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This paper highlights the importance of economic incentives in stimulating the reuse of building materials in Sweden. Although the construction industry recognizes the benefits of reuse, the study shows that there are insufficient economic incentives to make it a standard practice. Through semi-structured interviews with representatives from the construction industry and a literature review, the study identified several barriers such as quality assurance, building regulations, lack of knowledge, and economic challenges.The purpose of the study was to investigate what economic incentives could promote the use of reused building materials and identify potential barriers to their implementation.The findings suggest that there are currently no direct economic incentives that encourage construction companies to reuse building materials. Several obstacles have been identified, including challenges related to quality guarantees, building regulations, lack of knowledge, and economic difficulties. The study also emphasizes that more extensive political and economic initiatives are needed to stimulate the use of reused building materials. The paper contributes to the existing research by providing recommendations to policy makers and other actors in the construction sector who are interested in promoting sustainability and environmentally friendly methods. It suggests that future research should focus on designing and testing specific economic incentives to promote the reuse of building materials. In its conclusions, it emerges that construction companies identify a multitude of obstacles and challenges when reusing building materials. It also appears that there is a noticeable lack of economic incentives from the state to promote the use of reused building materials in construction projects. Construction companies suggested different forms of economic incentives that could promote the use of reused building materials, including grants, tax relief, and digital platforms. There was also a variation in political opinions regarding the idea of introducing economic incentives to promote the reuse of building materials, with some supporting the idea and others opposing it.

Insulation and insulation material is one of the most important components in the construction industry and has a wide range of applications and therefore the demand is huge. Because of the high costs on the market, new and different researches take place every day to find alternative insulation materials. The technology make the opportunities greater to find and use cheaper materials. Therefore, it is not un common to see insulations made of different materials every day.

The purpose of this study is to investigate two Moniflexcassettes, one with insulation and one without, in a climate chamber, to then compare their u-values.

The results showed the influence on the insulation, that the u-value was lower on the cartridge with the insulation, and therefore a proof that the insulation can use as an additional insulation. This applied especially for windows and glass portions who have a high u-value, which mean that windows and glass portions do not have to change to newer windows with lower u-values.

The company Isolight´s current u-value of the cassette with the isolation was not the same as with the tested U-value in Högskolan Dalarnas climate chamber. On the cassette without insulation, there has been no comparison between the tested value and the value of the company because the company does not have a u-value for that.

During the years 1965–1975, the politicians chose to start a large housing development, which resulted in a million homes being built in 10 years. It was called Miljonprogrammet. Tjärna Ängar is an area located in Borlänge where some of those building took place. The area has 1,179 apartments in 3-storey slab houses and the Tjärna Angar area is divided into three different blocks: Kornstigen, Klövern and Plogstigen. These are built next to Tjärna center, with good bus connections to the rest of Borlänge.

The purpose of this work was to produce a storey building for an existing slab of concrete. the reference building is at Kornstigen 25.

With the help of Drawings, the existing building will be studied. Information search will be done on the subject regarding floor buildings and the history of the million program and construction. Walls and ceilings will be developed and an extension for the lift. Finally, a model is made in a Cad-programe that illustrates the result.

The result of the storey building was a wooden walkway with a total of 10 apartments. Two corner apartments became three rooms and the kitchen while the rest became two rooms and kitchens in varying surfaces. Storey building wood is a good way to be able to build on the heigt, but many aspects considered and be and checked before a storey buildig takes place.

In this study, we critically examine the potential of recycled construction materials, focusing on how these materials can significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy usage in the construction sector. By adopting an integrated approach that combines Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Material Flow Analysis (MFA) within the circular economy framework, we thoroughly examine the lifecycle environmental performance of these materials. Our findings reveal a promising future where incorporating recycled materials in construction can significantly lower GHG emissions and conserve energy. This underscores their crucial role in advancing sustainable construction practices. Moreover, our study emphasizes the need for robust regulatory frameworks and technological innovations to enhance the adoption of environmentally responsible practices. We encourage policymakers, industry stakeholders, and the academic community to collaborate and promote the adoption of a circular economy strategy in the building sector. Our research contributes to the ongoing discussion on sustainable construction, offering evidence-based insights that can inform future policies and initiatives to improve environmental stewardship in the construction industry. This study aligns with the European Union's objectives of achieving climate-neutral cities by 2030 and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals outlined for completion by 2030. Overall, this paper contributes to the ongoing dialogue on sustainable construction, providing a fact-driven basis for future policy and initiatives to enhance environmental stewardship in the industry.

During The Million Homes Programme, 1964 – 1975, over one million homes were built and it’s now time for an extensive modernization of these buildings.

The purpose of this work was to see how the building envelope of a multifamily building from the Million Homes Programme can be energy efficient. This was done through enquiries and calculations, and by comparing these to current and future requirements of energy use. The enquiries that have been conducted were tests of impermeability and thermography. The calculations suggest both individual and combined actions to improve the building envelope.  The enquiries and calculations do not consider installations, architectural values, or economy, only how much the energy use can be optimized through improving the building envelope. 

The best result achieved through combined actions was a reduction of energy use by 32,3 %. The individual action with the best result was the replacement of windows and balcony door: 16,4 % reduction of energy use.

Only the building envelope has been taken in to account in this rapport which means that a greater improvement is possible if installations also is included.

An important conclusion of the project is that the building envelope has a great effect on a building’s energy usage. The requirements of energy use that come into effect January 1, 2021 can be accomplished by only correcting the deficiencies in the building envelope.

Computers have become invaluable for advanced calculation tasks in most industries.

Formerly, designers had to rely on his skills and knowledge to perform calculations.

Nowadays, designers can execute a calculation without the need to use the actual formulas

behind. It is recommended by experienced designers that some of the programs used in the

building industry, which are based on the European Eurocodes needs to be validated.

The aim of this study has been to calculate the punching capacity of ordinary reinforced

slab and to design the shear reinforcement, according to Eurocode 2. The method was a

theoretical study of the Eurocodes. A calculation sheet for punching capacity was made in

Mathcad. The calculations from the sheet were compared to Winstatik Punching and

caeEc230. The work has been defined to include only an inner column on a concrete slab

with a circular cross section without any column heads or other reinforcements. In order to

achieve realistic calculations, nine cases with different slab thicknesses and spans were

manipulated.

The capacities from the three calculations were nearly identical, both at the columns

perimeter and at the control perimeter. The greatest differences were found in the design of

the shear reinforcement. They showed similar amount of reinforcement in terms of area, but

offered no guidance on the design. CaeEc230 suggested about double the amount of rebar

cuts than the calculations in Mathcad. Winstatik Punching reported no total at all.

The construction sector accounts for a large part of the primary energy use globally. In order to prevent global warming and to achieve the goals set by Sweden together with the EU, major changes are required in the sector. Energy requirements to heat and cool properties is an important part of this change and for people's well-being. The problem with many of today's system is that they are using more energy than needed and energy efficiency is a must to achieve the goals. Through innovative and smart systems, human needs can be safeguarded while energy requirements is reduced. The purpose was to investigate, through a case study, whether a new ventilation system for apartment buildings could make energy consumption more efficient while at the same time a high indoor comfort could be obtained. Only one apartment is considered which is located in Hedemora, Dalarna. The method was to install a demand-controlled ventilation system in the apartment and measure air quality, air temperature and air flow rate with the help of sensors The new ventilation system is then compared with two common ventilation strategies (extract air and natural ventilation).The energetic evaluation is based on measured air flow rates solely. The result was then compared to government recommendations regarding carbon dioxide levels. The measurement data shows that the demand-controlled ventilation system in most cases reaches the recommendations while the energy demand is lower. An important conclusion from the degree thesis is that ordinary ventilation strategies such as natural draft and exhaust air give a worse indoor climate compared to the demand-controlled system.

Byggfel vid upprättande av byggnationer genomsyrar byggbranschen och står för onödigt höga kostnader av den totala byggkostnaden. Denna problematik har under de senaste åren uppmärksammats markant av både aktörer inom byggbranschen, samt av samhället. Enligt en rapport upprättad av Boverket (2022) uppnår dessa kostnader närmare 100 miljarder kronor och därmed sänker värdigheten i de investerade pengarna. Syftet med denna rapport är att upplysa problemområdet, och utifrån samverkan med aktörer som är delaktiga i byggprocessens olika skeden, försöka undersöka vilka byggfel som är vanligast och vart dess brister uppkommer. Utifrån det som påvisas så ska konkreta åtgärder och förbättringstips lyftas fram. Syftet och frågeställningarna i rapporten förväntas besvaras och uppnås via kvalitativa studier. Dessa studier kommer att upprättas i from av intervju och litteraturstudie. Intervjuerna kommer att hållas med aktörer inom byggbranschen som medverkar i byggprocessens olika skeden, detta urval ska ge möjligheten att få tankar och idéer utifrån olika synvinklar. Byggfelen som anses vara vanligast förekommande är fukt och vattenrelaterade skador, samt montering och infästning. Denna typen av skador uppkommer på olika platser i byggnationer, men främst i badrum och våtrum, takfönstermontering, fönsterdörrar och tyngre dörrar. De bakomliggande orsakerna till uppkomsten av dessa skador är bristande i kunskap, erfarenhet och tidspress. Bristande kunskapen och erfarenheten anses vara en central faktor i både projekteringen och produktionen, medan tidspressen framhävs tydligast i produktionsfasen. För att få bukt med byggfel-problematiken krävs det specifika enskilda åtgärder för de olika problemområdena genomförs. Ansvarstagandet hos de olika aktörerna i byggbranschen behöver öka, både i planering, utförande och kravsättning.

In construction of apartments several parameters determines the choice of production method. Costs and production time for the various operations are two important parts , As early as the planning stage it is important to have a clear picture of the different solutions' and its prerequisites to simplify the choice of production method.

For new construction projects in Sälenfjällen the tight production times makes it important to know whether any solution could involve considerable delays in production time. On the other hand faster construction methods may also lead to higher costs.

The thesis has been limited to four different floor constructions which are Finjas “Combi bjälklag”, “plattbärlag”, cross laminated timber and Dala cements “Daladekk”. The calculation has been linked to a reference building in Sälenfjällen and a supposed new production of four similar buildings.

With the help of the structural design calculations were carried out to estimate the costs each approach brings, it also performed one simple analysis of the time spent.

The result shows that it is best economical to build with "plattbärlag", followed by cross laminated timber. At the same time plattbärlaget and its construction has a risk for delayed production times, which mean it may be advantageous to chose the solution with cross laminated timber.

The construction and real estate sector accounts for 21% of domestic greenhouse gas emissions, making it a significant factor in Sweden's efforts to reach its climate goals, with the long-term goal being to have no net emissions to the atmosphere by 2045. By creating a life cycle assessment (LCA), the amount a building contributes to the greenhouse effect throughout its lifespan can be calculated. Hallbyggarna is the leading Nordic provider of tent halls, including bulk halls specifically designed for storing unpackaged materials. This study aims to investigate the environmental impact of a free-standing wall in a bulk hall, comparing the impact of a sheet metal wall to that of a concrete wall in the product stages (A1-A3). To construct the sheet metal wall, a simulation of the horizontal forces the bulk material will exert on the wall was required. One Click LCA was the software used in this study. When creating a life cycle inventory (LCI), an environmental product declaration (EPD) or generic data (average data) is selected, followed by the product quantities in One Click LCA. Once the LCI is complete, an impact assessment (LCIA) can be conducted and analyzed. The study revealed that a concrete structure of this size emits 103 tons of CO2e, while a sheet metal wall construction with 0% recycled steel in the frame emits 60 tons of CO2e. A comparison was made using a steel frame containing 100% recycled steel in the sheet metal wall construction, resulting in a 12% reduction in CO2e emissions compared to the sheet metal wall construction with 0% recycled steel.

Borlänge kommun har infört miljömål som handlar om samhällets styrning för att den byggda miljön ska användas, utvecklas och bevaras på ett hållbart sätt. För att uppnå ett miljösmart och långsiktigt byggande behöver återbrukandet av byggmaterial öka och för att främja detta grundades Dala återbyggdepå av ett anta laktörer i Borlänge kommun. Depån fungerar som en fysisk butik med återbrukat material som har lämnats in av företag eller privatpersoner. Kundkretsen består idag mestadels av privatpersoner men syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur efterfrågan från aktörer i byggbranschen på återbrukat byggmaterial kan öka och om digital publicering av produkter kan vara en väg till det. För att ta reda på detta gjordes studiebesök på Dala återbyggdepå och litteraturstudier på ämnet. Intervjuer gjordes med en beställare och en entreprenö som verkar i kommunen för att få deras perspektiv på vad som skulle krävas. Studien har visat att det är nödvändigt för Dala återbyggdepå att ta ett steg mot digital försäljning för att öka efterfrågan och ett förslag till materialhanteringsrutin har arbetats fram. Sammanfattningsvis har studien även visat att det finns fler utmaningar för användandet av återbrukat material i byggbranschen. Med dagens krav på dokumentation blir det svårt att uppnå godkänd nivå mot miljömål och beställare behöver ange redan i handlingarna att återbrukat byggmaterial ska användas. Slutligen kan det krävas en ändrad inställning från branschen som ger återbrukat material högre status och att företag värderar den miljömässiga vinningen högre för att fler ska vilja, våga och kunna bygga hållbart med återbrukat material.

In todays building industry there is a need for using of digital construction

drawings. The purpose of this report is to inquire into, the will of the employers in

Byggpartners to use digital drawings in their daily work and if the different

drawing systems distinguishes from each other

The method selections in this report is survey, semi structured interviews, and

time experiments. The studies show that the new digital technique worked well

and gave reliable and useful results. One important conclusion of this project is

that digital drawings are more time saving comparing to paper drawings. By

reviewing the use of digital drawings, one can easily prevent some problems

which might otherwise be associated with the opposition of digital drawings out

in the building place.

A study has been conducted to investigate how log houses will meet the new requirements regarding U-value and specific energy use with primary energy factor as a basis, which will be put into use in 2017. In the study, two houses have been investigated. Both houses were constructed with 200 mm thick logs without any additional isolation. Both houses have geothermal heating systems. The study found that the new requirements will be rough against timber house constructions with geothermal or electricity as a heating system, since a primary energy figure of 1.6 will be multiplied by the total energy consumption when heated by electricity.

To win procurements today, it is important that you as an entrepreneur choose the most effective resource and production methods. That already in the calculation stage, decide how high degree of prefabrication the project should have, is favorable to promptly adapt the workplace in order to get the best output.

In Mora, Skanska has a block workshop that among other things manufactures curtain walls. Skanska has expressed a desire for a study of the differences in time and cost between their precast curtain walls and site-built curtain walls in order to see for which construction projects it may be appropriate to make use of their precast curtain walls.

The purpose of this project is to facilitate the choice of production method for the manufacture of curtain walls, depending on the construction project's requirements regarding:

• If the project has a short or long timetable.
• How many square meters of curtain-wall the project needs.
• Distance to block workshop.

The work is defined to include construction projects that have a bearing frame with lightweight curtain walls of wood. The production methods studied for building curtain walls in wood is prefabrication and site-built.

The production cost has defined to only conclude the cost of the work and the expenses of the workplace, no costs for the materials that are built-in are included. The cost of the built-in materials is assumed in this work to be the same whether the curtain walls are site built or prefabricated.

With unit times from the block workshop, has a production time for prefabrication of curtain walls been calculated. For the site-built curtain wall, unit times from Nybyggnadslistan 1999 has been retrieved and used to calculate a manufacturing time for building the wall in place. A cost benefit analysis has been done comparing the different manufacturing cost. The cost benefit analysis show the amount of wall area required to choose prefabricated over place built at the highest profit.

The result shows that to manufacture and mount one square meter of prefabricated curtain wall takes 0,135 hours less time than that place build the same amount. Time on site is reduced by 0,578 hours per square meter when using precast curtain walls.

The result also shows that the cost to manufacture one square meter of curtain-wall is 32.77 SEK lower than that place build the same amount of curtain-wall. The thing that pulls up the cost of precast curtain walls is the transport. A fully loaded truck with 370 m² of wall can be transported 43 Swedish miles before profitability ceiling is reached.

The time at the construction place, is getting shorter when using prefabricated curtain walls, leading to reduced costs in the workplace.

For a construction project located at a distance of 30 Swedish miles from block workshop, is it profitable to choose prefabricated curtain walls, if the object needs 256 m² or more square meters of wall. For construction projects that require a smaller number of square meters of curtain walls, it is more profitable to use the site-built curtain walls. Especially if the construction project is located at a far distance from the block workshop.

Important conclusions from this thesis are:

• Shorter production time for precast curtain walls, which results in a lower production cost.
• The time on the construction site is reduced by the use of precast curtain walls.
• For long trips, a larger number of square meters precast curtain walls is needed to make the use of prefab to be profitable.
• The use of precast curtain walls means less need for storage of materials on the construction site.

Between the years 1965 and 1975 one million residences in Sweden were built.

Today the work of renovating these buildings has begun, in connection with this

work there are many measures taken to reduce energy usage.

The purpose of this work was to find out what is the most economical choice of

various green power sources.

Also the thoughts and beliefs of the property owners are set in relation to the

conclusions of the calculations to get an idea of how different the property

owner’s beliefs are compared to the calculations.

To avoid making the work too large and demanding these boundaries have been

set:

 To get appropriate conclusions the work has been limited to the region

of Dalarna.

 The work has also been limited to examining the economic factor when

choosing between various green power sources.

Two surveys were conducted with several different property owners as

participants and then two calculations of the payback period for solar power,

wind power, and green electricity were conducted. These two results were then

compered to each other to be able to analyze and present these conclusions.

Conclusions:

 Wind power is not profitable at today’s electricity prices.

 Real estate owners are uncertain of what choice gives the best

profitability of wind power, solar power or green power.

The urbanization that has occurred in the last century results in an increasing awareness of urban planning and assessment tools are increasingly used to demonstrate that development in the direction of sustainable occurs.

The purpose of this study is to produce indicators and analyze how the municipality development plans for the station area in Borlänge meet the national-, regional- and local objectives in terms of sustainable urban planning. The method applied in the development of indicators is based on Boverkets and Naturvårdsverkets model that was developed in conjunction with the SAMS-project. Applying this method has resulted in eleven indicators that have been applied to the present situation and the development plans in which the result shows that any major change to the assessment ladder has not occurred.

As a result of some municipal goals beeing vaguely designed, the difficulty in meeting them increases. This creates a difficulty in applying the assessment tools in the form of indicators that can guide planning in the right direction. The development plans extent is not enough for the municipal goals to be met. The produced planning indicators can be the basis for a dialogue with the municipality in order to sharpen the objectives and generate a better goal achievement.

 In the construction sector, safety is a priority to promote health and well-being for all workers while striving to minimize accidents and ill-health. The construction industry is known to be one of the most hazardous work environments, where accidents have become all too common, with thousands of reported cases each year, including fatalities, highlighting the importance of regular improvement of safety measures and risk management. Additionally, the events of the war in Ukraine have also impacted construction sites and workers' well-being. The purpose of the study is to identify and mitigate risks at construction sites to protect workers and maintain a safe working environment, and also to study the Ukraine conflict and its economic impact to shed light on the various challenges workers face while developing new strategies to ensure the well-being of all. To answer the study's questions, various data collection methods were chosen, interviews and literature were carefully chosen to ensure relevance and valuableinsights to achieve the study's purpose. A understanding of workplace legislation and regulations in the construction and safety areas is crucial to ensure all risks are prevented and necessary measures are taken to maintain a safe working environment. The study's findings indicate significant risks at construction sites, including physical, chemical, and organizational risk factors, underscoring the need for effective measures to improve the work environment and safety. The discussion highlights workers' challenges and risks in the construction environment and the need for a strong safety culture. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of effective measures to minimize risks and improve the work environment.

Today, life-cycle assessment (LCA) are performed to identify the buildingcomponents that cause large carbon dioxide emissions in the construction industry.The purpose of this study is to use the life-cycle assessment tool One Click LCA tocompare how large carbon dioxide emissions are formed by the materials in aglulam frame, which belongs to an indoor arena compared to the materials in afictitious steel frame, which is dimensioned to withstand the same loads andfunction as the glulam frame. This is done in order to highlight the differencesbetween the carbon dioxide emissions in the product phase (A1-A3) between aglulam frame and a steel frame.A designer has designed the steel frame for comparison. The designer producedthe dimensions and building materials, but the steel frame was not sufficientlyworked out and projected for the comparison to be made directly.In One Click LCA, the quantities and building components for both frames areneeded to be able to make complete life-cycle assessment. By quantities is meantvolumes and weights for the building components. The study initially lackedquantities for some of the building components and part of the purpose wastherefore to produce all quantities for the frames. To get the right amounts in thestudy, two programs were used, Bluebeam and Excel. With these programs, thelength measurements for different building components were taken from drawings.Together with the other information about the building components, the quantitiescould then be produced.In One Click LCA, resources need to be selected. These can be linked to specificbuilding components and contain data on how large carbon dioxide emissions thatbuilding components cause. Based on building components and quantities,resources were then selected in One Click LCA. When resources are selected, theprogram calculates how large carbon dioxide emissions are formed in the productphase (A1-A3) for the building components. With quantities and resources, tworesults could be obtained in the software. The results show that 55 tonnes ofcarbon dioxide are formed by the glulam frame and 779.9 tonnes of carbon dioxideare formed by the steel frame. In the steel frame, it is the trusses that cause themost carbon dioxide emissions and in the glulam frame, the beams in the upperpart of the indoor arena cause the most carbon dioxide emissions.

In construction projects, moisture problems have been discovered in concrete slabs where plastic mats have been released from the substrate. One of the problems reported in the media is the change from Portland cement to fly ash cement. Fly ash cement is a cement with 14% fly ash mixed with portland clinker. The reason that cement manufacturers use fly ash, which is a residual product from powder-fired coal power plants, is that it reduces the amount of portland clinkers that release large amounts of carbon dioxide during production.

Cement is the concrete binder and when fly ashes are used, less amount of water is bound in the concrete's hydration process. To investigate the difference in dehydration found in concrete with fly ash cement and Portland cement, two concrete samples were obtained with the same concrete recipe and VCT numbers, but with different cement types. These concrete samples were stored in a heated local with low relative humidity. Moisture measurements were carried out according to the current regulations. These results were compared with the moisture predictions from TorkaS and BI Dry, which are the most commonly used moisture calculation programs. At the same time, various actors from the construction industry were interviewed to investigate how they perceived the problem of dehydration in concrete.

The moisture measurements showed no significant difference between concrete with base cement and building cement. When compared with the forecasted values from the moisture calculation programs, it was found that the Dry values were very close to the measured moisture values, while BI Dry's values were well below the measured values. The interviews revealed that the construction industry has many questions about dehydration in concrete. On the other hand, there are difficulties in determining what is the basis for the problems. If there is a change from the portland cement to the fly ash cement, or the handling of the concrete at an early stage after the casting affects. However, if the moisture issue is taken up early in the construction process, it is possible to save both time and money. The construction industry needs to be educated how the process of desiccation works to increase understanding of the problem.

The construction industry is a very accident-prone industry where communication plays a crucial role in achieving the Swedish Work Environment Authority's vision that no one should become ill, injured, or die from work. The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of the methods used by site managers to communicate on geographically large construction sites. Which ones are used and what are their experiences? The study also aims to investigate if there are risks in the work environment linked to the methods used to communicate. The report is limited to construction sites with a spread of at least five kilometers and the survey sample to site- and project managers. Based on the aim, four questions were formulated that are studied and answered in the results. The method used in this study is a qualitative interview study where the questions were semi-structured, and the selection was non-probability based. Literature studies were also used to review the existing research situation and to give the reader a deeper understanding of the topic. The site managers experiences off the communication methods were discussed during the interviews. The communication methods mentioned can be categorized as oral, written, and visual. Oral methods are mainly used when it is important to get a quick response. Written when many are to be given the same information and visual methods when information, both oral and written, needs to be clarified. Oral methods have the advantage that they are quick and easy to handle. However, a disadvantage of oral communication is that it is often not documented. The biggest advantage of written methods is precisely that the information is documented. A disadvantage, however, is that it is difficult to see whether the message has been received or been misinterpreted. All respondents described problems in their work with communication. Two of the suggestions that were raised for development of the methods were to gather several digital communication tools in one place and to make chatgroups more adapted for the construction industry. Work environment risks were described in the form of difficulty in reaching the construction workers with important information. Work environment risks have also been described by site managers as stress and uncertainty when issues of responsibility is unknown or whether the information has been received.

This thesis aims to study how concrete can be made more environmentally friendly with as well as without fly ash and how this can then be evaluated using a new computer program for the Environmental Product Declarations (EPD). This work also includes studies using a simulation tool, Production Planning Concrete (PPB) on the temperature and strength development of concrete.

Concrete is an important construction material that has been used for thousands of years. The concrete ingredients are mostly natural materials that have a low environmental impact: stone, gravel, sand and water. The cement is, however, a material that still requires high energy consumption during manufacturing and produces large carbon emissions, at present about 2-3% of Sweden's total amount of carbon emissions.

Environmental impact is an important topic and building industry operators today are keen to develop building materials that make as little environmental impact as possible. The materials must also be evaluated in a fair and timely manner in order to be compared with each other. There are new rules for the admixtures used in concrete, which means that it is now possible to add, for example, fly ash or slag in the mix at the concrete factory to produce concrete with less environmental impact. Cement and Concrete Research Institute (Cement- och Betonginstitutet), together with the trade association Swedish Concrete (Svensk Betong) also developed a tool to make declarations for these more environmentally friendly concrete mixes. These declarations are called Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs). At the same time, there is now on the market a new program that calculates early strength growth in various production scenarios. The program is called Production Planning Concrete (PPB).

The work has involved a literature review and preparation of background data to insert in the two calculation programs used. The theory addresses the environmental impact of the various constituent materials of the concrete, how the concrete's properties are determined and what these mean, and what EPDs are and how they are made. After the literature review, calculations and simulations have been done in computer programs, which have resulted in a variety of charts and tables presented in the report.

One of the conclusions of the work is that the production of cement is the part of the concrete that has the largest impact on the environment, and by replacing a portion of the cement with fly ash reduces the environmental impact evidently. Another conclusion from the work is that concrete with fly ash has a slower rate of strength development and are more likely to freeze in the early stages, which should be taken into consideration in the planning and design of the building process.

The work also shows that the results of the EPD calculations and strength simulations can be useful for concrete manufacturers developing new products, while they also can be used by clients and contractors to get information about a concrete's environmental impact and characteristics.

This report is the result of a study conducted to try to identify the most important factors affecting the choice of surface course on bridges. The study also aimed to clarify the reasons for which surface course were previously chosen and should be chosen in the future. The result of the study is that the surface course are likely to be chosen on unclear grounds without a clear motivation and unclear guidelines. It is often that private opinions have a big influence on the choice of the surface course. Economics, type of contract or aesthetics are other crucial factors in choosing of the surface course. The study has been conducted using in-depth interviews with people having knowledge in the field.

Näringslivet i Dalarna har efterfrågat möjligheten att testa byggkomponenters energiprestanda för att utveckla dessa ytligare ur energisynpunkt. Högskolan Dalarna har i och med det investerat i en klimatkammare. I klimatkammaren skapas det två klimat, ett kallt utomhusklimat och ett varmt inomhus klimat.

En av de första byggkomponenter som testades var en massivträskiva. De initiala mätningarna av massivträskivan påvisade ett bättre U-värde än teoretiskt förväntat. Detta stärkte behovet av att innan fortsatta mätningar kunde göras utreda orsaken till avvikelsen. Därmed ändrades huvudinriktningen på examensarbetet till att utveckla metoden för klimatkammaren. Fokus lades på att ta fram beräkningsmodeller för tillskottseffekt till mätlådan i klimatkammaren, då denna tillskottseffekt inte var implicerad.

Massivträskivan testades vid fyra olika ute temperaturer, +10°C, 0°C, -10°C och -20°C. Resultatet från massivträskivan var att U-värdet förbättrades vid kallare temperatur men de var alla bättre än teoretiskt förväntat.

Tre olika beräkningsmodeller för tillskottseffekt har arbetats fram och applicerats på mätdata för en kalibreringsvägg med kända termiska egenskaper. Resultatet från beräkningsmodellerna visar att kalibreringen av klimatkammaren är bristfällig vid 0°C då kalibreringsväggens U-värde är cirka 4.5 % bättre än vad de borde vara, vid de andra kalibrerings temperaturer är skillnaden endast 1 %.

Slutsatsen är att klimatkammaren på Högskolan Dalarna behöver finjusteras och om kalibreras för att få verifierbara resultat för U-värdes mätningar.

In the design stage, conflicts between installations and bodies often arise. In multi-story

buildings huge profits can be made from being able to make holes in concrete beams in

order to carry an installation through the beam. But the knowledge of how the beam is to

be dimensioned for larger holes is not generally known.

Two concrete manuals with different calculation methods have therefore been analyzed to

evaluate which of these could be the basis for a calculation template. The prerequisites

were defined as beams without prestressed concrete, with rectangular cross-sections and

square or rectangular holes.

The Mathcad calculation program was used to make two calculation templates for the

Swedish and Norwegian methods. As a calculation example, dimensions and loads were

used from an experimental study in Egypt 2005. In that study, the beam was exposed to

loads that brought it to failure. Their theoretical failure capacity was in line with the

practical values.

A comparison of the amount of reinforcement and execution was made between the three

different models. It turned out that the Norwegian model was the most similar to the

Egyptian. The reinforcement of the Norwegian model was the most similar to that of the

Egyptian model, but the amount of reinforcement was slightly less.

The Swedish model was not considered reliable for design purposes. As the Norwegian

model had a little less reinforcement, it was considered necessary to add a safety factor or

perform a load capacity test in order to ensure the beam’s capacity.

This report includes an energy- and geographical comparison between two alternative renovation solutions for heat recovery in apartment buildings. The survey includes a typical apartment building that is representative of the ‘Miljon Program’, and was carried out because of the ongoing debate about which system works best for the renovation of apartment buildings. The project work was carried out with simulations through an Excel-based program called TMF Energy 2.2 developed by SP, Sweden’s Technical Research Institute.

he purpose of this project was to develop two geographical representations of Sweden that would show where in the country the two different ventilation and heat recovery systems worked most efficiently regarding primary energy and energy costs for heating.

The results showed that there was no threshold, boundary of grey area in the country, one of the systems was more efficient in terms of primary energy use and the other system was more energy cost efficient.

The discussion section of this report includes a variety of topics such as primary energy factors, how to manage requirements, why airtightness affects the systems differently and energy costs for district heating.

The conclusions that were drawn from the results includes that the FTX-system is the most primary energy efficient and that the FX-system is the most energy cost efficient. There was no boundary or grey area in the country for the chosen building, and the FTX-system is affected more by varying airtightness than the FX-system.

In order for the construction industry to be able to gear up in its work towards becoming climate neutral and reduce the amount of construction waste, a change must take place in the way we build today. In recent years, recycling has become a talked-about topic and a solution that could speed up the industry's transition to becoming more sustainable. However, using recycled building materials in new productions requires new ways of planning and constructing buildings. In this thesis, the reuse potential of a cast-in-place concrete floor from the 1960s has been investigated, with a focus on how these can be structurally reused as wall elements in combination with a flat floor structure made of cross-laminated timber panels [CLT]. This has been done by modeling a five-storey apartment building and based on this, calculated which different forces act on the building and thus also what capacity is required in the construction. The research shows that if the concrete is sawn out in storey-high elements that are 3.2 meters wide, these can be combined with a suspended joist in CLT if an angle baris used as support for the joist. However, building with a laid-up joist, which means a CLT joist is placed between two walls, was not possible due to the heaviness of the concrete. To create stability in an apartment building, a mechanical connection can also be made between the concrete walls between the floors to be able to channel horizontal forces down to the foundation. This can be constructed by using two steel plates that are attached at the bottom to the wall elements and at the top to the underlying wall and attach with 8 expanding concrete bolts. The study also shows that there are no differences in the possibility of designing this type of construction between the geographical locations of Luleå, Borlänge and Malmö.

För att nyttja jordens resurser på bästa sätt är det viktigt att använda rätt energityp till dess mest effektiva ändamål. Att energieffektivisera och minska utsläppen av växthusgaser är något som har fått mycket uppmärksamhet under 2000-talet och är fortsatt en högt prioriterad fråga i dagens samhälle.

Detta examensarbete syftar till att jämföra byggnaders klimat- och resurspåverkan inom Dalarnas fjärrvärmenät. Genom olika renoveringssenarier påverkas en byggnads primärenergianvändning och utsläpp av koldioxid olika beroende på vart i Dalarna den är placerad. I arbetet ingår även en jämförelse av vanliga värmesystem jämfört med Dalarnas kommuners fjärrvärmesystem. Vid jämförelserna användes data från en byggnadssimulering för att simulera olika förhållanden i byggnaden. Beräkningar och jämförelser av resultaten belyser vilka faktorer som har stor inverkan på energianvändning, utsläpp samt vilka åtgärder som ger den bästa förändringen.

Resultaten visar att variationen är stor mellan fjärrvärmesystemen i Dalarnas kommuner och de olika värmesystemen, där kommunernas bränslemix har en stor inverkan på resultatet. Bränslen med höga primärenergifaktorer leder till en stor ökning av primärenergianvändningen. Eftersom el har en hög primärenergifaktor är det viktigt att minimera elanvändningen. Renoveringsresultaten tyder på att en sänkning av inomhustemperaturen ger den största förändringen i primärenergianvändning och koldioxidutsläpp. Att installera en frånluftsvärmepump till fjärrvärmesystemet är överlag sämre ur miljösynpunkt. Att byta till en oljepanna är mycket dåligt i samtliga kommuner medan en pelletspanna kan minska koldioxidutsläppen i stora kommuner.

The thesis aims to investigate the extent to which BIM and other digital tools are used in property management today and to identify problem areas. The main focus area of the work is managers and project managers in the construction industry. The gap between the actors in the industry has become larger as the administration has not come as far in technological development. In adequate communication and information management in property management costs the Swedish real estate sector 20 billion SEK a year. BIM has gained increased interest and developed several applications early in the project cycle. It also provides the opportunity to create and manage quantifiable information for different purposes, which means that it can also be applied later in the life cycle regarding the management and use of the building. The work is based on qualitative data collection methods in the form of interviews and literature studies. Interviews have been conducted with managers who have varying experiences of BIM. Literature study is based on scientific articles and literature. BIM is used to a small extent in management and the use varies depending on the scope and location of the property. Managers' perception of the concept of BIM differs from each other. It appears that the use of digital tools is significantly higher than the use of BIM. This is based on a lack of knowledge and skepticism about the viability of specific activities. Managers agree that BIM-based information management can contribute to the safe and efficient management of buildings. What is required is a management-oriented model to promote user-friendliness. 

Studien omfattar en undersökning av en byggnad i Surabaya, Indonesien

belägen på universitet UBAYA. Användningen av luftkonditionering ökar kraftigt i

utvecklingsländer. Detta gör att behovet av förbättringar i såväl

klimatanläggningar som i byggnader kommer att vara nödvändiga för att inte

orsaka ytterligare påfrestningar på miljön genom ökad energianvändning

Syftet med studien är att hitta energibesparande åtgärder på byggnadens

klimatskal med hänsyn till det tropiska klimatet utan att orsaka fuktproblem i

ingående byggnadsdelar.

Byggnaden fungerar i dagsläget bra ur fuktsynpunkt och har inga direkt synliga

skador orsakade av fuktproblem i konstruktionen. Däremot påvisar det höga uvärdet

för byggnaden dess ineffektivitet gällande energibehov. Fyra olika

åtgärdsförslag med utgångspunkt i den nuvarande konstruktionen presenteras i

studien. Åtgärdsförslagen utvärderas ur fuktsynpunkt med programmet WUFI

samt ur ett energimässigt perspektiv med programmet Polysun.

Resultatet visar att störst energibesparing kan ske genom att isolera taket då det

visar sig vara en stor värmekälla till byggnaden. Denna åtgärd innebär samtidigt

en viss risk för fuktproblem på grund av höga relativa fukthalter och

temperaturer. Även en tätning av de nuvarande läckagen i byggnaden påverkar

energiförbrukningen i stor utsträckning, vilket gör dessa två åtgärder till den

bästa kombinationen för att sänka energiförbrukningen. Att byta ut nuvarande

englaskassetter mot tvåglas samt isolera de befintliga ytterväggarna är de

åtgärder som påverkar energibehovet minst.

Några av de slutsatser som dras ur studien är att totalt sett kan byggnadens

energiförbrukning sänkas med 50 % om samtliga åtgärdsförslag genomförs.

Fuktriskerna ökar vid isoleringsåtgärder men är genomförbara.

This study presents a comparison between CLT and various kinds of concrete (reinforced/unreinforced and cast in place versus prefabricated) as wall material in building constructions. The purpose is to analyse their respective environmental impact and cost efficiency. Despite an initially higher cost per square meter CLT has a considerably lower environmental impact, which entails a net profit for the environment compared to the concrete walls. Among the concrete options, walls without rebar and cast in place exhibits a balance between lower costs and CO2eemissions. This study highlights the need of standardized, trustworthy data of the environmental impact in the construction industry to support sustainable decisions. It points to the potential in further research which intends to reduce both cost and environmental impact for CLT, to further promote its use in the construction industry. The study thus offers important insights for driving a more sustainable and economically profitable construction industry.

Vanlig betong består av ballast, cement, vatten och eventuellt tillsatsmedel. Detta

blandas samman till en homogen massa som sedan placeras i form där det härdar

under värmeutveckling. Under härdningen uppstår krympningar i cementen som

orsakar spänningar. Genom att använda sig av större andel ballast i betongen kan

krympningen reduceras.

Fram till 1980-talet var en metod där ballasten först packades i en gjutform och sedan

injekterades med cementbruk som band samman stenarna vanlig för att bygga och

reparera betongkonstruktioner. Denna betong kallas bland annat för

injekteringsbetong, two-stage concrete eller preplaced aggregate (PPA). Genom

reparationen av Gamla Årstabrons valv 2007 fick PPA-betong en pånyttfödelse då

reparationen krävde en betong med minimal krympning för att krympspänningarna

inte skulle slita sönder underliggande konstruktion.

Vid byggandet av Citybanans järnvägsbro, som sträcker sig mellan Älvsjö och

Årstaberg i Stockholm, upptäcktes skador på undersidan av de balkar som gjutits för

att bära delar av spårbanan. Dessa skador behövde åtgärdas och beställaren,

Trafikverket, valde att reparera bron med PPA. Tack vare entreprenören E-Schakt har

författaren fått möjligheten att följa arbetet med PPA-reparationerna och

sammanställa denna rapport vars syfte var att utveckla arbetsmetoden och försöka

hitta alternativa lösningar till utförandet.

Arbetet genomfördes genom platsbesök och intervjuer med personer som bidrog med

information, erfarenheter och nyttiga infallsvinklar. En litteraturstudie gjordes för att

samla grundläggande information om vilka egenskaper betong och PPA har och hur

dessa egenskaper påverkar utförandet

Rapporten visar att form utav plexiglas och en helt rund ballast skulle kunna förenkla

arbetet och förbättra resultatet. Dessutom framkommer att samarbete, engagemang

och gemensam uppfattning om varför just PPA används är viktigt för ett lyckat

slutresultat.

This thesis has investigated which installation systems are considered characteristic ofecological construction. The work is based on a case study where the purpose is to investigatethe possibilities of implementing ecological installation systems in an existing sustainablehouse and study its outcome and consequences. The chosen study object is a modern house. Inthe interior, the frame is made of cross-laminated wooden elements (KL-wood) and, therefore,no installation layer is obtained.The designprocessmethod used in this dissertation has four steps. These steps have been donein cycles in several rounds and also run in parallel a number of times to reach a conclusion.What was important in the process was to retain as much as possible from the design andarchitecture of the original house while optimizing the collaboration and function of theinstallation systems.The results are reported in the form of the designprocess, from steps one to three, and areillustrated in pictures/sketches and short texts. The conclusion presents an alternative, wherethe location, outcome and consequences of the installation systems have been evaluated.Compromises have been made between them, which have led to priorities valued highly onthe basis of the above criteria, which also included the technical and functional aspects. Theambition has been to keep the originaldesign of the house to the highest degree. The finalalternative that is reported has been dimensioned with standard calculations. One of the goalsof the project was to obtain a house with as little environmental impact as possible, and alsoprovide a basis for a future house concept where energy and resource consumption are infocus and in line with ecological construction. In the result, the house is equipped with a solidbrick fireplace that emits heat evenly for a long time and interacts with solar heat that togetherheats an accumulator tank. The heat is distributed through the termite ventilation ducts andunderfloor heating in half of the building's ground floor. The rainwater recycling system saveswater consumption by approximately 86 cubic meters/year, where flushing of toilets, washingmachine and outdoor shower is connected to the system.

Sustainable thinking is becoming increasingly important, not least in the construction industry. Climate targets, economy and resource consumption are factors that contribute to the need to steer the industry towards a circular approach. There is potential in the large number of apartment buildings from the Million Programme that are planned to be rebuilt or demolished. However, there is a lack of practical solutions on how to do this, as well as a lack of knowledge and expertise in reuse. This study will investigate how a new building can be constructed with recycled concrete combined with CLT, by analyzing strategies for dismantling, joints and developing design solutions.

The study contains a method where calculations and software are described, a theory where strategies for disassembly, assembly and connections are collected. The result presents the design solutions that have been developed and the results of the calculations made, the conclusion was that the design works with regard to load bearing capacity. In the discussion, the authors write about possible strategies for reuse and the methods and results obtained. The authors also discuss social sustainability and circular economy.

Thermal comfort indoors is a big factor in how you feel comfortable in your home. It is important to know how individuals are experiencing their thermal comfort indoors. To get there you must also find out how much knowledge they have for thermal climate, as this may affect the way they behave to control their experience of the thermal climate in their homes.

The aim is answered on the following issues

• How much

knowledge individuals have about thermal comfort

• What are the problem areas that might arise based on measurements taken of each home

• Is there a connection between how much knowledge they have on their residence and higher risk of

poor thermal comfort

• The proportion of satisfied / dissatisfied with their thermal comfort

and to compare measurements to results of the interview.

The individuals were found to have thorough knowledge of the thermal climate and differed between the different home. In total 13 people are in interviewed which includes 5 houses. Homeowners were found to have more knowledge than those who lived in apartment. But no one knew which factors influence thermal environment other than trim level and the temperature of the air. There were two residents that had problems and higher risk of illness. You could also see a link between low knowledge of the thermal climate and the higher risk of poor thermal climate. It turned out that the majority were satisfied with the thermal climate in their homes. What was interesting, however, was that those who had too warm indoors were still satisfied while those who had it a bit too chilly were dissatisfied. According PMV index that I got was that both parties should be dissatisfied. One possible explanation for this not being the case could be that when you have it too warm in the winter indoors then you have a greater opportunity to cool down the house by lighter clothing, reducing the temperature of the radiator or open the balcony door so that it comes in fresh air while also cooling the house. All this are free from charge.

While for those who has a bit too chilly can not control the temperature free of charge during winter.

According to measurements, the carbon dioxide content are normal in all houses except the above mentioned which had too high levels. The house with high carbon dioxide content also had slightly higher relative humidity, which was 41.5% which is higher than others, in comparison. The temperature was within reasonable levels but some had air temperature below 20C

0. After looking at the house, I found a possible cause of high carbon dioxide content. They had closed the air ducts that sat across the windows in the belief that it would lead to warmer housing. Although house 1, which had the air temperature of about 20.3C0, they felt cool at home. The cause of that was long curtains that hung and covered the radiator, which could rub the heat circulation and the distribution of heat. Although house 1 who had air temperature about 20.3C0, felt chilly at home. Sick Building Syndrome house was also investigated and a very likely cause were found in house ventilation system.

In this theses it has shown that the majority is satisfied with their thermic comfort, but the minority is over 30 %.

This investigation is clearly showing problem areas with thermal climate which can occur and the need of informing house owners of thermal climate to avoid any problem caused by them.

There are many bridges in Sweden for which the Swedish Transport Administrationis responsible, which creates an opportunity to design bridges with few wear parts.Bridges with integral abutment are a type that has no bearings which are expensiveto replace. Today are bridges with integral abutment usually built with piles as afoundation.This work has focused on constructing a bridge with an integral abutment withoutpiles as a foundation, with a thin short support plate placed under the bridge deckthat will bring down the loads that affect the bridge deck. If it is possible to buildshort low bridges with a thin support plate instead of piles, it will be resource-savingas no piles need to be driven into the ground.The purpose of the work is to determine in the form of a simulation in Brigade/Standard (bridge construction program) whether it is possible to perform a slackreinforcedconstruction with a thin short support plate. To be able to perform thesimulation, different loads have been mapped and calculated with thehelp of Eurocodes and various requirements and advice for bridge constructionprovided by the Swedish Transport Administration. Based on simulation, a concrete quality and the need for reinforcement could bemapped, maximum and minimum moments, transverse force and neutral force canbe seen and where along the support plate they act.Through a crack width calculation and with the help of the results from thecalculation, it was concluded that it is possible to construct short low bridges byusing a support plate as a substructure.

In Sweden, 75% of municipalities are affected by a shortage of housing. To solve the housing crisis, the construction industry must adopt effective and innovative construction techniques and methods. By building housing out of shipping containers, the result will be fast, environmentally friendly, and costeffective. However, this type of housing needs a building technique developed and adjusted for the harsh Swedish climate and fulfill the National Board of Housing, Building, and Planning requirements. One significant problem hindering the process of this project is isolating the container’s exterior wall. Solving this problem will encourage the construction industry to build this type of housing. Through data collection and considering shipping container housing built already, this paper will make a comparison between two different options for wall insulation will be compared. Further the U- value, costand thermal bridges risk will be compared.

In recent years, the implementation of building information modeling (BIM) in the Swedish civil engineering industry has increased. This is due to directives from the government stating that the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket), in greater occurrence, will benefit from the digital possibilities with the BIM concept. Trafikverket is the government agency responsible for the long-term planning and management of public roads, construction in the infrastructure such as tunnels and bridges, and has great influence in the Swedish civil engineering industry. They claim that the key to enhance the use and development of BIM is to raise their demands towards the rest of the industry. Transitioning from a drawing-based to an object-based approach will affect the entire industry. The idea is to be able to handle all the information in 3D-data and the BIM concept throughout the entire life cycle of the construction. To reach that ambition, the already-built constructions need to be represented as 3D-models in terms of being a part of the BIM concept.

Terrestrial laser scanning is a method of measurement that is being used worldwide for 3D-documentation of complex objects and environments. The result of a scan is comprehensive with low uncertainty of measurement; therefore the method is well suited to assist in the creation of 3D-models.

The primary aim of the study is to examine the differences between 3D-models, depending on the measurement method that was used to create them.

An analysis of the current situation in these fields-of-study was made by a literature study to place this thesis in its proper context. Although the two 3D-models were the same exact object, they were created using two different methods of measurement. The models were compared to identify the differences between them.

The study unveils that the choice of measurement method influences the results of the 3D-model, where the terrestrial laser scanning method could help to improve the quality of the final product. On the other hand, there were areas where the two methods of measurement could complement each other for even better results.

Background: Inadequate communication has for a long time, cost both time and money for the construction industry. Large savings can be made by the construction companies by improving the communication. Improvements can be made both internally, by the organization, and externally between the client and the contractor.

Purpose: The main purpose of the study is to make a survey of the information flow between project management and professional workers and to locate the weaknesses related to the communication. Those studies and results will give additional grounds to improve the communication within NCC.

Restrictions: The study was limited to only be done within NCC:s department Infrastructure in Dalarna and manage three ongoing projects. Restrictions were also made to only manage the internal communication between project management and professional workers in the projects.

Method: In the start phase, a survey of how the information is spread internally within NCC today, what information channels are used and how communication is conducted between project management and professional workers. This by: review follow-ups on projects, participate in meetings and join the professional workers on site.

Interviews were made with the project management and professional workers. Finally, the shortcomings of the results are presented. The identified problems can later form the basis of a development model in communication, for both project management and professional workers at NCC.

Result: Shows that some are happy with the communication in the projects while others are not entirely satisfied with the way the communication is handled in the workplace.

Conclusion: Some of the conclusions obtained from the thesis work are as follows:

o For a project to be a successful project, both in cost and time, it is necessary to clarify who will participate in the project from start to finish.

o Closer cooperation and daily communication between professional workers and project management not only lead to less misunderstandings but also to effective and innovative solutions to both execution as a whole and the problems that arise along the way.

For each newly produced house, an energy calculation will be made in the production state and after the building has started to be used, a measurement will form the basis for the energy declaration. This is done to make demands on the energy consumption of the house, in order to reach the targets by 2020 and 2050. There are many different methods for calculating energy consumption.

In this report, two energy calculation programs will be compared and look at how the energy usage responds to the solar radiation in the different methods. A hand calculation will be made to validate if the energy usage level is reasonable.

The two programs are TMF Energy and IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA ICE). The calculations are made on a standard house from the house supplier Fiskarhedenvillan.

The method is based on having the same conditions and inputs in the different methods, so that the results can be compared and see how they differ from one another. The house will be placed differently to see how the orientation affects the energy consumption.

The results for the simulations are close to each other and the hand calculation differs from the programs. Even if solar factors change in the different computer programs, results can be matched to form a pattern.

The same patterns can be seen in the hand calculation, but with a greater deviation.

Nybyggnation av bostäder är en av de viktigaste uppgifterna i

dagens samhälle. Bostadsbolag bygger varje år nya lägenheter för

mycket stora pengar och för att det ska vara ekonomiskt lönsamt

är det viktigt att det byggs lägenheter som drar ned på kostnaderna

så mycket som möjligt.

Genom många års lägenhetsbyggande har bostadsbolag samlat på

sig erfarenheter som bekräftar att små lägenheter är dyrare att

bygga än större lägenheter per kvadratmeter.

Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att ta reda på hur mycket

dyrare små lägenheter är i förhållande till de större lägenheterna

samt vad det är som drar upp kostnaderna för de små lägenheterna.

Bakgrunden till det här arbetet är att Kopparstaden, ett

bostadsbolag som ägs av Falu Kommun, har märkt att

bostadsbyggande är olika dyrt på olika platser i landet och vill ta

reda på vad orsaken till detta är. De har inlett en undersökning där

de jämför ett dussin bostadsprojekt utspridda över Dalarna och

jämför deras projektkostnader för att ta reda på vilka som är dyrast

och vad som orsakar deras skillnader. För att kunna göra en rättvis

jämförelse mellan projekten måste justeringar göras efter faktorer

som byggtid, storlek, standard samt tomt- och fastighetskostnad.

Syftet i den här studien är att ta fram de procentuella

kostnadsskillnaderna mellan olika lägenhetsstorlekar för ett

testobjekt som Kopparstaden sedan kan använda till att göra

storleksjusteringar mellan olika byggnadsprojekt

This study was conducted in order to investigate wheater the u-value of an outer wall

construction can be improved by changing isolation- and board material. The negative

impact the emissions of greenhouse gases has on the environment require development of

new approches to make our buildings more energy efficient. A new wall that is thinner with

equivalent or better u-value and with a better heat storage capacity will make the building

more energy efficient and the indoor environment more pleasant without large temperature

changes that can occur with a wooden framework.

A new exterior wall was made and compared with Bra Hus existing wall by doing

measurements on both of them in a climate chamber and build them in WUFI Pro, a

computer simulation program. The material was changed from mineral wool and a regular

gypsum board to cellulose insulation and PCM Comfortboard, a gypsum board with cells

of a special vax mixture which has a heat storage capacity. The measurements in the climate

chamber were made to calculate the u-value and analyze how fast the temperature dropped

with and without the PCM Comfortboard.

The measurements showed that the wall with the new material had better u-value than the

existing one, but theoretical calculations indicated that the existing wall should be better.

A conclusion of this is that PCM Comfortboard is the element effecting the u-value the

most because the isolation material have equal thermal resistance. With a great heat storage

capacity and ability to contribute to a more even indoor temperature the PCM

Comfortboard makes an excellent board to use with intension of reducing the energy need

for heating.

Another conclusion is that cellulose insulation is equal to mineral wool and can be used

instead as an environmentally friendly choice.

During the training to become building engineers the writers of this essay have been committed to the development of energy and climate smart houses. In several courses there have been discussions on how to save nature's resources by decreasing the consumption of energy. In order to achieve this, houses which are air tight so that the warmth is prevented from leaking out of the building, are being built. An example of such a house is a "Passive House".

Högskolan Dalarna has since 2013 carried out a research project where a building with the measurement 15 m2, named the "Test Cube", has been erected as a Passive House with a frame of massive wood without a plastic based moisture barrier. Measurements of the air tightness have been performed regularly over 24 months and the result of these measurements indicates a systematic variety of the air tightness over the year.

In this essay the authors are examining how the yearly variety of a building's air tightness affects the energy need in a building without a plastic based moisture barrier. Furthermore are the authors examining the energy performance as well as how the measured air tightness in the "Test Cube" theoretically will change if a corresponding building system will be used in a 120 m2 fictitious building. This is done with the help of the measurements done over the 24 months in the "Test Cube".

The result of these investigations is that the yearly variety of air tightness barely affects the energy performance of the fictitious building despite the air tightness varying between 0,15-0,20 l/sm2.

This thesis is based on a project which created a test building designed to advance and improve passive houses. The so-called “test building” can help to evaluate different scenarios for moisture transport and tightness. The test building has advanced HVAC systems to control temperature and moisture levels, which makes the test building a good tool to check if theoretical energy calculation formulas match reality.

The aim of this thesis was partly to investigate how different energy calculation programs match reality and each other, as well as to investigate if the test building fulfills its goal of being classified as a passive house. The method used was based on energy calculations made by hand as well as four different energy calculation programs on the computer. These were compared with each other and with real energy measurements from the test building.

From the results of the energy calculations the following conclusions could be made; the comparison between the programs shows a difference of up to 12 kWh/m2, yr or 8 % between the highest and lowest results. The electricity consumption of the household and the habits of the inhabitants has a large influence on the result. The comparison between measured energy usage and calculated energy usage is < 15%. Here there is an uncertainty between the weather data used in the calculations and the real weather data. The test building cannot fulfill the claim of a passive house at 150m2 that have a central heating system installed today.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how a big construction company in the north region of Sweden manage possible errors that occurs during the production, and how the process of experience transfer can improve. To answer the purpose of this study, the following research questions was asked:

 How does a large perator in the construction sector, located in the north region of Sweden, act when an error is discovered and requires a revision of blueprint/model?

 How can a large perator in the construction sector, located in the north region of Sweden, increase their experience transfer during the production to prevent recurring errors?

The study also includes previous research regarding BIM, what it is and how it is used, other digital assistive technologies and what experience transfer and modification-PM means. The report also consists of an explanation of quality and different quality methods.

To answer the studies research questions and purpose, an interview survey has been carried out on a big construction company where all of responders have been in projects in the specific region. In the result, a summary of the interview study is presented and discussed in the analyze and discussion part. The work with experience transfer in the company can be improved according to the result, it also shows that standard processes can be different between various workplaces. In the discussion part, a few possible actions and improvements are presented to help the company with transfer of experience and reoccurring errors. Long-term improvement work, more focus on follow-up meetings and final meetings, better contact between project managers and more thorough work on the 3D-model are a couple of suggestions from the writers. 

Battery storage has become more common both in private homes and businesses. As more people choose to install them, the risks associated with them will increase. Most of the batteries that are installed are of the lithium-ion type as they have high energy and power density. The battery carries certain risks that can lead to fire or explosions. To ensure that the batteries do not lose power and to reducethe risks posed by the battery, they should be stored in areas that maintain a constant temperature, often between 20 and 25 degrees. Currently, there are no clearly published rules in Sweden on how batteries should be placed in homes, which can lead to them being placed in the wrong places. The greatest risk is if they are placed inside residential buildings as there is asignificant risk of rapid-fire development in lithium-ion batteries. So, the batteries should not be placed in residential buildings, but in a separate building to reduce the risk of fire in spaces where people sleep. Larger battery stores are often placed in containers, in this study we will investigate if there is a better way to store these batteries by investigating the difference between building a smaller building and adapting a container.The work will be about battery buildings and will investigate the effect of placing batteries in houses compared to storing them in containers. The study will look at different wall constructions and try to find the best. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating energy-efficient measures into building design to minimize operating costs and environmental impacts in the long term. We reduce energy consumption and help preserve the environment and promote sustainable development, by using sustainable materials and the right construction methods.

Today there are many older buildings with old wood that need renovation and remodeled to adapt to today's living standards . To be able to renovate and change the houses correctly, it is important to know how the materials in the houses change. This study investigates how the strength properties of old construction timber relate to new construction timber. Data collection has been done by testing the strength properties of construction timber older than 80 years. The tests performed are the compression perpendicular to the grain to obtain the elastic modulus perpendicular to the grain (E

c,90), and the bending strength to obtain the elastic modulus parallel to the grain (Em). Both tests have been implemented according to EN 408: 2003 with some exceptions. The result of compression perpendicular to the grain shows that the timber is in good quality according to current requirements, the average is in the class C18. For bending strength, the timber keeps a good quality according to today's requirements and the average is in class C18. It indicates that old construction timber retains a large proportion of its strength properties and keeps a good quality in relation to new construction timber.

As by 2050 the European Union aims to reduce Carbon Dioxide (CO₂eq) emissions from the building sector, this report intends to analyze the savings that can be achieved to lower the CO₂eq emissions from reusing existing concrete structures in buildings. Construction and demolition processes produce 35% of total global waste and concrete is a major material. This research is based on the real case scenario of New Dalarna University Campus in Borlänge (Sweden), which reuses 80% of the existing structural elements and integrates it into the new design of the campus.Two scenarios are analysed and compared; the first one is when the existing structure is demolished and built again and the second one is when the structure is reused and partly repaired and adapted for the new function. The method used for this thesis is the life cycle assessment (LCA), and the emissions are calculated with the One-Click LCA software. The results of the assessments show that by reusing the concrete structurere markably reduce the CO₂eq. by 98%, when it is reused in-situ, compared to the newly built structure.The study of this report not only aims to encourage companies and authorities to reuse the existing structural elements integrating them into new building designs but also, reassure that the reuse of buildings is a great alternative which allows to preserve the buildings historical aspect and time-line.

The project included a comparison study on frame systems. The study investigated framework and truss/beam/column-system and was conducted independently with support of Ramboll AB 's office in Falun. The aim was primarily to examine what differences there are between frameworks with two joints and truss/beam/column-systems for light industrial buildings and try to determine why the truss/beam/column-system is the dominant system in Sweden because the rest of Europe has taken a different development and dominated by framework with two joints. The study examines the differences between the systems in a industrial building with predetermined dimensions in steel.Initially, a literature study was conducted to gain a broader view of the systems and to create a better understanding for the conditions for each system. After the literature study was conducted could a exampelhouse and underlay for the comparison study be developed. A survey study were also conducted and the purpose was to create a clear picture of which system the frame system designers in Sweden usually choose and why. The results of the study showed that frameworks with two joints give an increased cost compared with truss/beam/column-system in material consumption and production, and the calculations become more complicated for the framwork. Should further studies be done with these systems in buildings with other measurements, it might possible to obtain specific measures of buildings where the cost of frameworks with two joints will be the same as for a building with truss/beam/column-system and therefore become an equivalent alternative.An important conclusion of this project is that a framework with two joints is used much more rarely than truss/beam/column-system as frame systems in light industrial buildings in Sweden because the cost will be much higher with a framework with two joints and that it is a more complicated system in the computational work . The main conclusions from comparative study can be summarized as follows:

• Framwork with two joints is more expensive to use.
• Framework with two joints is a more complicated system computationally.
• The tradition of using framework with two joints does not exist and it's therefore the system does not being used.

This study deals with previous research and studies on indoor climate in the permanent school, and work environment linked to air quality in the form of indoor carbon dioxide content. An observation, survey and measurement have been carried out at a permanent school which, like many other schools in Sweden, is facing remodeling and new construction. The questionnaire measures the perceived work environment in terms of sound environment, air quality and the design of the classroom. The result showed that mainly the air quality was the aspect that most respondents were not satisfied with. The results of the carbondioxide measurements in a classroom at the school showed that high levels were achieved even though not all students were present at the measurements. The perceived and the measured air quality seem to agree according to the results of the study. A design proposal with improvement measures for a classroom in the school was selected based on the wishes and needs of the survey respondents. The proposal also includes measures for the ventilation, which according to the measurements is on the verge of being too poor, based on the guideline values that exist in Sweden. This is because it can probably be above accepted values if the entire class is in the classroom without any absentees. The study shows, like previous research, that the carbon dioxide content affects the work environment. In this case, on the other hand, the perceived work environment was measured and not students' performance at increased carbondioxide levels. But there is a certain similarity between the studies.

The construction industry has skills shortages, low profit margins and is one of the most unfortunate industries in Sweden. Construction sites have constant changes and different conditions to be able to deliver a good end product while should maintain a good working environment. Good work environment and health promotion efforts leads to more attractive workplaces, job satisfaction, commitment, efficiency, productivity and profitability. Systematic Work Environment Management (SWEM) can achieve better working environments. The purpose of this study is to study the effects of a work environment initiative on a construction site through improved insight and understanding of the workers perspective for the workplace's work environment and SWEM.The study includes a case study during an intervention in the form of work environment initiative. Measurement of the number of reported risk observations and a quantitative data collection has been carried out through a survey in which workers at the workplace participated both before and after the work environment initiative. After the work environment intervention, the results showed that the interest of workers decreased, knowledge was perceived as greater and participation in issues related to the work environment and SAM decreased. The employee's experience of the employer's interest in the work environment decreased while it increased for SWEM. The workplace received more reported risk observations during a shorter period after the intervention compared to before. The study has contributed with the knowledge that work environment initiative needs to last for a longer period and be more extensive to improve the conditions for the work environment at construction sites workplaces that workers feel that the work environment is already good.