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  • 1. Abrahamsson, Kajsa
    et al.
    Öhrn, Kerstin
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Health and Caring Sciences/Oral Health Science.
    Hakeberg, Magnus
    Dental beliefs: factor structure of the revised dental beliefs survey in a group of regular dental patients2009In: European Journal of Oral Sciences, ISSN 0909-8836, E-ISSN 1600-0722, Vol. 117, no 6, p. 720-727Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to investigate the factor structure of the revised dental beliefs survey (DBS-R) in a group of regular dental patients. The study group consisted of 278 patients (mean age 54 yr), 61% of whom were women. The DBS-R item mean value was 1.6. Principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed. The initial PCA among the 28 DBS-R items showed four factors with eigenvalues of > 1 explaining 67% of the total variance. Five different CFA models were tested. The final model revealed a four-factor solution with one second-order factor (i.e. a hierarchical CFA). Thus, the latent second-order variable, 'dental beliefs', explains the variance from all DBS-R items through the four first-order factors labeled 'ethics', 'belittlement', 'communication and empathy', and 'control and anxiety'. The results suggest a somewhat different factor structure of DBS-R than previously reported for dental-fear patients. Hence, the underlying factor structure of the DBS-R may differ between different patient groups. The results point towards the use of the original 28-item DBS-R and interpreting the scale as measuring an overall construct of 'dental beliefs' and thus patients' attitudes and feelings related to dentists and dentistry.

  • 2. Dahl, KE
    et al.
    Wang, N
    Öhrn, Kerstin
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Health and Caring Sciences/Oral Health Science.
    Does oral health matter in people’s daily life?: Oral health-related quality of life in adults 35–47 years of age in Norway2012In: International Journal of Dental Hygiene, ISSN 1601-5029, E-ISSN 1601-5037, Vol. 10, no 1, p. 15-21Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of oral health on aspects of daily life measured by the Dental Impact Profile (DIP) in 35- to 47-year-old individuals in Norway, and to study associations between reported effects and demographic variables, subjectively assessed oral health, general health, oral health behaviour and clinical oral health.

    Material and methods: A stratified randomized sample of 249 individuals received a questionnaire regarding demographic questions, dental visits, oral hygiene behaviour, self-rated oral health and general health and satisfaction with oral health. The DIP measured the effects of oral health on daily life. Teeth present and caries experience were registered by clinical examination. Bi- and multivariate analyses and factor analysis were used.

    Results: Items most frequently reported to be positively or negatively influenced by oral health were chewing and biting, eating, smiling and laughing, feeling comfortable and appearance. Only 1% reported no effects of oral health. Individuals with fewer than two decayed teeth, individuals who rated their oral health as good or practised good oral health habits reported more positive effects than others on oral quality of life (P = 0.05). When the variables were included in multivariate analysis, none was statistically significant. The subscales of the DIP were somewhat different from the originally suggested subscales.

    Conclusions: This study showed that most adults reported oral health to be important for masticatory functions and confirmed that oral health also had impacts on other aspects of life.

  • 3. Dahl, KE
    et al.
    Wang, NJ
    Holst, D
    Öhrn, Kerstin
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Health and Caring Sciences/Oral Health Science.
    Oral health-related quality of life among adults 68-77 years old in Nord-Tröndelag, Norway2011In: International Journal of Dental Hygiene, ISSN 1601-5029, E-ISSN 1601-5037, Vol. 9, no 1, p. 87-92Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Dental health has mostly been measured by dental staff disregarding patient’s experiences. However, clinical conditions alone do not fully indicate how people feel affected by their oral status. The aim of this study was to investigate how clinical recorded dental health, self-rated dental health, satisfaction with dental health were related to oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) assessed by Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) in 68–77 years old. A total of 151 individuals completed a questionnaire on self-rated dental health, satisfaction with dental health and the short form of OHIP-14. Clinical examination was performed registering number of teeth and dental caries. In total 63% of the individuals rated their dental health as good, and 59% were satisfied with their dental health. Using the OHIP-14 42% reported no problems or oral discomfort at all. The proportion of individuals reporting problems or discomfort varied between 13% and 43% according to the dimensions of OHIP-14. The most frequently reported problems were physical pain (43%), psychological discomfort (28%) and psychological disability (28%). Individuals who rated their dental health as poor and those who were dissatisfied with their dental health had significantly lower OHRQoL than other individuals. The study showed relationship between self-evaluations of dental health and OHRQoL in 68–77 years old. Individuals with few teeth reported lower OHRQoL than others, but no association between clinical caries status and OHRQoL could be found.

  • 4. Edman, Kristina
    et al.
    Öhrn, Kerstin
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Health and Caring Sciences/Oral Health Science.
    Holmlund, Anders
    Nordström, Birgitta
    Hedin, Måns
    Hellberg, Dan
    Comparison of oral status in an adult population 35 - 75 year of age in the county of Dalarna, Sweden in 1983 - 20082012In: Swedish Dental Journal, ISSN 0347-9994, no 2, p. 61-70Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim was to study the prevalence and distribution of number of teeth, number of intact and decayed teeth and prevalence and distribution of removable dentures and periodontal disease over 25 years 1983-2008. Two cross-sectional studies (EpiWux) were performed in the County of Dalarna, Sweden in 1983 and 2008. In the 1983 study a random sample of 1012 individuals were invited to participate in this epidemiological and clinical study and 1440 individuals in 2008. A total number of 1695 individuals, stratified into geographical areas (rural and urban areas), in the age groups 35, 50,65 and 75 answered a questionnaire and were also clinically and radiographically examined. The number of edentulous individuals decreased from 15% in 1983 to 3 % in 2008. Number of teeth increased from 22.7 in 1983 to 24.2 in 2008 and decayed surfaces per tooth showed a three-time reduction over this period of time. As a consequence of better oral status the prevalence of complete removable dentures in both jaws decreased from 15 % in 1983 to 2 % in 2008. Individuals with moderate periodontitis decreased from 45 % in 1983 to 16 % in 2008. 

    Conclusion: Covering a period of 25 years the present study can report dramatic improvements in all aspects of dental status that were investigated. This is encouraging for dental care professionals, but will not necessarily lead to less demand for dental care in the future as the population is aging with a substantial increase in number of teeth.

  • 5.
    Graaf, Jessica
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Health and Caring Sciences/Oral Health Science.
    Effekten av olika fluorbehandlingar för att förebygga karies hos muntorra patienter: En litteraturstudie2012Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att beskriva vilken kariesförebyggande effekt olika fluorbehandlingar har bland personer med muntorrhet. Vetenskapliga artiklar söktes i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl. Åtta artiklar relevanta för denna litteraturstudie valdes ut för granskning. Artiklarna kvalitetsbedömdes med hjälp av en granskningsmall för kvantitativa studier. Resultaten visade att god munhygien i kombination med 1 % NaF-gel i skenor har visat sig vara en adekvat behandlingsmetod mot karies hos patienter med muntorrhet. En studie som jämfört olika koncentrationer av NaF-gel i skenor har inte uppvisat någon skillnad avseende kariesincidensen i de båda grupperna.  Jämförelser mellan NaF-gel i skenor med munskölj och dessa i kombination visade en minskning av antal extraktioner men antalet lagningar ökade oavsett behandling. Kariesincidensen visade ingen skillnad mellan NaF-gel i skenor jämfört med tandborstning med 1350 ppm fluor.  Att använda SnF2-gel som vid tandborstning var effektivas mot rotkaries i jämförelse med NaF-gel i kombination med munskölj. Kariesincidensen visade sig vara likvärdig i jämförelse mellan IFRS och fluorgel. Genom att använda 1 % NaF-gel 5 min varannan dag reduceras demineraliseringsprocessen effektivast. 

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  • 6.
    Jönsson, Birgitta
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Health and Caring Sciences/Oral Health Science.
    Baker, S
    Lindberg, P
    Oscarson, N
    Öhrn, Kerstin
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Health and Caring Sciences/Oral Health Science.
    Factors influencing oral hygiene behaviour and gingival outcomes 3 and 12 months after initial periodontal treatment: an exploratory test of an extended Theory of Reasoned Action2012In: Journal of Clinical Periodontology, ISSN 0303-6979, E-ISSN 1600-051X, Vol. 39, no 2, p. 138-144Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim. The aim was to empirically test the extended Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and the prospective direct and indirect role of attitudes, beliefs, subjective norms, self-efficacy, and a cognitive behavioural intervention in adult's oral hygiene behaviour and gingival outcomes at 3- and 12-month follow-up.

    Materials and Methods. Data were derived from an RCT evaluating the effectiveness of oral hygiene educational programs integrated in non-surgical periodontal treatment (n = 113). Before baseline examination, participants completed a self-report questionnaire. Structural equation modelling using maximum likelihood estimation with bootstrapping was used to test the direct and indirect (mediated) pathways within the extended TRA model.

    Results. The extended TRA model explained a large amount of variance in gingival outcome scores at 12 months (56%). A higher level of self-efficacy at baseline was associated with higher frequencies of oral hygiene behaviour at 3 months. Being female was linked to more normative beliefs that, in turn, related to greater behavioural beliefs and self-efficacy. Gender was also related to behavioural beliefs, attitudes and subjective norms. Both frequency of oral hygiene behaviour at 3 months and the cognitive behavioural intervention predicted gingival outcome at 12 months.

    Conclusions. The model demonstrated that self-efficacy, gender and a cognitive behavioural intervention were important predictors of oral hygiene behavioural change.

  • 7.
    Jönsson, Birgitta
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Caring Science/Nursing. Competence Ctr Northern Norway TkNN, Publ Dent Hlth Serv, Tromso, Norway.
    Öhrn, Kerstin
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Health and Caring Sciences/Oral Health Science.
    Evaluation of the effect of nonsurgical periodontal treatment on oral health-related quality of life: estimation of minimal important differences 1 year after treatment2014In: Journal of Clinical Periodontology, ISSN 0303-6979, E-ISSN 1600-051X, Vol. 41, no 3, p. 275-282Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: To evaluate an individually tailored oral health educational programme on patient-reported outcome compared with a standard oral health educational programme, assess change over time and determine minimal important differences (MID) in change scores for two different oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) instrument after non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT).

    Materials and Methods: In a randomized controlled trial evaluating two educational programmes, patients (n=87) with chronic periodontitis completed a questionnaire at baseline and after 12months. OHRQoL was assessed with the General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) and the UK oral health-related quality-of-life measure (OHQoL-UK). In addition, patients' global rating of oral health and socio-demographic variables were recorded. The MID was estimated with anchor-based and distributions-based methods.

    Results: There were no differences between the two educational groups. The OHRQoL was significantly improved after treatment. The MID was approximately five for OHQoL-UK with a moderate ES, and three for GOHAI with a Small ES, and 46-50% of the patients showed improvements beyond the MID.

    Conclusion: Both oral health educational groups reported higher scores in OHRQoL after NSPT resulting in more positive well-being (OHQoL-UK) and less frequent oral problems (GOHAI). OHQoL-UK gave a greater effect size and mean change scores but both instruments were associated with the participants' self-rated change in oral health. The changes were meaningful for the patients supported by the estimated MID.

  • 8.
    Jönsson, Birgitta
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Health and Caring Sciences/Oral Health Science.
    Öhrn, Kerstin
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Health and Caring Sciences/Oral Health Science.
    Lindberg, Per
    Oscarson, Nils
    Cost-effectiveness of an individually tailored oral health educational programme based on cognitive behavioural strategies in non-surgical periodontal treatment2012In: Journal of Clinical Periodontology, ISSN 0303-6979, E-ISSN 1600-051X, Vol. 39, no 7, p. 659-665Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim. The aim of this cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), performed from a societal perspective, was to compare costs and consequences of an individually tailored oral health educational programme (ITOHEP) based on cognitive behavioural strategies integrated in non-surgical periodontal treatment compared with a standard treatment programme (ST).

    Material and Methods. A randomized (n = 113), evaluator-blinded, controlled trial, with two different active treatments, was analysed with respect to their costs and consequences 12 months after non-surgical treatment. Costs referred to both treatment costs and costs contributed by the patient. Consequences (outcome) were expressed as the proportion of individuals classified as having reached the pre-set criteria for treatment success after non-surgical treatment (“successful-NSPT”).

    Results. More individuals in the ITOHEP group reached the pre-set criteria for treatment success than individuals in the ST group did. The CEA revealed an incremental cost-effectiveness of SEK1724 [€191.09; SEK9.02 = €1 (January 2007)] per “successful-NSPT” case, of which treatment costs represented SEK1189 (€131.82), using the unit cost for a dental hygienist.

    Conclusion. The incremental costs per “successful-NSPT” case can be considered as low and strengthens the suggestion that an ITOHEP integrated into non-surgical periodontal treatment is preferable to a standardized education programme.

  • 9.
    Jönsson, Birgitta
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Caring Science/Nursing. Department of Public Health and Caring Science, Uppsala University, Sweden, Dental Health Care Administration in Uppsala County Council, Sweden.
    Öhrn, Kerstin
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Health and Caring Sciences/Oral Health Science.
    Oscarson, Nils
    National Board of Health and Welfare, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Lindberg, Per
    Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    The effectiveness of an individually tailored oral health educational programme on oral hygiene behaviour in patients with periodontal disease: a blinded randomized-controlled clinical trial (one-year follow-up)2009In: Journal of Clinical Periodontology, ISSN 0303-6979, E-ISSN 1600-051X, Vol. 36, no 12, p. 1025-1034Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of an individually tailored oral health educational programme for oral hygiene self-care in patients with chronic periodontitis compared with the standard treatment. 

    Material and method: A randomized, evaluator-blinded, controlled trial with two different active treatments were used with 113 subjects (60 females and 53 males) randomly allocated to an experimental or a control group. The individually tailored oral health educational programme was based on cognitive behavioural principles and the individual tailoring for each participant was based on participants' thoughts, intermediate, and long-term goals, and oral health status. The effect of the programmes on gingivitis [gingival index (GI)], oral hygiene [plaque indices (PlI) and self-report], and participants' global rating of treatment was evaluated 3 and 12months after oral health education and non-surgical treatment. 

    Results: Between baseline and the 12-month follow-up, the experimental group improved both GI and PlI more than the control group. The mean gain-score difference was 0.27 for global GI [99.2% confidence interval (CI): 0.16-0.39, p < 0.001] and 0.40 for proximal GI (99.2% CI: 0.27-0.53, p < 0.001). The mean gain-score difference was 0.16 for global PlI (99.2% CI: 0.03-0.30, p=0.001), and 0.26 for proximal PlI (99.2% CI: 0.10-0.43, p < 0.001). The subjects in the experimental group reported a higher frequency of daily inter-dental cleaning and were more certain that they could maintain the attained level of behaviour change. 

    Conclusion: The individually tailored oral health educational programme was efficacious in improving long-term adherence to oral hygiene in periodontal treatment. The largest difference was for interproximal surfaces.

  • 10.
    Koistinen, Susanne
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Care Sciences. Umeå University.
    Ståhlnacke, Katri
    Olai, Lena
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Caring Science/Nursing. Uppsala University.
    Ehrenberg, Anna
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Caring Science/Nursing.
    Carlsson, Eva
    Older people's experiences of oral health and assisted daily oral care in short-term facilities.2021In: BMC Geriatrics, ISSN 1471-2318, E-ISSN 1471-2318, Vol. 21, no 1, article id 388Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Older people's oral health has improved, and many retain their natural teeth throughout their life. However, their daily oral care can be more difficult because of compromised general health and the reduced capacity for self-care that often comes with old age. More knowledge is needed about how older people view their oral health and oral care. The aim of this study was to describe how older people in short-term care experience their oral health and daily oral care.

    METHOD: A descriptive, qualitative study was performed through interviews with 14 older people (74-95 years) recruited from short-term care units in two Swedish regions. Data were analysed using inductive content analysis.

    RESULTS: The findings are described in one main category, three categories and nine sub-categories. The main category was Adapting to a changed oral condition while striving to retain independence. The first category, Wanting to manage daily oral care independently, contained three subcategories: Having always brushed my teeth without help, Being satisfied with my mouth and teeth, and Having to accept help if necessary. The second category, Acceptance of changes in oral condition, had three subcategories: Difficulty in chewing and swallowing, Difficulty with tooth brushing, and Not considering a dentist visit to be worth the cost. The third category, Barriers to receiving assistance from staff, had three subcategories: Staff lacking the time to help, Not wanting to be a burden, and Lack of confidence in staff's knowledge.

    CONCLUSIONS: The participants were generally satisfied with their oral health despite an expressed need for dental treatment. Daily oral care was something they wanted to manage themselves, and they had a strong desire to stay independent for as long as possible. Closer collaboration between dental and health care staff is necessary in order to implement clinical practice guidelines for oral health care and increase nursing staff's attention towards older peoples' oral health.

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  • 11. Peterson, Douglas E
    et al.
    Öhrn, Kerstin
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Health and Caring Sciences/Oral Health Science.
    Bowen, Joanne
    Fliedner, Monica
    Lees, Judith
    Loprinzi, Charles
    Mori, Takehiko
    Osaguona, Anthony
    Weikel, Dianna S
    Lalla, Rajesh V
    Systematic review of oral cryotherapy for management of oral mucositis caused by cancer therapy2013In: Supportive Care in Cancer, ISSN 0941-4355, E-ISSN 1433-7339, Vol. 21, no 1, p. 327-332Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    PURPOSE: This systematic review analyzed the strength of the literature and defined clinical practice guidelines for the use of oral cryotherapy for the prevention and/or treatment of oral mucositis caused by cancer therapy.

    METHODS: A systematic review on relevant oral cryotherapy studies indexed prior to 31 December 2010 was conducted by the Mucositis Study Group of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society for Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) using OVID/MEDLINE, with publications selected for review based on defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Findings from the reviewed studies were integrated into guidelines based on the overall level of evidence for each intervention. Guidelines were classified into three types: recommendation, suggestion, or no guideline possible.

    RESULTS: Twenty-two clinical studies and two meta-analyses were analyzed. Results were compared with the MASCC/ISOO guidelines published in 2007. The recommendation for the use of oral cryotherapy to prevent oral mucositis in patients receiving bolus fluorouracil (5-FU) was maintained, in agreement with the 2007 guidelines. A suggestion for use of oral cryotherapy to prevent oral mucositis in patients receiving high-dose melphalan as conditioning regimen with or without total body irradiation for HCST was revised from the 2007 guidelines. No guideline was possible for any other intervention, due to insufficient evidence.

    CONCLUSIONS: The evidence continues to support the use of oral cryotherapy for prevention of oral mucositis in patients receiving bolus 5-FU chemotherapy or high-dose melphalan. This intervention is consistent with the MASCC/ISOO guidelines published in 2007. The literature is limited by the fact that utilization of a double-blind study design is not feasible. Future studies that compare efficacy of oral cryotherapy with other mucositis agents in patients receiving chemotherapy with relatively short plasma half-lives would be useful.

  • 12.
    Svanberg, Anncarin
    et al.
    Uppsala University.
    Öhrn, Kerstin
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Health and Caring Sciences/Oral Health Science.
    Brostrom, Hans
    Birgegard, Gunnar
    The effect of cryotherapy on oral mucosa: a study in healthy volunteers2012In: Medical Oncology, ISSN 1357-0560, E-ISSN 1559-131X, Vol. 29, no 5, p. 3587-3591Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Oral cryotherapy causes local vasoconstriction, which reduces blood flow and reduces the cytotoxic damage to the oral mucosa, has been shown to reduce oral mucositis after intense cytostatic treatment. The main object of this study was to investigate the effect of oral cryotherapy on the temperature in the oral mucosa, the level of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in saliva and the effect on blood pressure in healthy volunteers, before and after 1 h of cooling the oral cavity with crushed ice. Twelve healthy volunteers [mean age 32.4 (SD 13.2) (20-56) years] were treated with oral cryotherapy in the form of crushed ice. Temperature measurements were performed in the oral mucosa using infrared thermograph following a flowchart protocol. Blood pressure (BP) was measured with a sphygmomanometer. Saliva was analysed for inflammatory cytokine IL-6, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All participants fulfilled the cooling session. The temperature in the oral cavity decreased significantly (mean 12.9 degrees C, p < .002). The systolic BP was marginally but significantly higher after cooling (similar to 5 mmHg, p = .019). We could not detect any differences in cytokine IL-6 levels before and after oral cooling. We conclude that cryotherapy during 1 h lowers the mucosal temperature as much as similar to 12.9 degrees C, which explains the significant protective effect against mucosal damage by cytostatic drugs. The cooling caused no increase in IL-6 levels. Systemic blood pressure was marginally increased.

  • 13.
    Öhrn, Kerstin
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Health and Caring Sciences/Oral Health Science.
    Jönsson, Birgitta
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Health and Caring Sciences/Oral Health Science.
    A comparison of two questionnaires measuring oral health-related quality of life before and after dental hygiene treatment in patients with periodontal disease2012In: International Journal of Dental Hygiene, ISSN 1601-5029, E-ISSN 1601-5037, Vol. 10, no 1, p. 9-14Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the usefulness of two different questionnaires assessing oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) at the basic examination and after initial dental hygiene treatment (DHtx).

    Methods: A total of 42 patients referred for periodontal treatment completed the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and the General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) at the basic periodontal examination. They underwent DHtx and completed the questionnaires once again after the treatment.

    Results: No statistically significant differences could be found between the two assessments, neither for the total scores nor for any of the separate items of the OHIP-14 or the GOHAI. However, the GOHAI questionnaire seems to result in a greater variety in the responses indicating that the floor effect is not as pronounced as for the OHIP-14. Those who had rated their oral health as good reported significantly better OHRQoL on both questionnaires. The same pattern was found for patients who reported that they were satisfied with their teeth. After DHtx and necessary extractions, there was a statistically significant correlation between the number of teeth and the total scores on both questionnaires. No other statistically significant correlations with periodontal variables could be found.

    Conclusion: No statistically significant difference could be found after DHtx compared to before in regard to OHRQoL assessed with OHIP-14 and GOHAI. However, there was a greater variety in the responses with the GOHAI questionnaire; it may hereby be more useful for patients with periodontal disease.

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