigate possibilities to automate regression testing of the GUI for its C-load product, which is a Cloud-based web-service for contract-based transport booking.      The purpose of this case study was to evaluate one tool for automated GUI-testing (AGT) against the C-Load team’s expectations on AGT, and based on the result recommend Triona how to proceed in the process of implementing AGT. Literature studies, observations and interviews were conducted to fulfil the purpose.      GUI-testing tools can be classified into three categories: script-based, model-based and scriptless. One conclusion was that a script-based tool, where test scripts are manually coded would best suit Triona’s needs. The most used tool in that category, Selenium WebDriver, was tested and evaluated against requirements.       Prior research shows that common challenges encountered when using script-based GUItests are the workload required to create and maintain test scripts and that the tests can deliver inconsistent or “flaky” results. These challenges were confirmed during our analysis.       Our conclusion is that it is possible to automate C-Load regression tests with Selenium WebDriver, and that it would eventually free up time. However, a considerable effort is initially required to implement automated testing. Selenium Webdriver only partly fulfills the C-Load team’s expectations on AGT. Before a decision is taken, the C-Load team should evaluate more tools. When evaluating tools for AGT, Triona should take note that Selenium Webdriver can be deficient when it comes to testing applications based on modern web frameworks.   

Background

Using Microsoft Platforms as a base for creating a software solution with a web front-end, the motives and research behind the technology was explored. This study identified functionalities that are split across existing media-related applications where neither has all to develop and evaluate a novel solution with useful features for sorting and indexing media.

Aim

Produce a solution for the development of an application with available technology, provide research and motives for chosen implementation strategies, and an evaluation of the solution.

Method

Design and creation was used as a strategy for the purpose of developing and evaluating a software solution. A literature review was used as data collection method, serving as motive and research behind the development of a software solution. An evaluation on accessibility, functionality and performance was chosen to estimate the worth of the proposed solution, and to be compared with Kodi and Squeezebox.

Results

The proposed solution suffered in performance and accessibility. In terms of functionality, it has the edge by being cloud-hosted,having offline support and supporting multiple media types. Kodi excelled in supporting more media types and formats, with an accessibility score close to Zavorite. Squeezebox excelled in performance. Both Squeezebox and Kodi has the edge in being able to playback media, a feature Zavorite does not offer.

Conclusions

Zavorite is a prototype evaluated alongside product-ready applications. The areas where Zavorite is lacking compared to Kodi or Squeezebox, such as performance is made up for due to being a PWA. For accessibility, the evaluation showed what should be improved for subsequent prototypes. For functionality, despite the prototype only showcasing two media types, there is the possibility of adding more with an additional row in a database table. Zavorite can be considered a combination of Kodi and Squeezebox, with user experience improvements as a PWA, limited to sorting and indexing media.

RPA (Robotic Process Automation) is a technology for automating repetitive tasks within businesses with the aim of streamlining work. Previous research, however, show that 30–50% of all RPA projects fail. Research also shows that there are challenges associated with it’s implementation. The aim of this study is to examine how RPA suppliers work to implement RPA and highlight the challenges that may arise during the implementation of RPA from the perspective of customers and suppliers. The research questions are answered by conducting a literature study and qualitative semi-structured interviews with RPA suppliers and people from companies that have implemented RPA. Based on the suppliers' answers, a process model of the working procedure was created. The process model includes five steps: Mapping, Proof of Concept, Development, Testing, and Implementation. Furthermore, the results show that the challenges lie in creating an understanding of RPA, identifying appropriate business processes, concerns among employees and that the robot lacks cognitive skills. Finally, the study shows that focus should be placed on preparatory work and that communication is a key factor for success.

Speech recognition is a technology still under development and the main reason is that human language is a complex phenomenon. With the development and progress in the AI-field, speech recognition has reached new heights. Previous research in this field has shown that some speech recognition softwares have achieved a 0.5 % margin of error. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the sound environment at a train control center affects the quality of speech to text transcription and the pros and cons of using this technology in a train control center. This study is a descriptive case study with an experiment in which the data has been generated by interviews, observations as well as collected documents. The results from the study were that the operating environment affected the speech to text transcription in a negative way. The pros which emerged were that speech to text enables transcription in real-time as well as the possibility to digitize information. The cons were user acceptance, finding speech recognition applications and the noisy environment at the train control center.

Legimus is an online library owned by the Myndigheten för tillgängliga medier. Myndigheten för tillgängliga medier provides people with dif-ferent circumstances the access to public literature and information. Legimus is a tool that enables people with reading difficulties to access literature. Legimus has a website where users can read the literature. As an important concept in the interaction between man and computer, the usability and user-friendliness of the website affects the visitor's ex-perience. Because of this, this work focuses on the user-friendliness of the Legimus website. The purpose of this work is to do a case study on what makes Legimus user-friendly and to focus on the selected target group to find out diffi-culties and what they expect from the use of the selected website. The chosen question is as follows: Has Legimus succeeded in attracting its priority target group of the students at Dalarna University with the web-site's design and user-friendliness. To carry out this work, a qualitative method has been chosen where stu-dents at Dalarna University are interviewed, after which the results are analysed with the help of four themes into which the interview ques-tions are divided. The results show that the respondents had different views on user-friendliness. Some respondents considered the website to be unclear at first, but over time learned to use the website. Most of the respondents considered the website to be simple and clear. The respondents were given the opportunity to express their own views regarding the website. There, most respondents had suggestions for improvements to the de-sign of the website. The conclusion drawn is not that the respondents found the website's design attractive. The respondents considered that they had used the website even if the design was worse given the need for Legimus webpage. Most of the users considered the website to be user-friendly, but to ensure my conclusion, the interview ended with the question of whether the respondents considered the website to be user-friendly. All the respondents considered it to be user-friendly, which strengthens my conclusion.

Application monitoring is a term for real-time monitoring of applications to be able to discover faults before they reach the end-user. Application monitoring does not only mean the individual software but also everything surrounding it, which can have an impact on the application. Trafikverket wishes to deliver high quality in their applications. At present the developers have no or little insight in how an application delivers in a live environment after they handed over the responsibility to the operations. In order to maintain a good quality of their applications they want to explore how application monitoring may help to see changes in the needs of applications before major problems occur. In a case study consisting of interviews and document studies and through situation based FA/SIMM present ways of working will be produced. It will also identify wishes/concerns expressed by the developers and operations departments in the managing of existent applications. These will then be analyzed to examine in which way application monitoring would help developers, but also operations, in their work. The result shows that the problems which are brought forward are in a sense organizational of nature and that DevOps is a possible way for solution. But also that application monitoring could contribute to the delivery of high quality in applications in a proactive manor.

This study explores effective strategies for improving database performance for online applications and various factors that play a key role in performance optimization. Through a combination of semi-structured interviews and literature studies, the research identifies important areas for optimization, such as database design, indexing, Common Table Expressions (CTE), and query optimization. The study also explores the various factors that contribute most to the lack of performance optimization. The results show that despite technological advances, challenges remain that require an integrated approach. This approach should include technological innovation, strategic planning, and knowledge exchange between different members or groups. The research emphasizes the importance of continuous adaptation and capacity building within IT to address future challenges and recommends further research to explore new optimization techniques for databases