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Background: Subacromial pain is a common problem within sports. Exercise is the treatment of choice with subacromial pain. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding optimal exercise, doses and load. The shoulder dislocation exercise can be seen on social media as an effective treatment on subacromialpain, but without scientific backing.

Purpose: To investigate the effect on mobility, activity limitations, general shoulder health and pain of the shoulder dislocation exercise on adult recreational powerlifters with subacromial pain.

Method: A single subject study with A-B design were conducted on five individuals with subacromial pain syndrome who regularly trains powerlifting. Baseline phase (A) consisted of three measurements sessions for one week. Outcome measures for mobility was Apley’s scratch test; grade of activity limitation was evaluated with PSFS, pain was evaluated with number of positive provocation tests and the general shoulder health by the SRQ-S. The intervention phase (B) was during six weeks, performing the intervention three times a week split into three sets of ten repetitions. The results were analyzed using the 2SDband method and presented narratively for each participant.

Results: Four of five participants significantly improved their mobility. Four offive participants clinically significantly improved their self-assessed activity limitations. No one improved their general shoulder health, but all five participants decreased number of positive provocation tests for subacromial pain.

Conclusion: The shoulder dislocation exercise seems to improve mobility, activity limitations and number of positive provocation tests for subacromial pain, but not the general shoulder health in the population of adult recreationally powerlifters with subacromial pain. 

Syfte

Syftet var att ta reda på vad elitaktiva inom längdskidor anser vara en bra idrotts- och träningsmiljö.

Metod

Metoden som används är uppdelad i två olika ansatser. Den första ansatsen är inom den kvantitativa forskningen och utformades som en enkätstudie, där längdskidåkare har fått svara på frågor om sin träningsmiljö. Den andra delen av uppsatsen är utformad som en kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjufrågor baserat på ett mindre urval av de som svarat på enkäten. Detta skedde efter att resultatet av den kvantitativa studien blivit analyserat, för att utforma en intervjumall från enkätsvaren, i syfte att försöka få en djupare förståelse av detta problemområde.

Resultat

Resultatet visar att det finns en stor komplexitet i uppfattningen om vad som anses vara en bra träningsmiljö för längdskidåkare. Dock kan det urskiljas att vissa faktorer som viktigare än andra, till exempel vikten av att ha träningskamrater och god sparring för att kunna utvecklas. Värdet av att ha en tränare ansågs också viktigt. Resultaten visar även hur den elitaktive upplever sin träningsmiljö i dag och vad som efterfrågas.

Slutsatser

Det framkom tydligt att bristen på hjälp upplevs stor bland seniorer inom längdskidor. Att steget mellan junior och eventuellt gå på ett skidgymnasium, till att bli senior upplevs alldeles för stort, att det inte finns tillräcklig stödfunktioner, skolor eller träningsgrupper att tillgå som senior.

The aim of this study is to analyze if the precision of a shot and a pass differs between professional youth players (16-18 years) and senior players (22+ or older).

Method

A total of 30 elite players which were 16 males and 14 females performed tests in shooting and passing precision. The set-up on the test days were a total of 60 shots(30 lying still and 30 half volley) and 80 passes (20 lying still best foot, 20 rolling best foot, 20 lying still next best foot and 20 rolling next best foot). The test results were analyzed using Excel and Kinovea. In these programs the mean value and standard deviation for each player and test group could be calculated.

Results

The result shows that there were only significant differences in one of six parts regarding precision on the men's side. On the women's side, there was no significant difference in any of the six moments.

Conclusions

The authors of this study identified a plateau between players aged 16-18 and senior players in terms of accuracy in passing and shooting. Players between the ages of 16-18 is as good as a senior player at the individual skills passing and shooting. This plateau can be the result of too little individual training so called isolated training in terms of precision. If the club coaches follow the training SvFF educate, only two minutes per training session goes to each individual skill (SvFF names 13 skills). The lack of time for these skills can be a decisive factor for why the development of precision stands still today.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of plant-based diets on

overweight individuals based on previous research. The questions asked were: “Is

there any evidence that suggest positive effects of plant-based diets on blood

pressure-, blood sugar-, LDL-cholesterol- and blood lipids levels?” and “Is there

any evidence that suggest positive effects of plant-based diets on BMI?”

Method

This study was conducted as a literature review containing 14 academic journal

articles with a quantitative approach. The articles were found in databases such as

PubMed (EBSCO), SportDiscus, Cinahl, Scopus and ERIC. A thematic analysis

was used in the data compilation that seeks to identify patterns and themes of

convergence in research. These following objects were researched in relation to

plant-based diets: BMI, blood pressure-, blood sugar-, cholesterol and blood lipid

levels.

Result

A number of articals showed that following a plant based diet gave significantly

positive effects on health, such as lowered BMI-measures, blood pressure-, blood

sugar-, cholesterol-, and blood lipid levels among overweight and obese

individuals.

Conclusions

There is suggestive evidence that plant-based diets demonstrated numerous health

benefits according to previously conducted research studies. Plant-based diets

were shown to be effective in prevention of obesity by reducing BMI

measurements in overweight individuals after following diet interventions.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka innehållet i ämneslärarutbildningen med inriktning idrott och hälsa på gymnasienivå avseende kroppsideal. Undersökningen syftar till att undersöka hur och i vilken omfattning kroppsideal berörs i ämneslärarutbildningen, hur det kopplas till andra kunskapsområden och på vilket sätt studenterna i framtiden förväntas planera och genomföra undervisning i kroppsideal.Metoden för undersökningen är dels insamling av kvalitativa data genom intervju med 6 lärarstudenter som studerar på ämneslärarprogrammet vid olika lärosäten, dels dokumentanalys av styrdokument. Undersökningen använder sig av läroplansteori som modell för att förklara den genererade empirin.Resultatet visar att kroppsideal är ett kunskapsområde som har förekommit i varierad omfattning vid de olika lärosätena, det visar såväl analys av interjuver som analys av kursplaner. Två övergripande kategorier framträder av intervjuerna; ämneskunskaper och didaktisk kompetens. Det är främst ämneskunskaper som har varit framträdande i utbildningen och flera av deltagarna uttrycker att den didaktiska kompetensen har saknats i utbildningen. Genom analys av utbildningsdokument framgår att kroppsideal kommer till uttryck i tre övergripande kategorier; kroppsideal och syn på kropp, kroppen och identitetsskapande samt genom etiska perspektiv.Vissa slutsatser kan dras genom denna undersökning. Det finns stort tolkningsföreträde hos den enskilde läraren vilket påverkar vilket kunskapsinnehåll som ämnet får. Studenterna upplever att kroppsideal är ett viktigt kunskapsområde och att det hade kunnat ta större plats i utbildningen. Innehållet i utbildningen avseende kroppsideal har varit ämneskunskap i olika former samt till viss del didaktisk kompetens, dock upplever de flesta studenter att undervisning som behandlar hur de kan undervisa i kroppsideal i framtiden har varit begränsad.

PurposeThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between delta efficiency (DE) in cycling (DEcycle) and running (DErun) among elite triathletes. Furthermore, another aim of the study was to investigate if DE differ between the activities and/or gender.MethodsFive elite female (22 ± 6 years) and five elite male (24 ± 5 year) triathletes preformed two submaximal tests, a cycling test and a running test on a motorized treadmill in a constant inclination of 2,5˚. The treadmill speed between stages was increased by 2.4 km·h-1 for the cycling test and 0.6 km·h-1 for the running test. Each stage was five minutes followed by a one minute pause. DE is the relation between the change in work rate (WR) and the change in metabolic rate (MR), presented in percentages. The triathletes own bikes and running equipment were used during the tests.ResultsThe results did not show a relationship between DEcycle and DErun between elite triathletes (p > 0,05). A statistical significant difference was found between DEcycle and DErun (p < 0,001). No gender difference was found for either DEcycle or DErun (both p > 0,05).ConclusionsThe DEcycle were significantly higher among the triathletes compared to DErun. No relationship between DEcycle and DErun were found, which means that triathletes with a grate DEcycle does not automatically have a grate DErun. No gender related difference was discovered between the triathletes.

Syftet med studien var att under en femveckorsperiod undersöka möjligheterna till att förändra elevers motivation till fysisk aktivitet. Utifrån detta syfte formulerades följande frågeställning:

• Vad sker med elevers motivation till fysisk aktivitet om den praktiska undervisningen utformas efter self-determination theory?

För att utforma den praktiska undervisningen efter self-determination theory valdes Engstöms praktiker som en grund och stöttepelare i planeringen och genomförandet av lektionerna. Vilket gav en underliggande frågeställning till den ovanstående:

- Vilka praktiker finns representerade i underökningsgruppen?

Studien har genomförts på en högstadieskola i mellersta Sverige, där två klasser i årskurs (åk) 8 valdes ut att delta i studien. I undersökningsgruppen blev urvalet 14 elever och i kontrollgruppen 9 elever. Undersökningsgruppen genomförde en praktikenkät innan interventionen, vilken låg till grund i planeringen och genomförandet av lektionerna. De två klasserna genomförde en motivationsenkät före och efter interventionen för att mäta motivationsnivån. Resultatet av interventionsstudien visar att det skedde en viss förändring i de olika motivationsnivåerna. Det fanns dock ingen statistisk signifikant skillnad mellan test ett och test två på någon av motivationsnivåerna, varken hos undersökningsgrupp eller hos kontrollgrupp.

Syfte Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att redovisa vilken typ av träning (träningsform, intensitet, frekvens, träningspassduration och interventionsduration) som påverkar vilonivåer av BDNF hos friska vuxna.

Metod För att besvara syftet gjordes en litteraturstudie. Litteratursökningar utfördes i databaserna PubMed, Web of Science och SPORTDisucs vilka gav 18 inkluderade artiklar. Träningsinterventionerna redovisades utifrån träningsform, intensitet, duration och frekvens. Resultatet redovisade de ingående gruppernas procentuella förändring gällande vilonivåer av BDNF samt tillhörande signifikansnivå.

Resultat Av 18 inkluderade artiklar påvisade fem en signifikant skillnad i vilonivåer av BDNF, medan 13 artiklar inte visade någon signifikant skillnad.

Slutsatser Utifrån resultatet kan inga generella slutsatser dras om träningsupplägg som påverkar vilonivåer av BDNF hos friska vuxna. Troligtvis skiljer sig den träningsinducerade responsen på vilonivåer av BDNF i olika kombinationer av träningsform, intensitet, frekvens, interventionsduration och träningspassduration. Responsen är således en komplex funktion beroende på ett flertal faktorer som såväl träningsupplägg och individuella faktorer. Regelbunden träning ger förmodligen en förändrad respons på BDNF-genuttryck, oavsett om vilonivåerna påverkas eller inte, vilket på sikt gynnar hjärnhälsan. 

Aim

The aim of the study is to examine the dropout from cross-country skiing after high school and how elite associations with connection to university, attractive cities and support to elite athletes can prevent it.

Design

This study has a qualitative orientation where totally nine persons was interviewed. The study had four different target audiences which where dropouts, coaches from Dala Sports Academy, representatives from Falun and Borlange community and the Swedish ski association. Questions about dropout have been answered by all participants in the study but the questions about elite associations on senior levels were only answered by coaches, representatives of the communities and the Swedish ski association.

Results

All participants showed that bad results, interests beside the sport and that the conditions and support gets smaller at senior level was reasons for dropout. The dropouts also showed that lack of motivation was a reason for leaving cross-country skiing. The coaches, communities and the Swedish ski association intended that the enviroment in Falun and Borlange was good for running an elite association on senior level for cross-country skiing. They also provided that the economical part is important for an elite association on senior level.

Conclusions

The main reason for dropout in cross-country skiing is when the sport gets to serious and the focus only is on results. This leads to lack of motivation if the athletes don’t get the results they want. Only the best skiers can today participate in elite associations on senior level. To give more athletes an opportunity to train and compete in a high level as a senior the clubs can be more active with sponsorship so the resources expands.

Purpose

The purpose of the study is to investigate the quality and credibility of the articles collected from Google - describing fast weight loss methods as well as diets for martial arts.

Method

The method started with five search phrases related to weight loss pre-competition at martial arts. The five phrases where applied to the Google search engine and for each phrase the first five search results were selected. Search results were analysed with content analysis criteria analysing Credibility, Accuracy, Reasonability and Support. Detailed descriptions of how these quality parameters were assessed can be found below in text

Result

The results from the study showed that the articles analysed in this study with content analysis criteria do not have the desired credibility because only 12 % of the articles are based on facts. The results also showed that 35 % of the authors claimed to be experts and 41 % of the websites associated with the articles have a responsible publisher. Furthermore the study showed that the articles have low accuracy because no article is peer reviewed and only 6 % of the authors use scientific structure in their articles. Some of the articles even included contradictions. The study showed that the web pages have a low reasonableness because 53 % of the articles and web pages have a partial message to promote their products and education. The study shows that web sites associated with the articles has more than 76 % support.

Conclusion

Martial art athletes should understand that not all of the rapid weight loss information that appears in Google search results is based on science or facts, most of the information is no more than opinions that lack reference. None of the articles in the study were previewed by peers and few articles were written by experts. This means that accuracy and credibility are low according to the study's criteria. In addition, many authors try to sell either their products or training through their articles, but this is not a standard indicator that makes the quality low.

The purpose of this paper is to describe, analyse and discuss the  statements made by Australian physical education teacher educators (PETE) in terms of how they perceive and value movement content knowledge (CK) in their assessment of  movement courses. Drawing on Shulman’s perspective of CK, this paper builds on qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with nine teacher educators from a total of seven PETE universities in New South Wales as well as written unit outlines including  assignments from these PETE universities. The main results from the study show that among the participants, movement CK is conceptualised as physical movement performance. This conceptualisation limits the value placed on movement CK in the assessment of PETE students. Further, movement courses are  often assessed using written assignments rather than practice oriented  assignments. The findings have been analysed and  discussed in relation to Shulman-inspired concepts of CK and  pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), as well as in relation to  epistemological perspectives in PETE.

Environmental sustainability in sport is an increasingly important issue. In this paper, we want to highlight a specific phenomenon, namely artificially constructed landscapes and the outdoor sport activities that take place therein. More specifically, we are interested in the logics that govern peoples’ practice of sport in such artificial landscapes and what challenges with regards to environmental sustainability that follow from these logics. The purpose of this paper is to identify what individual athletes perceive as meaningful logics when practicing sport in artificial landscapes and to analyse and discuss potential environmental consequences of these logics. The sports we focus on are cross-country skiing and canoe slalom, two sports that historically have been dependent on specific geographies and contexts. We build on two research questions: What logics of practice govern individual athletes’ practice of sport in artificial landscapes? And what environmental challenges are potential consequences of the logics that are expressed by the athletes? Our findings indicate that the logic of performance is dominant for the sport practitioners who train in artificial landscapes, at the expense of perspectives such as nature experience and environmental sustainability. If performance is key, then the role of the training landscape is also first and foremost to present the best possible conditions for performance. But if the athlete/exerciser see their training as a means of experiencing nature, then other values than performance and comparability can become more important. When the environmental impact of individual athletes and of the artificial landscapes in which they do their training come under increased scrutiny, the role of logics of practice in the sport and movement culture needs further attention. Being aware of nature and the environment is also a logic that could be found meaningful in the process of making sports more sustainable.

It is well established that Assessment for Learning (AfL) is a model for assessment that strengthens young peoples’ learning in schools as well as in higher education. This is also the case in school physical education and in physical education teacher education (PETE). One of the key learning strategies in AfL is to activate peers as resources for learning, often operationalized as peer assessment. In physical education, peer assessment has proven to strengthen learning for both the observer and the observed.

One dimension of peer assessment, that has only scarcely been covered in the physical education context, but that is more highlighted in research of peer assessment in general teacher education, is the tensions inherent in giving feedback to peers, and perhaps friends, on their work. It has been argued that teacher students do not feel comfortable when critiquing other teacher students, and that peer assessment could reflect friendships more than learning outcomes.

In the physical education context, studies have shown that peer assessment is one area that physical education teachers are sceptical about. Further, it has been argued that pupils can be mean to each other if implementing peer assessment during physical education teaching. In this paper we aim to dig deeper into this problematic aspect of peer assessment in physical education.

More specifically, drawing on the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of capital and using qualitative methodology, the question that will guide our analysis reads:

What capabilities and behaviours among students are by PETE students and physical education teachers acknowledged as legitimate and valuable when peer assessment is implemented in physical education teaching?  

Preliminary results show that in order for peer assessment to be successful in physical education teaching questions regarding who gives feedback on what needs to be considered.  

Aim: To investigate if training during hypoxia (H) improves the adaptation of muscle oxidative function compared with normoxic (N) training performed at the same relative intensity.

Method: Eight untrained volunteers performed one-legged cycle training during 4 weeks in a low-pressure chamber. One leg was trained under N conditions and the other leg under hypobaric hypoxia (526 mmHg) at the same relative intensity as during N (65% of maximal power output, Wmax). Muscle biopsies were taken from vastus lateralis before and after the training period. Muscle samples were analysed for the activities of oxidative enzymes [citrate synthase (CS) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX)] and mitochondrial respiratory function.

Results: W max increased with more than 30% over the training period during both N and H. CS activity increased significantly after training during N conditions (+20.8%, P < 0.05) but remained unchanged after H training (+4.5%, ns) with a significant difference between conditions (P < 0.05 H vs. N). COX activity was not significantly changed by training and was not different between exercise conditions [+14.6 (N) vs. -2.3% (H), ns]. Maximal ADP stimulated respiration (state 3) expressed per weight of muscle tended to increase after N (+31.2%, P < 0.08) but not after H training (+3.2%, ns). No changes were found in state four respiration, respiratory control index, P/O ratio, mitochondrial Ca2+ resistance and apparent Km for oxygen.

Conclusion: The training-induced increase in muscle oxidative function observed during N was abolished during H. Altitude training may thus be disadvantageous for adaptation of muscle oxidative function.

Aim

This study aimed to investigate at what age young adolescence in Dalarna stops competing in cross-country skiing. Furthermore, to explore possible reasons to why they decide to stop competing.

Method

To answer the aim a mixed-method was applied. The data collection comprised a quantitative statistical study of when young adolescence from five different teams stopped competing. Additionally, 10 qualitative interviews were conducted with six young adolescence, three coaches and Dalarnas ski associations head of management training.

Results

The results show that most young adolescents in Dalarnas association stops competing when they reach the age of 12-13. Furthermore, the results suggest that there isn’t just one specific reason to why young adolescence in Dalarnas stops competing. Instead five reoccurring themes: performance, other sports, parents, interpersonal relationships and physical prerequisites were found.

Conclusion

The results show that the age where most young adolescents stops competing is 12-13 years. Additionally that here is no simple answer to why young adolescent in Dalarna stops competing. Instead the reasons why they decide to stop competing consists of many different factors. With background from the result a conclusion can be made that there is need of improvement, from the association as well as the teams, concerning how to make competition more attractive to youth in Dalarna. The two most common areas to talk about amongst the interview subjects were performance and interpersonal relationships. Therefore those two areas might be a good starting point in the process of keeping youth in competition context.

This review paper identifies the conceptual underpinnings of current movement research in Physical Education. Using a hermeneutic approach, four analogies for movement education are identified: the motor program analogy, the neurobiological systems analogy, the instinctive movement analogy, and the embodied exploration analogy. Three issues related to logical consistency and its relevance for movement education are raised. The first relates to tensions between the analogies and educational policy. The second concerns differences among the four analogies. The third issue relates to the appropriateness of specific analogies for dealing with certain movement contexts. In each case, strategies for improvement are considered. The paper is concluded with a brief summary along with reflections on issues that require further attention.

Purpose: The aim of this investigation was to describe student learning when physical education teacher and students attempted to develop movement capability.

Method: The paper reports on the implementation of a 10-lesson pedagogical sequence. Data were generated using observations, interviews and student diaries with one grade nine class (26 students aged approximately 15 years) as they developed juggling capabilities. Data were analyzed using the notion of corporeal thresholds.

Results: Results show that: (a) a ‘throw-throw-catch-catch’ pattern emerged as a corporeal threshold for juggling within the sequence; (b) most learners had crossed the threshold at the outset and were able to experiment with different forms of juggling during the sequence; (c) some students crossed the threshold during the sequence. These students experienced liminal phases, characterized by frustration and an initial feeling that they were juggling in the ‘wrong’ way; and (d) some learners became stuck, pretended to know what to do, and did not cross the threshold during the 10 lessons.

Discussion/conclusion: Three issues related to the threshold approach are discussed, student identity and group membership, the process of learning, and the emotional dimensions of movement learning. The paper is concluded with reflections on the implications of the results for scholarship.

Emotional dimensions of physical education have garnered attention from scholars in the last two decades. Many scholars claim that emotions significantly affect learning and that positive emotions such as joy and pleasure are necessary for continued participation in movement activities beyond the classroom. Much of the existing literature, however, is based on the idea that emotions comprise internal mental states that are retrospectively oriented. In the current paper, we work with alternative principles that can create new understandings of the affective dimensions of PE and specifically, movement learning. We draw on symbolic interactionist principles, framing emotions as multimodal communicative resources that are performed in social contexts. From this perspective, we demonstrate how emotions: (1) can be investigated as part of the production of broader sequences of pedagogical action and (2) relate to issues of knowledge, identity and authority. We present observational material generated with PE teacher education students as they develop movement capability. We focus on three interactional episodes in which fear, joy and resignation are performed by students interacting with either peers or an observing researcher. In each case, we demonstrate how emotions: affiliate or dis-affiliate the actor with the movement knowledge in focus, index an institutionally recognizable identity and influence the subsequent actions of the participants in the interactional sequence. The key thesis developed in the paper is that as symbolic resources, emotions have important consequences for actors within movement learning environments. The paper is concluded with reflections on the implications of the approach for practitioners along with a consideration of questions in need of further scientific attention.

Background: The relationship between head impact dose andobservable functional deficits remains unclear. While studieshave almost exclusively examined American football athletes,in Olympic athletes there are almost no data that explore thisrelationship.

Objective: We aimed to use an impact monitoring mouthguard(IMM) to quantify head impact doses in Olympic and non-Olympic Sports, identifying high-energy impacts on video as‘No-go’ per the NFL protocol.

Design: Retrospective meta-analysis from American football,basketball, boxing, ice hockey, karate, lacrosse, mixed martialarts, rugby, tae-kwon-do, soccer.

Setting: Sporting field.

Patients (or Participants): 4500 impacts over 800 player-games.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors): Impact doseswhere the athlete was observed as ‘no-go’.

Main Outcome Measurements: Kinetic energy transfer (KE),risk-weighted exposure (RWE), peak scalar linear acceleration(PLA), peak scalar linear velocity (PLV), peak scalar angularacceleration (PAA), peak scalar angular velocity (PAV), impactlocation, impact direction, ‘No-go’ status.

Results: The median KE, RWE, PLA, PAA, PLV and PAV was 5J, 0.0002, 20 g, 1500 rad/s2, 10 rad/s and 1.5 m/s, respectively.American football athletes sustained the highest energyimpact doses, boxers and mixed-martial artists sustained thehighest cumulative dose for a day of competition. Ice hockeyhad the highest rate of ‘no-go’ impacts versus total impactscollected. Karate had the highest rotational kinematics. Of thenine (9) highest energy impacts to the side and rear of thehead, all were ‘no-go’ impacts. Of the top eight (8) highestenergy impacts to the front of the head, none were ‘no-go’impacts.

Conclusions: ‘No-go’ observations occurred in high energyimpact doses to the rear and the sides of the head, while similarimpact doses to the forehead seemed tolerable. ProspectiveOlympic athlete impact monitoring could help identify riskyexposures.

Background: Physical exercise contributes to healthy ageing, and strength training has beenshown to improve independence in older people.

Method: Six hundred older people wererandomly selected from the Swedish population, and sent a self-completion questionnaire(57% response rate, n¼343) examining exercise history, current strength training, andperceived benefits and barriers to strength training.

Results: Gender was associated with aperceived positive effect of strength training on quality of life (Women 42% vs. Men 27%).The most commonly reported benefits of strength training were better mobility (71%), energy(70%), and muscle strength (69%), with most benefits endorsed more commonly by womenthan men. The most commonly reported barriers to strength training were believing otherforms of exercise more suitable (49%) and cost (20%; Women 31% vs. Men 13%).

Discussion:To better promote healthy ageing, interventions should be embedded in an understanding ofthe effect of gender on exercise behaviour.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is, by analyzing recorded matches of a Premier League competition in sports karate, to investigate what effect video review has on the match outcome.MethodsDuring the analysis of the recorded matches, the time of the requested video review and its outcome and the current score was noted. Furthermore, match category (elimination/ final), gender, weight class, competition color (red / blue) and the matchresults were noted. To answer the questions of the study, Χ2-test were used by the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) program. The alpha level for statistical significance was set to 0,05.ResultsOf all the 555 matches that was analyzed, 9,7% of the video reviews were critical for the match outcome. Total of all requested video reviews was 30,7% granted. More video reviews were done and fewer are granted the longer the match goes (both are p < 0,01). More video reviews are made in the underdogposition compared to the dominant position (p < 0,001). No significant difference was found depending on the match category and the video review outcome (> 0,05). There was no difference between the video review granted between the competitors (red/blue).ConclusionsVideo review is an effective tool to give a fairer judgement on international matches in sport karate and can have a direct impact on match outcome.

Purpose

The main purpose of this study was to research the practitioners of physical exercise (PPE)

opinions about non-practitioners of physical exercise (NPPE), regarding their health, lifestyle

and characteristics.

Method

To enable inclusion of NPPE to training facilities where PPE attend, knowledge of the PPEs’

opinions about NPPE are needed. NPPE often mention that the opinions of PPE discourage

them from start to perform physical exercise at training facilities. Therefore, it was necessary

to research if these opinions make an actual barrier for the start of exercise in NPPEs. To

contribute this knowledge of opinions this study was a qualitative interview study with semi

structured interviews.

Result

The respondents described health as a state of experienced balance between physical and

physiological health. Unhealthiness was described by the opposite; imbalance. The

consequences of this described imbalance are mentioned as fatigue, lack in concentration,

overweight, high risk in diseases and decreased quality of life. What the respondents

mentioned about a NPPE as an individual, were that they only did what's necessary, are

unhealthy, lead an unbalanced lifestyle and suffer a higher risk of afflict the consequences

mentioned above.

Conclusion

This study shows that the PPE do have opinions about NPPE. What is shown most clearly is

that the respondents are more confident describing unhealthiness or the lifestyle choices

associated with an unhealthy lifestyle, rather than describing the characteristics of unhealthy

individuals. The study examines that the PPEs’ opinions about NPPE could be an actual

barrier for NPPE to start performing physical exercise at training facilities where PPE

perform their physical exercise. If these opinions are reflected in the environment of the

training facilities, is not defined through this study and would require further research.

Cross country skiing is one of the most demanding endurance sports where the duration of physical effort during a competitive event usually lasts from three minutes up to four hours, or sometimes even longer. To reach national or international elite level, an athlete generally needs to invest 20 to 30 hours of training a week over many years. In biathlon, an athlete not only has to be a good skier, but also be able to carry a rifle and shoot on targets during high intense work load. The aim of this study was to identify athletes' own experiences of the crucial factors that allow for long and successful sport careers in cross country skiing. The study was qualitatively orientated, where semi-structured interviews were used to collect the athlete's perceptions. In total, nine individuals with at least 10 years of competitive cross country skiing or biathlon experience as adults at national or internationallevel participated. The interviews revealed several factors that athletes believe are crucial for achieving long and successful careers. These factors were: 1. Training and organization, 2. Socioeconomic factors, 3. Talent and genetic potential and 4. Recovery. To maintain long and successful careers in cross country skiing, athletes perceive that in addition to factors associated with the training process, support from family, their team and sponsors play important roles.

We tested the hypothesis that reducing hydrogen ion accumulation during training would result in greater improvements in muscle oxidative capacity and time to exhaustion (TTE). Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups (CON, PLA, and BIC). CON served as a sedentary control, whereas PLA ingested water and BIC ingested sodium bicarbonate 30 min prior to every training session. Training consisted of seven to twelve 2-min intervals performed five times/wk for 5 wk. Following training, TTE was significantly greater in BIC (81.2 +/- 24.7 min) compared with PLA (53.5 +/- 30.4 min), and TTE for both groups was greater than CON (6.5 +/- 2.5 min). Fiber respiration was determined in the soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL), with either pyruvate (Pyr) or palmitoyl carnitine (PC) as substrates. Compared with CON (14.3 +/- 2.6 nmol O(2).min(-1).mg dry wt(-1)), there was a significantly greater SOL-Pyr state 3 respiration in both PLA (19.6 +/- 3.0 nmol O(2).min(-1).mg dry wt(-1)) and BIC (24.4 +/- 2.8 nmol O(2).min(-1).mg dry wt(-1)), with a significantly greater value in BIC. However, state 3 respiration was significantly lower in the EDL from both trained groups compared with CON. These differences remained significant in the SOL, but not the EDL, when respiration was corrected for citrate synthase activity (an indicator of mitochondrial mass). These novel findings suggest that reducing muscle hydrogen ion accumulation during running training is associated with greater improvements in both mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial respiration in the soleus.

This study aimed to evaluate biomechanics during seated double-poling exercises in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to compare these with those of able-bodied persons (AB). 26 participants volunteered for the study; 13 with SCI (injury levels C7-T12), and 13 AB. A seated double-poling ergometer (SDPE) was developed. 3-dimensional kinematics was measured and piezoelectric force sensors were used to register force in both poles for calculation of power during incremental intensities. Significantly lower power outputs, (143.2 ± 51.1 vs. 198.3 ± 74.9 W) and pole forces (137.1 ± 43.1 vs. 238.2 ± 81.2 N) were observed during maximal effort in SCI compared to AB. Sagittal upper trunk range of motion increased with intensity and ranged from 6.1–34.8 ° for SCI, and 6.9–31.3 ° for AB, with larger peak amplitudes in flexion for AB (31.4 ± 12.9 °) compared to SCI (10.0 ± 8.0 °). All subjects with SCI were able to exercise on the SDPE. Upper body kinematics, power and force outputs increased with intensity in both groups, but were in general, lower in SCI. In conclusion, the SDPE could be successfully used at low to high work intensities enabling both endurance and strength training for individuals with SCI.

PurposeThe purpose of the present study was to investigate whether relatively cheap and simpletraining intervention without food adjustments in a realistic environment can positively affectbody composition in only five weeks. The training methods the present study intended toexamine were high intensity interval exercise (HIIT) and low intensity walks.Methods14 adults with a body mass index between 25-35 kg/m2 completed a five-week trainingintervention without food adjustments. Relative and absolute fat mass and lean mass wasmeasured before and after the intervention with dual-energy X-ray absorbation (DXA). Thestudy subjects were divided into two groups where one group was instructed to complete HIITfor 30 minutes three times/week and the other group was instructed to complete three 60minutes low intensity walks three times/week at an intensity of 65% of their maximal heartrate.ResultsThe results did not show any significant differences in relative fat mass, absolute fat mass orlean mass in HIIT or low intensity walks after five weeks of training. p>0,05 for each value.ConclusionThe results of the present study show that a five week training intervention consisting of HIIT30 minutes three times/week or low intensity walks 60 minutes/week without foodadjustments does not affect the body composition in overweight adults.

INTRODUCTION: Officials are essential in terms of player safety and injury prevention, especially in contact team sports such as ice hockey, where numerous fast pace and high force contacts occur. If against the rules, these collisions can result in penalties. However, there is limited literature on the inter-rater reliability of the officials' decisions. Hence, the purpose was to investigate the theoretical reliability agreement between professional ice hockey officials in the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

METHOD: Fifty video clips with different match situations were shown to 33 professional ice hockey officials in the SHL. Each situation was shown three times and the officials had 20 s between each video clip to answer which offence and penalty they would judge. The answers were anonymously collected using an online questionnaire. Fleiss' kappa was used to assess the reliability agreement between the referees, for each situation.

RESULTS: The Fleiss' kappa values for all officials were 0.63 and 0.35 for offences and penalties, respectively. Referees and linesmen had similar kappa values for offences (0.64 vs. 0.64), as well as for penalties (0.38 vs. 0.35).

CONCLUSION: The results show that the suggested methodology can be used to identify situations where officials agree and disagree. In ice hockey, poor agreement regarding penalties can depend on the chosen offence as the rulebook limits the availability of penalties, based on the chosen offence. This can create issues, as there are situations where different offences are equally correct but will result in different penalties.

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of runs 1 and 2 on overall rank in Giant Slalom. Data from 15 seasons (2005/2006–2019/2020) including and unique starts for women (n = 2,294) and men (n = 2,328) were analyzed. Skiers were grouped based on final ranks 1–3 (G3), 4–10 (G10), and 11–20 (G20) and separately analyzed for women and men. A Wilcoxon-signed rank test was used for comparisons between runs 1 and 2, while a multi-nominal logistic regression was used to identify odds ratios (OR) associated with group rank. Women had similar run times for runs 1 and 2 (p = 0.734), while men had faster times on run 2 (p < 0.001). The strongest association to G3 was during run 1 for run time (men: OR 1.06–1.12; women: OR 1.06–1.11, all p < 0.01) and gate-to-gate times (men: OR 33–475; women: OR 81–2,301, all p < 0.001). Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of a fast first run for improving the final ranking group and the need to increase the tempo going from the first to the second run for men. Copyright © 2022 Björklund and Swarén.

Our aims were to measure anthropometric and oxygen uptake (V&#x2D9;" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; font-size: 20px; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; color: rgb(62, 61, 64); font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; position: relative; outline: 0px !important;">V˙V˙O2) variables in the laboratory, to measure kinetic and stride characteristics during a trail running time trial, and then analyse the data for correlations with trail running performance. Runners (13 men, 4 women: mean age: 29 ± 5 years; stature: 179.5 ± 0.8 cm; body mass: 69.1 ± 7.4 kg) performed laboratory tests to determine V&#x2D9;" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; font-size: 20px; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; color: rgb(62, 61, 64); font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; position: relative; outline: 0px !important;">V˙V˙O2 max, running economy (RE), and anthropometric characteristics. On a separate day they performed an outdoor trail running time trial (two 3.5 km laps, total climb: 486 m) while we collected kinetic and time data. Comparing lap 2 with lap 1 (19:40 ± 1:57 min vs. 21:08 ± 2:09 min, P < 0.001), runners lost most time on the uphill sections and least on technical downhills (-2.5 ± 9.1 s). Inter-individual performance varied most for the downhills (CV > 25%) and least on flat terrain (CV < 10%). Overall stride cycle and ground contact time (GCT) were shorter in downhill than uphill sections (0.64 ± 0.03 vs. 0.84 ± 0.09 s; 0.26 ± 0.03 vs. 0.46 ± 0.90 s, both P < 0.001). Force impulse was greatest on uphill (248 ± 46 vs. 175 ± 24 Ns, P < 0.001) and related to GCT (r = 0.904, P< 0.001). Peak force was greater during downhill than during uphill running (1106 ± 135 vs. 959 ± 104 N, P< 0.01). Performance was related to absolute and relative V&#x2D9;" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; font-size: 20px; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; color: rgb(62, 61, 64); font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; position: relative; outline: 0px !important;">V˙V˙O2 max (P < 0.01), vertical uphill treadmill speed (P < 0.001) and fat percent (P < 0.01). Running uphill involved the greatest impulse per step due to longer GCT while downhill running generated the highest peak forces. V&#x2D9;" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; line-height: normal; font-size: 20px; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; color: rgb(62, 61, 64); font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; position: relative; outline: 0px !important;">V˙V˙O2 max, vertical running speed and fat percent are important predictors for trail running performance. Performance between runners varied the most on downhills throughout the course, while pacing resembled a reversed J pattern. Future studies should focus on longer competition distances to verify these findings and with application of measures of 3D kinematics.

Background: The purpose of the present study was to examine the ability of a submaximal cycling test to detectlongitudinal changes in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and examine the conformity between changes in meas‑ured and estimated VO2max over a time span of 5–8 years.Methods: A total of 35 participants (21 men and 14 women), aged 29 to 63 years, performed the Ekblom-Bak (EB)submaximal cycle test for estimation of VO2max and a maximal treadmill running test for direct measurement ofVO2max. The baseline tests were conducted between 2009 and 2012, and the follow-up tests were completed 5to 8 years later. Pearson’s coefcient of correlation (r) and paired sample t-test were used to analyse the associationbetween change in measured and estimated VO2max. Random and systematic errors between the measured andestimated VO2max were evaluated using Bland-Altman plots. Repeated measures ANOVA were used to test difer‑ences between changes over time.Results: There was no signifcant change in mean measured VO2max between baseline and follow-up (p = 0.91),however large individual variations were noted (− 0.78 to 0.61 L/min). The correlation between individual change inmeasured and estimated VO2max was r = 0.75 (p < 0.05), and the unstandardised B-coefcient from linear regressionmodelling was 0.88 (95% CI 0.61 to 1.15), i.e., for each litre of change in estimated VO2max, the measured value hadchanged 0.88 L. The correlation between baseline and follow-up errors (the diference between estimated-measuredVO2max at each occasion) was r = 0.84 (p < 0.05). With regard to the testing procedure, repeated measures ANOVArevealed that there was no signifcant diference between the group who exercised at the same work rates at baselineand follow-up (n = 25), and those who required a change in work rate (n = 10).Conclusions: The EB test detected a change in VO2max with reasonably good precision over a time span of 5–8years. Further studies are needed to evaluate if the test can be used in clinical populations and in subjects with difer‑ent medications.

Background: The inactivity in society contributes to increased illness and so-called lifestyle- and welfare diseases which can lead to overweight, obesity and premature death. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate whether music can act as a motivator and work as an effective support to the physical activity referral (PaR®) Method: Literature study with systematic analysis. Results: PaR® is a work method within the health care system which aims to promote physical activity. The method has potential for development and there is adequate evidence that music can be an effective support to PaR®. We have identified limitations and therefore developed the method by adding music as a motivating component. Conclusion: Music has shown positive qualities in terms of increased motivation and adherence to physical activity. Music has therefore the potential to act as a motivating component in the working method PaR®. Increased adherence to the prescriptions is essential to improve the health for insufficiently active patients. In the long term benefit the public health.

Purpose:

the purpose of this study was to see if the performance in the form of number of arrests of drummers were influenced with the help of music. Since the year 2000 so is it a sport that goes under the epithet" Extreme sport drumming" World’s Fastest Drummer (WFD) where it is at in 1 minute to make as many raids as possible on a snare drum. During these competitions used music as a tool without the participants perform the operation only to the sound that d that they do by the gambling. Method: The Method used in this study is of kvasiexperiment design in which the dependent /independent variable measured. In the study, eight adult professionals entered their experience ranges between 15 and more than 40 years’ total in the exercise of drumming. All participants used the same music where the song was" the Living dead" with Entombed and from the album Clandestine that gave out in 1991. Initially, participants were to perform step 1 without music to in subsections 2 to repeat the procedure again with the music. After completed the test answered the participants on how they experienced the music: Motivating, Annoying, or indifferent. Results: During this study was no significant difference detected between the conditions, some of the participants performed better without music than with. Conclusion: in Order to achieve an adequate effect of the music, so it seems that it has the best effect during the working hours where it then goes to draw the focus towards the music, and thus perform better.