Dalarna University's logo and link to the university's website

The mobility of people, freight and information is fundamental to economic and social activities such as commuting, manufacturing, distributing consumer goods and supplying energy. There are two major problems that arise as a result of mobility. The first is economic cost and the second is environmental impact which is of increasing concern in sustainable development due to emission levels, particularly as a result of car use. This study focuses on constructing a network of induced emissions (NOIEs) by using three models and checking the robustness of NOIEs under varying parameters and models. The three models are Stead’s model, the NAEI model, and Oguchi’s model. This study uses the Swedish city of Borlänge as the case study.

Calculating CO2 emissions by constructing the NOIEs using Stead’s model appears to give an underestimation when compared to results from a NOIEs which applies Oguchi’s model. Results when applying the NAEI model in constructing a NOIEs also give an underestimation compared to a NOIEs applying Oguchi’s model. Applying the NAEI model is, however, more accurate than applying Stead’s model in constructing a NOIEs.

The outcomes of this study show that constructing a NOIEs is robust using Oguchi’s model. This model is preferable since it takes into account more important variables such as driving behavior and the length of the road segments which have a significant impact when estimating CO2 emissions.

Att var tionde undviker vardagsmiljöer av rädsla för terror riskerar att öka misstron mellan människor. En balans av sociala, ekonomiska och polisiära åtgärder krävs nu för att skydda samhället mot attentat anser de tillfrågade i en ny undersökning, skriver forskare vid Högskolan i Dalarna.

The role of women in peacebuilding and security is imperative. Even though much research exists on women in tourism and women in peace, scarce attention has been paid on the role of women in the peace through tourism research field and how gender roles influence this field. In this chapter, we aim to respond to this research gap and conceptually examine the role of women in the peace through tourism goal. Specifically, we explain the importance of women in peacebuilding before analysing their role in peace through tourism using a feminist economics approach. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of how the relevant research agenda can be advanced as well as offer practical insights that need to be taken into consideration if the peace through tourism goal will be more appropriately addressed in terms of gender.

It would be of both patients’ as well as clinicians’ interest, if diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) as well as following check-up methods were perfectly sensitive, accurate, reproducible and feasible of objectively classifying motor symptoms of PD. This is an arduous task due to the possible subjectivity of clinical evaluations. In the past decade, attention turns into a multitude of technology based measures (TBMs) to address this need, among which the method of this research is positioned. Author hopes to contribute with a motor assessment method that addresses not only the issue of subjectivity of measurement, but also does not require extensive installments and is easy to use. For this study, data from a clinical trial conducted at Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden in 2015 are used. 7 PD patients and 7 healthy controls each performed 7-13 times each the same motoric gait test, which has been was video recorded. These recordings were showed to clinicians, who rated subjects’ gait and possible dyskinesia on the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (0-4 rating). Thus the aim of this research was to imitate and automate the tasks of clinicians when diagnosing PD and its symptoms through motoric ratings, using various gait features. These gait features were obtained through quantification of signals from different body parts while patient performs walking motoric test, using image processing. Diagnosis of PD and its symptoms was twofold, as to firstly identify whether the subject has PD and to secondly predict the severity of PD patients symptoms. When classifying subjects into healthy controls and PD patients, classification trees and support vector machines have been deployed, while these achieved 76- 85% accuracy depending on features selected. Following focus was to diagnose severity of PD among patients, while using UPDRS ratings by clinicians as a target variable for supervised learning. Herein, linear regression has been deployed, while average absolute prediction error was 0.25 and correlation of UPDRS ratings with predicted values was 0.84.

I den här texten undersöks filmerna Lost in Translation (Coppola, 2003), Before Sunrise (Linklater, 1995) och The Breakfast Club (Hughes, 1985) för att identifiera och beskriva en social dimension av hjältens resa. Hjältens resa är en vedertagen dramaturgi som fokuserar på protagonisters fysiska och emotionella resor, men som texten hävdar bör inkludera en social dimension. De tidigare nämnda filmerna visar på en slags film som varken passar bekvämt in i den fysiska eller emotionella definition av hjältens resa, då de sätter en social dimension i första rummet. I den här texten presenteras en modell för hjältens sociala resa samt behovet av den. Med hjältens resa som grund beskriver modellen dramaturgiskt hur filmkaraktärer tas från ensamhet till gemenskap, samt innebörden av det. Modellen kan användas av manusförfattare för att bättre beskriva och utveckla karaktärsrelationer, eller göra mer medvetna steg för att förändra eller förstärka tidigare etablerade drag i karaktärsrelationer.

In the contemporary competition state, many peripheral regions are in decline. Tourism is increasingly considered as a savior for regions lagging behind. The EU has launched several programs with the ambition to stimulate growth and employment in peripheral areas which are used in tourism development projects. In this paper a longitudinal analysis of changes in Swedish tourism guest nights with an attempt to assess the spatial changes that have taken place in the light of this new regional tourism policy are carried out. The aim is to investigate if tourism and tourism policy contributes to level out disparities between regions. The analysis is based on statistics on Swedish guest nights, on employees in the accommodation sector and on EU funds. Although there are exceptions, the main findings indicate that the potential for creating sustainable rural tourism growth through tourism policy seems to be much less than the popular discourse suggests.

This study focused on the behaviours of adult video game players in the context of positive and negative effects of video games, to accurately differentiate video game addicts from highly engaged and non-addicted players. To accomplish this, we adopted the Problematic Video Game Playing Test (PVGT) to measure the components of addiction and Flow Short Scale (FSS) to measure high-level engagement. This is a concept which has been lost in the previous studies, setting the current study apart from other studies which were primarily concerned with investigating the negative impact of video games on its players. To get the data needed for this study, we conducted an online survey with a 40-item questionnaire which included demographic information of the respondents, gaming experience and behavioural components of flow and addiction. We were able to attract 80 adult video game players to participate in the study. Our findings showed that 60% of these 80 adult video game players were not addicted, 34% were highly engaged while 6% of the players were addicted. These findings helped us to infer that not all highly engaged video game players are addicted. Furthermore, most of the addicted players were players who have been playing video games for a long time.

The demand of open and reliable data, in the Era of Big Data is constantly increasing as thediversity of research and the need of trustworthy data as high-quality data is increasesconsiderably the quality of the findings . However, it is very hard to get reliable data for free witha small effort. With an immense progress of tools, on one hand for data scraping, data cleansing,data storing, and on the other hand so many platforms with data that can be scrapped, it isabsolutely crucial to make use of them and easily build data sets with real and trustworthy data,for free and in a user-friendly way. Using several available tools, an application with a graphicaluser interface (GUI) was developed. The possibilities of the applications are: collecting financialdata for any given list of companies, updating an existent data set, build a data set out of thewhole data warehouse(DW), based on several filters, make the data sets available to anyone whouses the application, and build simple visualization of the existent data. To make sure that‘garbage data in – garbage data out’ concept is avoided, a constant analysis of the data quality isperformed, and the quality of the data is adjusted so that it is ready for use in a research project.The work provides a viable solution for collecting data and making it borderless while respectingthe standards of data sharing. The application can collect data from 2 sources, with more than250 features per company. The application is updated with more functionalities and more sourcesof data.

The number of incoming tourists in the world rises every year (World Bank, 2016), and this has an impact on the goals for the 2030 Agenda especially regarding climate change, sustainability of ecosystems and the availability of water (UN, 2016). Despite the internal and external controversies surrounding tourism scholarship, it is a field that has much potential to contribute to the achievement of the goals of the 2030 Agenda. In tourism research, there are still well-established and strong divisions between quantitative and qualitative research. The quantitative approach usually relies on positivism, while the qualitative approach increasingly commits to phenomenological, hermeneutic, postmodernist and constructivist positions. Furthermore, research underpinned by these assumptions often does not clearly state nor discuss epistemological or ontological issues, taking the previously mentioned positions for granted almost as they were the accepted norm.

In this paper, I review the latest 200 articles that have been published in each of the three top tourism and hospitality journals. I comment specifically on their epistemological and ontological assumptions. I then use this review as the basis for a philosophical discussion in which I argue that critical realism can underlabour for tourism scholarship. That is, it can provide tourism scholarship with an ontology and epistemology that will allow it to effectively discover and tackle the issues that are connected to overcrowding and unsustainable destination development to ensure that the goals of the 2030 Agenda are met.

References:

UN. (2016). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. Retrieved April 5, 2018, from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld

World Bank (2016). International tourism , number of arrivals. Retrieved April 5, 2018, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL

Sustainability is a concept that has been dominating developmental and political debates during at least the last two decades. It is a contested concept, flexible enough to match diverse or even conflicting viewpoints and interests. In tourism, this vagueness is related to the value-based character of the sustainable tourism concept. The concept is often related to broad and sweeping ethical and ideological considerations and to a simplified and harmonic view on sustainable development where inescapable conflict of interests between social, cultural, economic and environmental issues are neglected. The aim of this research is to critically discuss discourses of sustainability of a disputed tourist project in rural Sweden as communicated in mass media. More specifically, the research is examining the case of Sälen mountain resort and look on how the development process of a new international airport, inaugurated in 2020, was presented and debated in newspapers. The project was considered controversial with many proponents as well as opponents raising conflicting interests and points of view. We have analysed material in newspapers for the period 2011-2019. Preliminary findings indicate that the project of the development of an international airport is presented as hopeful and good with indications of intrinsic though utilitarian values. Pro-growth discourses around increasing numbers of international tourists and job generation, or even of positive environmental impacts are evident in the media. Opposition on the other hand, comes as debate articles and develops around tax-payers money, responsibility to future generations and environmental concerns. Discourses of weak and strong approaches and pro-growth vs degrowth become part of the discussion of the results to inform the theoretical framework of analysis. As this transportation project and the discourses around it analysed rely a lot on the premise of growth and international tourism, aspects of circularity become also part of the discussion.  The role of an international airport as a transportation mega-project to compensate for rurality and peripherality as well as social sustainability is evident also in the discourses. Aspects of locality and proximity are ignored in these discourses and pinpoint its relevance to circularity paradigm and its contribution in advancing sustainability discourses. 

In general, patient participation is regarded as being informed and partaking in decision making regarding one’s care and treatment. This interpretation is common in legislation throughout the Western world and corresponding documents guiding health care professionals, as well as in scientific studies. Even though this understanding of the word participation can be traced to a growing emphasis on individuals’ autonomy in society and to certain dictionary defi nitions, there are other ways of understanding participation from a semantic point of view, and no trace of patients’ descriptions of what it is to participate can be found in these definitions.

Hence, the aim of this dissertation was to understand patients’ experience of the phenomenon of patient participation. An additional aim was to understand patients’ experience of non-participation and to describe the conditions for patient participation and non-participation, in order to understand the prerequisites for patient participation.

The dissertation comprises four papers. The philosophical ideas of Ricoeur provided a basis for the studies: how communication can present ways to understand and explain experiences of phenomena through phenomenological hermeneutics. The first and second studies involved a group of patients living with chronic heart failure. For the fi rst study, 10 patients were interviewed, with a narrative approach, about their experience of participation and non-participation, as defi ned by the participants. For the second study, 11 visits by three patients at a nurse-led outpatient clinic were observed, and consecutive interviews were performed with the patients and the nurses, investigating what they experience as patient participation and non-participation. A triangulation of data was performed to analyse the occurrence of the phenomena in the observed visits. For paper 3 and 4, a questionnaire was developed and distributed among a diverse group of people who had recent experience of being patients. The questionnaire comprised respondent’s description of what patient participation is, using items based on findings in Study 1, along with open-ended questions for additional aspects and general issues regarding situations in which the respondent had experienced patient participation and/or non-participation.

The findings show additional aspects to patient participation: patient participation is being provided with information and knowledge in order for one to comprehend one’s body, disease, and treatment and to be able to take self-care actions based on the context and one’s values. Participation was also found to include providing the information and knowledge one has about the experience of illness and symptoms and of one’s situation. Participation occurs when being listened to and being recognised as an individual and a partner in the health care team. Non-participation, on the other hand, occurs when one is regarded as a symptom, a problem to be solved. To avoid non-participation, the information provided needs to be based on the individual’s need and with recognition of the patient’s knowledge and context.

In conclusion, patient participation needs to be reconsidered in health care regulations and in clinical settings: patients’ defi nitions of participation, found to be close to the dictionaries’ description of sharing, should be recognised and opportunities provided for sharing knowledge and experience in two-way-communication.

BackgroundThe legislation of many Western countries emphasizes active patient participation. Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), however, have experienced participation differently from the general interpretation of legal definitions. Education improves uptake of self-management strategies yet knowledge is lacking about support of patients' own resources in CHF.

AimTo explore the phenomena of patient participation and non-participation as shown in patient visits to a nurse-led clinic for CHF and as experienced by the patients and nurses.

MethodsData triangulation of field notes from participatory observations and texts from narrative interviews with the patients and assigned nurse specialists. Data were analyzed according to the phenomenological hermeneutic tradition.

FindingsPatients' experience of participation and non-participation was interpreted as “Being responsible and accepting responsibility” and “Lacking an equal relationship while being controlled”, respectively. Nurses experienced patient participation as “Getting information and security to act” and patient non-participation as “Not accepting”.

ConclusionConflicting values of patients and nurses, which were interpreted with respect to participation and non-participation, presumably might influence patient information and education negatively. The issue of participation should be raised as a means of attaining concordance and to facilitate patient participation with education specifically tailored to the individual patient's needs.

Background: Patient participation is stressed in the health care acts of many western countries yet a common definition of the concept is lacking. The understanding of experiences of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) who attend nurse-led specialist clinics, a form of care suggested as beneficiary to this group, may promote a better understanding of participation. Aim: To investigate the meanings of participation and non-participation as experienced by patients living with CHF. Methods: Narrative interviews analysed in the phenomenological hermeneutic tradition inspired by Ricoeur where the interpretation is made in the hermeneutic circle, explaining and understanding the experienced phenomena. Findings: Participation was experienced as to “be confident”, “comprehend” and “seek and maintain a sense of control”. Non-participation was experienced as to “not understand”, “not be in control”, “lack a relationship” and “not be accountable”. The findings indicate that the experiences of participation and non-participation can change over time and phases of the disease and treatment. Conclusion: The study suggests an extended view on the concept of participation. Patients' experiences of participation in health care can vary and should therefore be an issue for dialogue between nurses and patients with CHF in nurse-led specialist clinics.

This study explored patients' experiences of participation and non-participation in their health care. A questionnaire-based survey method was used. Content analysis showed that conditions for patient participation occurred when information was provided not by using standard procedures but based on individual needs and accompanied by explanations, when the patient was regarded as an individual, when the patient's knowledge was recognized by staff, and when the patient made decisions based on knowledge and needs, or performed self-care. Thus, to provide conditions for true patient participation, professionals need to recognize each patient's unique knowledge and respect the individual's description of his or her situation rather than just inviting the person to participate in decision making.

A risk is something that can happen and a problem is something that we know will happen or that has already happened. Security testing is used to evaluate a programs security using various methods and risk-based security testing is used to analyze, calculate and correct potential defects or problems in a system.Testing can be very costly and it is the most primary way of removing software defects. Many people focus their testing looking for correct behavior and not deviant behaviors in software, therefore security testing has not been as relevant in traditional testing. It is usually not possible to perform exhaustive testing on a system, instead you must selectively choose tests to conduct. How should the selection of tests be conducted? The study therefore intends to investigate how one can start working with risk-based security testing in development projects in order to prioritize and choose test cases and test methods. The study also aims to answer whether you can get any financial or practical benefits from working with risk-based security testing. To conduct the study a case study was used and to collect data, a document study was used to provide the opportunity to answer the questions. In order to analyze the collected data, a qualitative data analysis method has been used to explain and describe the content with a descriptive research approach. The results of the study provided an example of risk management with different steps one can take to start working on risk-based security testing in existing or new development projects. The study’s conclusion also shows that if you work with risk-based security testing there are practical benefits. For instance, higher quality of the system and economic benefits by finding defects or implementing countermeasures for possible risks at an early stage during the systems development.

Rapporten diskuterar hur en Sanningskommission skulle kunna se ut och bedriva sitt arbete.

Denna diskussion innefattar bland annat kommissions sammansättning, mandat och arbetsuppgifter, dess befogenhet och resurser, olika former av offentliggörande, stödprogram för dem som vittar om övergrepp som de utsatts för, samt olika sätt att resonera kring gottgörelse och kompensation för offren.

Enligt rapporten skulle en sanningskommission för romer och resande/resanderomer i Sverige kunna ha karaktären av en ”historisk sanningskommission”, där syftet är att markera att tiden är inne för att göra upp med rättighetskränkningar i det förflutna.

Tourism education has matured from vocational to more liberal education while current trends underline the importance of critical studies and the shift of curricula to more action-oriented forms of education with the community on focus. In parallel to the developments in tourism education, debates in pedagogy have discussed the role of education for citizenship to prepare“citizens of a complex and interlocking world” (Nussbaum 2002, p. 292). In spite of the proliferating number of relevant publications and of programme offer in tourism, little change can be noticed in tourism curricula while very little is still known about tourism education outside the Anglo-Saxon world. This research employs an autoethnography approach to analyse a master programme in tourism in Sweden. The aim is to highlight issues of importance and relevance for sustainable tourism pedagogy. It draws from discourses in tourism education, education for sustainability, critical studies, and education for citizenship to operationalise an analytical framework regarding tourism education. This framework is used to reflect on a master programme offered in Sweden and the expressions that pedagogy for sustainable tourism can take in specific contexts. Findings indicate that a number of qualities of Education for Sustainability can be found in the master programme including critical analysis and reflectivity, linking theory to practice and experiential learning methods, evolving dynamic learning, self-reflectivity over one’s own learning and peer feedback, multiple stakeholders’ approach, divergent cultural understandings, or understanding of power dimensions. Learning as a transformative experience is embedded into the programme trying to enable students to develop their own understandings of tourism and sustainability. Although the curriculum addresses all four dimensions of the analytical framework, more work can be done to strengthen parts of it, especially the need for civil, liberal action. Higher education in Sweden including, tourism education, has remained at a more reflective liberal space advocating for critical analysis skills and individual abilities to perform certain tasks. It is suggested here that tourism education needs to embrace and move towards liberal action and incorporate social learning and community service in more transformational approaches to education for sustainability.

The world is experiencing an unpresented health, social, and economic crisis situation with tourism reported to be one of the most severely hit sectors (UNWTO, 2020). COVID-19 pandemic is often discussed as an imposed pause of humanity’s frantic growth and an opportunity to reflect on our choices and future paths, an invitation to tourists and the industry to reconsider their options and adopt more sustainable practices in the after COVID-19 era (Gretzel et al., 2020; Ioannides and Gyimóthy, 2020) a view shared also by UNWTO claiming that “sustainability should be the new normal” in the after covid era (https://www.unwto.org/covid-19-oneplanet-responsible-recovery).. COVID-19 crisis although reduced or even eliminated tourism and travel opportunities for certain periods, it has also contributed to the first in history reduction in greenhouse gas emissions related to reduced travels and industrial production (Gössling et al., 2020).  As the world is now focusing in mitigating the adverse impacts of the pandemic and bringing economy and tourism ‘back to business’, there are also alarming voices that measures taken in the pressure of emergency to combat economic recession from COVID-19 should not contradict or jeopardise with long-term sustainability goals and SDGs should not be overlooked or neglected (Hall et al., 2020).  Besides the problems created, crises can be a disruption leading to innovations. It is a period of transition and innovation to combat a rapid crisis such as the pandemic while some of these actions and innovations, if adjusted adequately, can be useful in the long run to combat the less visible slow crisis like climate change and other sustainability challenges. In this research we look on knowledge and experience generated during the pandemic crisis to attain a more sustainable development of tourism now but very importantly in the “new normal” after the crisis. We look onto how companies in Dalarna and Gotland have responded to the pandemic so far and how they work with sustainability and climate change. In this presentation I want to explore the idea of cocreating knowledge with companies. How can we engage companies? What is relevant research for them? How can we help them towards a transformational approach to embrace sustainability?

Governance and complexity have increasingly become subjects of interest within research on sustainable tourism. Governance has been marked by a turn to more corporatist and networked policymaking structures. At the same time, the use of the concept of complexity in research on tourism destinations and governance is gaining momentum in an effort to address the links in increasingly networked systems as well as the interrelatedness of the multiple features of a tourist destination. Meanwhile, resilience has emerged as a new buzzword in research on sustainable development and governance which denotes the ability of a destination to cope with and adapt to change. This article reviews the literature on destination governance to identify critical issues and trends and discusses the relevance of complexity approaches. Evolutionary studies and research on resilience in a sustainability context are becoming part of this discussion. The review sheds light on the limitations and merits of each of these concepts, as well as on their nexus. The article concludes with some key areas for future research on destination governance. The aim of the review is to contribute to conceptual clarity and to advance the application of complexity approaches in research on destination governance.

Tourism education has matured from vocational to more liberal education while current trends underline the importance of critical studies and the shift of curricula to more action-oriented forms of education and citizenship education. However, a gap can be noticed between theory and practice in the development of pedagogy for sustainable tourism. The research reported here draws from debates in tourism education, education for sustainability, critical studies, and education for citizenship to develop a conceptual framework for pedagogy for sustainable tourism. This framework is used to reflect on the curriculum space of a master programme in tourism in Sweden in an analytic autoethnographic approach. The analysis indicates that the master programme addresses several aspects of the reflective vocational and reflective liberal curriculum space. It would also benefit from the integration of more experiential, action-oriented learning to strengthen the communal understanding of civil action and education for citizenship. This research contributes to the conceptualisation of the curriculum space for sustainable tourism. Such efforts are considered especially important in acknowledging the complex, dynamic character of tourism higher education. The aim is to invite a dialogue about the reform and evolution of tourism education to meet the needs for a sustainable future.

COVID-19 pandemic is often discussed as an imposed pause of humanity’s frantic growth and an opportunity to reflect on our choices and future paths (Gretzel et al., 2020; Ioannides and Gyimóthy, 2020. As the world is now focusing in mitigating the adverse impacts of the pandemic and bringing economy and tourism ‘back to business’, measures taken in the pressure of emergency to combat economic recession from COVID-19,  sustainability goals should not be overlooked or neglected (Hall et al., 2020).  At the same time, it is a period of transition and innovation; crises can be a disruption leading to innovations. This research develops around a new project funded by Tillväxtverket which focuses on eliciting the knowledge and the experience generated during the pandemic crisis to attain a more sustainable development of tourism in the “new normal” after the crisis. During the presentation, an overview of the project will be given and some preliminary results from interviews with companies in Dalarna and Gotland will be presented. We look onto how companies have responded to the pandemic so far and how they work with sustainability and climate change. The aim is to better understand vulnerability and resilience among tourism companies and contribute to a more sustainable tourism in the new normal. In this project we undertake a transformative approach which acknowledges the presence of diverse interests and tensions and which employs collaborative and disruptive methods to work with. It also integrates a transformative approach in analysing and discussing the preliminary results and the role of companies in climate change and sustainability in the new normal. Transformative approaches thus are integrated in the ontological as well as epistemological foundations of this research. Very importantly, methodologically we work with collaborative disruptive methods to trigger transformation in the system and enable a discussion with stakeholders around systemic changes in our understandings of development, vulnerability, climate change and sustainability

COVID-19 have caused a global pandemic that has taken the lives of millions. This studyexamines factors that contribute or inhibit its contagious nature. It is considered for the analysisfeatures of three groups: air pollutants, meteorological measurements and human mobilityindices. The research analyses the relationship between those features and the mortality ofCOVID-19 measured by daily excess of deaths between March 19, 2020 to July 20, 2020 (120observations). The results reveal air pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10 and CO have statisticallysignificantly positive relationship with excess of deaths. Additionally, meteorological variableslike temperature, solar radiation and relative humidity are negatively correlated to Coronavirusmortality. In consequence, it should be noted that cold and dry weather favors COVID-19lethality, while solar radiation in high degree, diminish it. Moreover, it was found that humanmobility is positively linearly correlated with excess of deaths. It is worth to mention that allthe dependencies anlysed, depicted delayed effects along 25 days lag represented by highrelative risk of excess of deaths in upper or lower extremes of the factors. Finally, the machinelearning algorithm, gradient boosting machine, reported the best accuracy on predicting theexcess of mortality shifted backwards 25 days (exposure to death period) from theaforementioned factors. The model depicted as the most important variable to google mobilityindex, explaining 75% of the variance and its marginal effect on the mean response indicatesif quarantine was maintained more than twice less people would die from COVID-19.

Bipolar mood disorder is a severe mental condition that has multiple episodesof either of two types: manic or depressive. These phases can lead patients tobecome hyperactive, hyper-sexual, lethargic, or even commit suicide — all ofwhich seriously impair the quality of life for patients. Predicting these phaseswould help patients manage their lives better and improve our ability to applymedical interventions. Traditionally, interviews are conducted in the evening topredict potential episodes in the following days. While machine learningapproaches have been used successfully before, the data was limited tomeasuring a few self-reported parameters each day. Using biometrics recordedat short intervals over many months presents a new opportunity for machinelearning approaches. However, phases of unrest and hyperactivity, which mightbe predictive signals, are not only often experienced long before the onset ofmanic or depressive phases but are also separated by several uneventful days.This delay and its aperiodic occurrence are a challenge for deep learning. In thisthesis, a fictional dataset that mimics long and irregular delays is created andused to test the effects of such long delays and rare events. LSTMs, RNNs, andGRUs are the go-to models for deep learning in this situation. However, theydiffer in their ability to be trained over a long time. As their acronym suggests,LSTMS are believed to be easier to train and to have a better ability to remember(as their name suggests) than their simpler RNN counterparts. GRUs representa compromise in complexity between RNNs and LSTMs. Here, I will show that,contrary to the common assumption, LSTMs are surprisingly forgetful and thatRNNs have a much better ability to generalize over longer delays with shortersequences. At the same time, I could confirm that LSTMs are easily trained ontasks that have more prolonged delays.

This chapter aims to explain some of the basic principles and practices of economic impact analysis (EIA) of events, with particular focus on smaller size special events, and how results from an EIA are used in practice for decision making at various stakeholder levels. Data collected on site from 404 visitors to the special event Landsmót 2016 - the National Championship of the Icelandic horse - and the analysis of the event’s economic impact are used as an illustrative case. Starting with a review of the traditional approach to EIA, followed by a thorough description of the case, including details of data collection and descriptive statistics, the chapter ends by putting the results in policy relevant contexts for different types of stakeholders.

Security deficiencies that occur in web applications can have major consequences. PHP is a language that is often used for web applications and it places high demands on how the language is used to ensure it is safe. There are several features in PHP that should be handled with care to avoid security flaws. Static code analysis can help find vulnerabilities in code, but there are some drawbacks that can occur with static code analysis tools. One disadvantage is false positives which means that the tool reports vulnerabilities that do not exist. There are also false negatives which means the tool cannot find the vulnerability at all which can lead to a false sense of security for the user of the tool. With the help of completed test cases, three tools have been investigated in a case study to find out if the tools differ in their ability to avoid false positives and false negatives. The study also examines whether the tools' rules consider the PHP language's vulnerable functions. To answer the research question, a document collection was conducted to obtain information about the tools and various vulnerabilities. The purpose of this study is to compare the ability of static code analysis tools to find PHP code vulnerabilities. The tools that were investigated were SonarQube, Visual Code Grepper (VCG) and Exakat. The study's analysis shows that VCG found the most vulnerabilities but failed to avoid false positive vulnerabilities. Exakat had zero false positives but could not avoid false negatives to the same extent as VCG. SonarQube avoided all false positives but did not find any of the vulnerabilities tested in the test cases. According to the rules of the tools, VCG had more consideration for the risky functions found in PHP. The study's results show that the tools' ability to avoid false positives and false negatives differed and their adaptation to the PHP language's vulnerable functions.

BAKGRUND  Denna folder är framtagen inom det fyra-åriga tvärvetenskapliga forskningsprojektet LEX-projektet. Hållbara livsmiljöer för psykiskt funktionshindrade. Att integrera bostadsplanering och välfärdsservice genom nya kollaborativa praktiker. Projektet startade startade 2019 och finansieras med medel från de två statliga forskningsråden Formas och Forte. Vi som jobbar i LEX är forskare inom fysisk planering, byggd miljö och socialt arbete från fyra olika lärosäten i Sverige - Blekinge tekniska högskola, Högskolan Dalarna, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet SLU samt Umeå universitet. Till projektet hör även en referensgrupp med företrädare från Boverket, Socialstyrelsen, Sveriges Kommuner och Regioner (SKR) och Nationell Samverkan för Psykisk Hälsa (NSPH) samt forskare från Karolinska Institutet (KI) och Kungliga tekniska högskolan (KTH).

En framtidsverkstad är en metod som syftar till att förändra genom att kartlägga och diskutera hur en situtation ser ut idag, vad problemet är med den, hur det skulle kunna vara på ett annat sätt, dvs vad krävs för att nå detta andra sätt samt hur ansvaret för att genomföra förändringen bör fördelas.

Den här framtidsverkstadens bestod av en stadsvandring och en workshop med tjänstepersoner från olika förvaltningar från Umeå kommun  De bilder och citat som presenteras i denna folder hade vi med som inspel till den första dagens stadsvandring. Dessa är framarbetade genom metoden PhotoVoice tillsammans med tolv personer med egen erfarenhet av psykiskohälsa, psykiatri och socialtjänst i tre grupper från tre olika städer. Deltagarna förmedlade erfarenheter av sin livsmiljö genom att fotografera olika platser och berätta om dem. Under den andra dagen träffades framtidsverkstadens deltagare föratt genomföra en workshop kring problem och möjligheter kringboende och livsmiljö för personer med psykisk ohälsa. Även samverkansfrågoroch stödinsatser behandlas.

This editorial addresses social infrastructure in relation to urban planning and localisation, drawing together the themes in this thematic issue on “Localizing Social Infrastructures: Welfare, Equity, and Community.” Having contextualised social infrastructure, we present each of the 12 contributions by theme: (a) the social consequences of the localisation of social infrastructure for individuals, (b) the preconditions for localising social infrastructure in the urban landscape, and (c) the social consequences for the long-term social sustainability of the wider community. We conclude with the openings for future research, such as the need to continue researching localisation (for example, the ways localisations of social infrastructure support, maintain, or hinder inclusion and community-building, and which benefits would come out of using localisation as a strategic planning tool); second, funding (the funding of non-commercial social infrastructure and who would take on the responsibility); and third, situated knowledge (the knowledge needed by planners, architects, social service officials, decision makers, and the like to address and safeguard the importance of social infrastructure in urban development and regeneration processes).

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are an instrumental tool in genetics to determinewhich genes control what phenotypic traits. Beyond understanding what those genes do, thismethod is used to identify genes critically involved in diseases, genetic predispositions likeAlzheimer's, obesity, and cancer.GWAS is capable of identifying simple scenarios, such as galactosemia, where a single geneis responsible for this metabolic disorder. However, for more complex traits, which arebelieved to be controlled by many genes, such as obesity, GWAS faces a challenge inidentifying the responsible genes.Testing the accuracy of GWAS also raises questions. It is impossible to test the accuracy usingbiological data because the genes the GWAS is trying to identify are not known in the firstplace, meaning that no positive control exists to verify the results. Consequently, here, acomputational model evolving artificial genomes and their affiliated traits is used to create suchpositive control data set. When conducting a GWAS on this control data set, only a few genescould be found, while other genes remained undetected, given the size of the experiment. Someof the phenotypes were highly heritable as compared to others. However, predicting thephenotypic traits based on the genes variation was also attempted, but no significant resultcould be produced.This work is a pilot study to establish if this approach can be used to test the efficiency ofGWAS using artificially created data, and creates the foundation to perform future studiesusing more complex and larger dataset

This chapter examines tourism entrepreneurship as a place-based phenomenon involving value-creation through interactions of firm owners with their spatial environment. It explains how, in recent years, tourism entrepreneurship has emerged as a key research theme in tourism geographies, reflecting the key role of small-scale tourism businesses at tourism destinations worldwide. The chapter builds on earlier studies focusing mostly on the attributes and motivations of tourism entrepreneurs and presents research avenues that can advance our understanding of tourism entrepreneurship. Importantly, it proposes ‘spatial bricolage’ as a concept that describes and explains the modus operandi of tourism entrepreneurs. This is a useful framework for investigating tourism entrepreneurship as centred on the interplay between owner-managers of tourism businesses and their geographical context. Specifically, the chapter directs scholarly attention towards the operating circumstances of small-scale tourism businesses and how owner-managers can create value and overcome limitations. The chapter ends with thoughts for expanding the study of tourism entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship from a geographical perspective.

Sveriges riksdag har antagit 16 nationella miljökvalitetsmål. Miljömålsarbetet kan ses som en del av de insatser som krävs för att vi ska skapa en hållbar utveckling, vilken är en målsättning som ska genomsyra hela vårt samhälle. Myndigheter har tilldelats ansvaret för att de nationella miljömålen implementeras, men att målen nås är hela samhällets ansvar. I denna avhandling analyseras de kommunikativa villkoren i det svenska miljömålsarbetet. Studien bygger till stor del på erfarenheter som kommit till uttryck i de fokusgruppsintervjuer som genomförts med miljömålsansvariga tjänstemän på centrala, regionala samt kommunala myndigheter. Såväl politiska dokument som myndighetsrapportering har analyserats och satts i relation till tjänstemännens erfarenheter. Utifrån teorier om målstyrning, implementeringsprocesser och kommunikation i sociala system analyseras sedan kommunikativa barriärer och broar, hur de visar sig och kan förklaras.

Avhandlingen visar att det finns kommunikationsbarriärer men också broar i miljömålsarbetet. När nya mål och beslut ska omsättas i etablerade organisationer uppstår kommunikationsbarriärer både inom myndigheter och i kommunikationen med andra aktörer i samhället. Att implementera beslut om ett nytt målstyrningssystem i en komplex omvärld med dess ekologiska såväl som sociala system är ingen friktionsfri process. Olika systemkoder som är i bruk kan förklara en del av problematiken, men även otydlighet i målsystem och bristande resurstilldelning. En utmaning inför framtiden blir att skapa information som ger resonans och skapar mening i olika sociala system och därigenom bidrar till möjligheterna att nå de nationella miljökvalitetsmålen.

NeuroEvolution besides deep learning is considered the most promising method to train and optimize neural networks. Neuroevolution uses genetic algorithms to train the controller of an agent performing various tasks. Traditionally, the controller of an agent will be encoded in a genome which will be directly translated into the neural network of the controller. All weights and the connections will be described by their elements in the genome of the agent. Direct Encoding – states if there is a single change in the genome it directly affects a change in the brain. Over time, different forms of encoding have been developed, such as Indirect and Developmental Encodings. This paper mainly concentrates on Developmental Encoding and how it could improve NeuroEvolution. The No-Free Lunch theorem states that there is no specific optimization method that would outperform any other. This does not mean that the genetic encodings could not outperform other methods on specific neuroevolutionary tasks. However, we do not know what tasks this might be. Thus here a range of different tasks is tested using different encodings. The hope is to find in which task domains developmental encodings perform best.

This study explores the pivotal role of the body for political recognition and rights claims in child welfare "moral" interventions. I examine how the bodily figures in child welfare assessments, linking these manifestations to the concept of the moral economy of care. A sample of assessment reports from a Swedish municipality, all addressing violations of children's bodies or integrity, are used as empirical material. I show how the psychosomatically suffering child is being best "heard" as vulnerable. I also argue that such a moral economy of care silences children's accounts of gendered and racial injustices. Furthermore, racialized moral divides are indicated when assessments of different child bodies are considered. A concluding remark points to need for a child welfare moral economy of social justice that responds to structural intersecting injustices in childhoods, including to those of a racialized child welfare and its individualized and symptom-oriented services.   

This article is a discursive examination of children's status as knowledgeable moral agents within the Swedish child welfare system and in the widely used assessment framework BBIC. Departing from Fricker's concept of epistemic injustice, three discursive positions of children's moral status are identified: amoral, im/moral and dis/loyal. The findings show the undoubtedly moral child as largely missing and children's agency as diminshed, deviant or rendered ambiguous. Epistemic injustice applies particularly to disadvantaged children with difficult experiences who run the risk of being othered, or positioned as reproducing or accomodating to the very same social problems they may be vicitimised by.

The essay draws on the shifting methodology in an ongoing multi-sited digital ethnography research project about vaccination-related social media forums. The research, which focuses on vaccine caution and vaccine confidence, was initially directed by ‘following the conflict,’ one of the strategies of following thatGeorge Marcus discusses in his methodology for multi-sited ethnography. However, over the course of time, and after improvisations related to access, positionality, the changing nature of digital content and context of interactions, the initial focus on ‘the war on vaccines’ shifted into a challenging ofoversimplified ideas of oppositional stances, division, and ‘conflict’. What I refer to as ‘following agreements within the conflict’ helps to highlight how the forum members, regardless of their stance, can challenge debate divisions − such as scientific–unscientific, medical–anti-medical, research evidence–anecdotal evidence, and individual–public − while still adhering to medico-scientific discourses as zones of agreements. This enables a modest effort to put both vaccine caution and vaccine confidence on the map of improvisations of health activism and the social movements more generally. Inaddition, it highlights the limits to liminality. In an adult-centric debate that silences young people’s views on (child) vaccinations, I propose the strategy of ‘following silences’ as an additional form of agreement. Finally, I argue that afocus on agreements and silences in conflicts is in alignment with anthropological and post-structural research which commonly focuses onliminal zones and continuities and sheds light on complexities in a nuanced and ‘thick’ manner.

Presentationen utgår från den delen av min doktorsavhandling och senare vidareutvecklingar som kretsar kring den sociala barnavårdens praktik; mer specifikt barnavårdsutredningar (barn upp till 12 år) och eventuella rekommenderade åtgärder som respons på intersektionella orättvisor i barndomar. Jag belyser förändringsbehov och möjligheter till ett socialt arbete där rättighets- och rättviseperspektiv hamnar i förgrunden - bortom biovälfärdens dilemman.

Ett av biovälfärdens dilemman är att säkerställa att barndomar är fria från våld samtidigt som våldets och orättvisornas symptom är i blickpunkten, inte problemet och orättvisorna i sig. Fokus på långtgående risker och psykosomatiska konsekvenser synliggör inte bara vissa våldssituationer och våldsformer framför andra. Det förstärker även professionellas och forskningens betydelse i utredningar. Dock medför detta också en objektifiering av barnkroppar varför barns delaktighet som rättighetsbärande subjekt med röst blir svårt att leva upp till. Vidare diskuteras avsaknaden av respons på orättvisor i form av rasism och våld utanför hemmet samt åtgärdernas begränsningar i relation till skydd. En slutsats som dras är att skydd på inget enkelt sätt kan likställas med insatser annat än när det rör sig om tvångsåtgärder.  

Möjligheterna är många till en bättre hantering av problem genom förändrade lösningar. Jag diskuterar behovet av att utforma nya insatser som är frivilliga och skyddande samt vikten av att stärka unga människors delaktighet såväl i insatsutformningen som vid rekommendation av insatser. Det räcker dock inte att enbart identifiera nya insatsbehov så länge insatser förutsätter vuxnas samtycke. Förändringsbehov avseende dessa villkor behöver därför ses över.