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  • 1.
    Abdi, Faisa
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Farah, Muse
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Energieffektivisering av Limatvätten AB: Värmeåtervinning från manglar2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
    Abstract [sv]

    Energieffektivisering är intressant för alla industrier, eftersom det handlar om minskning av både energianvändning och kostnad. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att analysera potentiell energiåtervinning av spillvärme från en mangel vid Limatvätten AB.

    Limatvätten AB är en stor och modern tvätterianläggning. Limatvätten tvättar åt främst hotell- och restaurangkunder. Limatvätten AB har egna textilier som hyrs ut till hotell, konferenser m.m. Största kunderna finns i Sälenfjällen och Siljansregionen.

    Då inga processdata fanns tillgängliga för detta arbete krävdes mätningar för att få basinformationen. Utifrån mätningar beräknas mängden av energi som kan återvinnas.

    Systemförslag för värmeåtervinning ges även i rapporten. Aquavent är en värmeväxlare som använder ventilationsvärme från manglar. Vattnet som värms upp i aquavent leds in i tvättrören, vilket leder till minskning av ångförbrukning i tvättprocesser. Temperaturförändring är beroende av värmeväxlarens verkningsgrad, ju högre temperaturförändring det är desto mer mängd av energiåtervinning fås.

    Efter identifiering av problemet kartlades tidsplan, lämpliga instrument samt intressanta parametrar. Fukthalten, temperaturen och dynamiska trycket har mätts. Formlerna som beskrivs i teoriavsnittet har använts till de flesta beräkningarna med hjälp av Excel.

    Av resultatet framkommer att maximala energibesparingen blir 184 MWh/år om all överskottsvärme från manglarna återanvänds. Utifrån resultatet blir den totala besparingspotentialen på 57 000 SEK/år. Ytterligare kompletterande mätningar och analyser behövs för att få tillräckligt bra beslutsunderlag. Men detta arbete tyder på att ytterligare analys är intressant. Resultaten visar det att finns potential att använda överskottsvärme från Limatvättens manglar. Förutom besparingen av energin så minskas också klimatpåverkan eftersom överskottsenergin återanvänds igen som annars skulle försvinna ut i atmosfären. Om två av manglarna kopplas med ett värmeåtervinningssystem, resulterar det en dubblering på besparingspotentialen.

    För att få ett mera noggrant resultat kunde man logga en längre tid för mätningarna för att se förändring kring de mätande storheterna t.ex. genom att installera mätare som loggar till en dag eller till med en vecka. Övervakning och tolererande givare behövs dock.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 2.
    Abrahamsson, Jonas
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Lindqvist, Jakob
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Nedsmutsade värmesystems påverkan på energisystemet: Effektivisering vid användning av rengöringsmetoder2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
    Abstract [sv]

    Nedsmutsning av värmesystem är ett icke välkänt problem som kan få stora ekonomiska konsekvenser. På grund av mineraler och lågt pH-värde i systemet uppkommer kalkavlagringar och korrosion som kan täppa igen systemet och kan skada komponenter. Detta kommer resultera i en ökad energianvändning för användare och en högre tillförd energi från fjärrvärmeproducenten. Syftet med arbetet är att studera olika metoder för rengöring av värmesystem och om det är lönsamt med rengöring av värmesystem. Rengöringens effekt på fjärrvärmebehovet och hur det påverkar växthusgasutsläppet och primärenergianvändningen. Samt undersöka om underhåll av värmesystemet ger mindre energianvändning än att bygga om klimatskalet. Tidigare studier inom området undersöktes och relevant data samlades in efter samtal med intressanta företag som arbetar med rengöring av värmesystem. Rengöring av värmesystemen jämfördes med olika åtgärdspaket som ombyggnad av klimatskalet och värmeåtervinning av ventilation. Rengöring av värmesystemet med en effektivisering på 10 % gav ett minskat fjärrvärmebehov på 1,63 GWh per år samt ett minskat utsläpp på 177 ton CO2e per år. Det minskade fjärrvärmebehovet gav en minskad primärenergianvändning med 113 750 kWh per år. Installation av rengöringssystem kan ge Tunabyggen en besparing på 759 200 kr per år för hela Tjärna Ängar. Slutsatsen med arbetet är att rengöring förlänger värmesystems livslängd men kan inte ersätta ombyggnation av klimatskalet när det gäller minskad energianvändning.

  • 3.
    Abreu Saraiva Freitas, Iuri
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Indoor climate: A comparison of residential units in Tjärna Ängar, Borlänge before and after retrofitting2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    This study try to understand which aspects were fundamental to indoor climate and how to obtain them in order to provide the best possible experience in the thermal comfort of individuals. Thus, arose the studies of Fanger, which was the seed for a new era of discoveries in the area and founded the knowledge our society have today in this globally used standards and norms. Referring to these fundamental aspects of the indoor comfort, data collection was taken in situ to show in details what was happening. This study was executed in order to demonstrate the differences between the data previous and after a process of retrofitting in dwellings built in the 60s and 70s of the century past, in the district of Tjärna Ängar, Borlänge, Sweden. The comparative results using criteria such as Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD), Draft Rate (DR), air velocity, Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT), Relative Humidity (RH) and air temperature, showed an improvement in 6 of the 8 parameters analyzed. Confirming the expectation that through the retrofitting the residents will be more satisfied, obtain better quality of indoor climate comfort and also increase occupied area in these dwellings.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
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  • 4.
    Ackeby, Susanne
    et al.
    STRI AB.
    Tjäder, Jonas
    Bastholm, Caroline
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    The role and interaction of microgrids and centralized grids in developing modern power systems2017Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    An extension of microgrids is now underway, primarily to allow increased electrification in growing economies but also to meet the need to reduce global CO2 emissions and to provide ancillary services to centralized grids. Energy access constitutes one of the fundamental building blocks for economic growth as well as social equity in the modern world. Access to sustainable energy is needed to achieve sustainable development. A microgrid should not be seen as a competitor to the centralized grid but as a complement.Through examination of several implemented cases from different parts of the world the following topics are considered: Analysis of the interaction between centralized grids and microgrids Analysis of stakeholder decision parameters for electrification Analysis of design differences and requirements for microgrids, depending on the intended purpose and the need of the end customer.It is determined that good planning, suitable requirements and clear regulations for microgrids (in relation to centralized grids) limits the risk of stranded assets and enables better business cases for the involved stakeholders.The paper is based on the discussion paper The role and interaction of microgrids and centralized grids in developing modern power systems – A case review publiced by ISGAN (International Smart Grid Action Network) Annex 6: Power T&D Systems.The discussion paper and further information about ISGAN is available at http://www.iea-isgan.org/.

  • 5.
    Ahamed, Anees
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Accelerated Aging of First-surface Enhanced Aluminum Solar Reflectors under Damp Heat Conditions2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 25 poäng / 37,5 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    Solar reflectors are one of the main components of concentrating solar power systems. With new products being developed, durability studies become a necessity for assessing the feasibility of commercial application. In this project, accelerated aging of three types of first-surface enhanced aluminum reflectors and one type of second-surface silvered thick glass mirror under damp heat conditions is studied. The project is conducted at the Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA), in collaboration with German Aerospace Center (DLR), and Center for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Spain.

     

    The study is centered on analyzing the effect of soiling on degradation of reflectors. In addition to conventional methods, space resolved specular reflectometry is utilized for comparative purpose. Damp heat test conditions are simulated in a climatic test chamber. Test is conducted with reference to International Electrotechnical Commission standard IEC 62108 10.7a: damp heat test guidelines. The reflector samples are artificially soiled with natural and synthetic test sands of varying composition. Reflector performance is assessed based on the reduction in monochromatic specular reflectance.

     

    From the tests, a comparative assessment of the candidate reflectors is obtained. Aluminum samples suffered higher degradation than silvered glass mirrors. Aluminum reflectors with polymer top coat permanently retained soil residue. It is observed that presence of chlorides and organic components caused corrosion on all the types of reflectors tested. Surface roughening is the reason for performance deterioration in most of the cases. By comparing different reflectance measurement methods, the significance of total area of the measurement spot in the measurement procedures could be highlighted. It is suggested that for studies involving artificial soiling, the grain size of sand is to be factored in.

  • 6.
    Ahmadi Moghadam, Parham
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Steel Sheet Applications and Integrated Heat Management2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 20 poäng / 30 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    Increasing energy use has caused many environmental problems including global warming. Energy use is growing rapidly in developing countries and surprisingly a remarkable portion of it is associated with consumed energy to keep the temperature comfortable inside the buildings. Therefore, identifying renewable technologies for cooling and heating is essential. This study introduced applications of steel sheets integrated into the buildings to save energy based on existing technologies. In addition, the proposed application was found to have a considerable chance of market success.

    Also, satisfying energy needs for space heating and cooling in a single room by using one of the selected applications in different Köppen climate classes was investigated to estimate which climates have a proper potential for benefiting from the application. This study included three independent parts and the results related to each part have been used in the next part.

    The first part recognizes six different technologies through literature review including Cool Roof, Solar Chimney, Steel Cladding of Building, Night Radiative Cooling, Elastomer Metal Absorber, and Solar Distillation. The second part evaluated the application of different technologies by gathering the experts’ ideas via performing a Delphi method. The results showed that the Solar Chimney has a proper chance for the market.

    The third part simulated both a solar chimney and a solar chimney with evaporation which were connected to a single well insulated room with a considerable thermal mass. The combination was simulated as a system to estimate the possibility of satisfying cooling needs and heating needs in different climate classes. A Trombe-wall was selected as a sample design for the Solar Chimney and was simulated in different climates. The results implied that the solar chimney had the capability of reducing the cooling needs more than 25% in all of the studied locations and 100% in some locations with dry or temperate climate such as Mashhad, Madrid, and Istanbul. It was also observed that the heating needs were satisfied more than 50% in all of the studied locations, even for the continental climate such as Stockholm and 100% in most locations with a dry climate. Therefore, the Solar Chimney reduces energy use, saves environment resources, and it is a cost effective application. Furthermore, it saves the equipment costs in many locations. All the results mentioned above make the solar chimney a very practical and attractive tool for a wide range of climates.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 7.
    Aishwarya, Veena Aishwarya
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Effects of Soling on the Solar Radiation Sensors for Indian Climatic Conditions2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 poäng / 30 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    The satisfaction and elation that accompany the successful completion of any task

    would be incomplete without the mention of the people who have made it possible. It is a great

    privilege to express my gratitude and respect to all those who have guided me and inspired me

    during the period of the project work.

    First and foremost, I express my sincere gratitude to my University professor

    Fiedler Frank, Program Coordinator, Dalarna University, Borlange, Sweden who encouraged

    and permitted me to have my project in the second semester itself.

    I owe a lot to my supervisor Rönnelid Mats, Associate Professor of Energy and

    Environmental Technology, Dalarna University, Borlange, Sweden for his valuable

    suggestions, constructive criticism and encouragement for the project.

    I deem it to be a great privilege in thanking my external supervisor Dr.Richard

    Meyer, Founder and Managing Director (Suntrace GmbH) and Marko Schwandt, Advisor, Solar

    Expert en Suntrace GmbH for giving an opportunity to work under him. Their guidance,

    academic freedom and co-operation have helped me in completing my project.

    My heartfelt thanks to Dr. S. Gomathinayagam, Director General, NIWE and Dr.G.Giridhar,

    Deputy Director General & Head, SRRA department, NIWE for providing me the necessary

    facilities for the completion of my masters project. I am indebted to Dr.Indradip Mitra,Senior

    Technical Advisor at GIZ GmbH and Kaushal Chhatbar, Project Manager, Project

    Development at Suntrace GmbH , for their valuable suggestions and support.

    I also pay my sincere regards to the staffs of SRRA department for their support

    during the period of my project. I owe a lot to my family, who always motivated me and brought

    me to this level. Finally I submit my obeisance to THE ALMIGHTY for constantly supporting

    me and blessing me with the necessary strength to carry out this research.

  • 8.
    Ajayi, Adeyemi Kazeem
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    New Housing Developments: A Localisation Strategy considering Energy-Efficiency from an Urban Structure and Transport Perspective for the city of Falun2020Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    There are several considerations when planning new housing developments,

    and resultant problems require critical analysis. This thesis has focused on

    studying some part of the potential issues in the case of a project in the city of

    Falun.

    The focus has been on energy and greenhouse gases (GHG)-efficient structures,

    through the analysis of the relationship between the transport system and

    residential development that can contribute to the reduction in emission’s harmful

    effect on human health and the environment. The overall aim has been on the

    sustainable location of housing with regards to transport energy, and it included

    the review of densification in the development of city planning as a measure.

    These courses of action, together with other considered measures been

    explored, are to provide solutions which can contribute to the livability, a greener

    environment and lower the levels of GHG, as well as the use of energy from

    transport.

    Densification is a significant concern when planning for future infrastructure and

    developments in a city. It is not just about housing; dense cities use less energy

    and the denser a city, the more sustainable they set to be.

    The significance of the transport system in an urban environment is enormous

    due to the level of its impact as a major user of energy, specifically petroleum

    product consumption. It is essential to note the importance of the effect that GHG

    and energy use from transport has on the health and wellbeing of city inhabitants,

    the society, as well as humans in general. Therefore, it is most important to strive

    to reduce the need for energy use from transport and to lower the levels of

    transport GHG.

    The city of Falun is planning for new housing development, with comprehensive

    plans for future urban development of areas within and around the city. There is

    a current proposal for the densification of central areas; however, they are also

    proposing new large areas on the periphery, which may be counter-productive

    from a transport point of view.

    This circumstance could lead to more car travel within and around the city, which

    leads to increases in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and fuel use, and in turn,

    increased in environmental pollution. Thus, the thesis purpose has been to

    investigate the energy use and carbon dioxide emissions in related scenarios.

    The aim is studying the proposed new housing development potentials to reduce

    car travel through an urban strategy measure such as smart growth; therefore,

    the selection of the following research questions below:

    • Will the proposal in the detailed, comprehensive plan lead to transportation that

    is more or less energy-efficient than today? And Is the proposed development in

    line with previous empirical findings in the research literature?

    • Can the amount of car travel be reduced by planning for a different location

    strategy for future residential development in Falun?

    • Can this analysis be made roughly using simple tools that are easy to use for

    urban planners or architects (not only for advanced GIS-engineers and

    researchers)

    iv

    A literature review facilitates reflection on these issues and studies measures for

    strategies which could be a better alternative when exploited in such or similar

    situation for preferable development. Thus, it’s exploitation in the thesis work.

    This research has been carried out by performing an investigation of the new

    housing development proposal, specifically through analyses of the assumed

    additional usage of passenger cars in the ongoing planned area. Possible

    alternatives are, therefore, examined, e.g. in the frame of options such as

    spreading the housing system into more centrally located and connecting areas,

    improving the relationship between the public transport system and new

    residential development so they could work in tandem.

    From the carried-out work, it has possible to be able to identify some disharmony

    in the ongoing development plans as part of the possible future problems, i.e. the

    case of possible unexploited solution for air pollution from transport energy,

    related issues, and so on. An in-depth interview with two of the Falun city office

    staffs and planners also opens-up on the problems of decision-makers and land

    use policy. Also, site visits provide the perspectives of present and potential

    owners who participated in an impromptu interview.

    Meanwhile, the presented results show that the overall total energy usage

    becomes higher per person with the Falun city´s ongoing-planning proposal, but

    lower with the designed alternative planning scenario. The results were derived

    through calculations, using the “Model for calculating energy use and carbon

    dioxide emissions in different scenarios’’ for generating scenarios that take

    modal split into account as seen in the data, calculation and result’s chapter,

    further in the thesis.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 9.
    Alayan, Sophia
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Design of a PV-Diesel Hybrid System with Unreliable Grid Connection in Lebanon2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis is a study on integration of photovoltaic generators into an existing diesel-unreliable grid connected system at the Lebanese village of Khiam. The main goal of implementing PV-diesel hybrid system is to reduce diesel consumption and the import of fossil fuel used in electricity power supply. Before designing the system, it is necessary to create a load profile for 120 households and pre-design the size of the PV generator, the capacity of storage system and inverter type/size selection. The load profile data is based on the average of monthly energy consumption gathered from Khiam village households.

    Detailed simulations and financial analysis are performed with HOMER to compare different systems and their viability. The simulations include four different designs starting from the existing system, diesel generator with unreliable grid, followed by PV generator and unreliable grid, PV and diesel generator and ended with the complete hybrid system. Once the Hybrid system is determined a detailed design is done to optimize the lowest cost PV-diesel hybrid system. The final simulated PV-diesel hybrid system is suggested with a PV capacity of 270 kWp, existing diesel capacity with 200 kVA, an inverter output of 115 kW and battery bank nominal capacity is 1872 kWh. The system renewable fraction is 53% and the project life cycle is 25 years. The PV-diesel hybrid system is projected to produce electricity at a cost of 0.12 USD/kWh. This cost is significantly lower than the 0.26 USD/kWh paid to the diesel operator, as well as lower than 0.13 USD/kWh paid to the utility grid.

    In addition, and according to the given information from the owner, an estimated diesel consumption of 104000 ltr/year, the simulation result shows diesel consumption at 40000 ltr/year. The reduced carbon dioxide production by 65%, from 776 to 272 tons per year, provides further justification for the PV installation in a commercial PV-diesel hybrid system.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 10.
    Alfadel, Usama
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Analysing the Peak Shaving Effect and the Increase in SelfConsumption and Self Sufficiencyof Battery Storage When Coupledto a Single Family House2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 poäng / 30 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    The aims of the study were to investigate the increase in self-consumption and self-sufficiency and the peak shaving effect of batteries when added to a PV system dimensioned to supply the electric demand of a low energy house built in Sweden. The simulated batteries were Li-ion and the study had a 15-minutes temporal resolution. The study took only the technical aspect of batteries into account and disregarded the economic aspect. A data set of measurements from two near-zero-energy houses built by the Research Institute of Sweden (RISE) was used as inputs. The first house provided measured load profile for an automated load and measured PV production from its 3.6 kW

    p system, the second house provided a load profile for a normal human interactive load. The measured PV production from the 3.6 kWp PV system was compared to the PV production from a simulated 3.6 kWp system taken from PVsyst and System Advisor Model (SAM) and by using different weather data profiles for the simulations. The global irradiance values from the used weather profile data were compared to demonstrate the difference in its values and its effect on the simulated PV production. This comparison between the measured PV production and the simulated one was done because most of the PV simulation software does not take measured PV production as input but they simulate their own PV production based on their built-in weather data; including the software used in this study SAM. The first house with the automated load had an annual energy consumption of Ca. 3600 kWh / Year. The second house with its human interactive load had an annual energy consumption of Ca. 6000 kWh / Year. The load profile was taken as a whole and then divided to different types; heat pump, ventilation and remaining load which represents house hold services. The effect of the input load profile types and its temporal resolution was clarified; this effect came in consistency to what was concluded from the literature review. Different simulations were done varying battery sizes, voltage level, coupling method, dispatch algorithm and other parameter. Three different dispatch algorithms were used for the simulations; two are designed for peak shaving and are built-in tools in SAM while the third algorithm is called Target Zero and designed for maximizing self-consumption and self-sufficiency, it was found in a reference so it was executed in MS Excel. Each of the algorithms used was found to affect both the peaks and the self-consumption and self-sufficiency of the system after adding the batteries compared to before, one as a major effect and the other as a byproduct effect. The peak shaving results varied by varying the batteries and the dispatch algorithm used, for the peak shaving algorithms from SAM, a general decrease in peaks value was reached. For the Target Zero algorithm which optimizes on self-consumption and self-sufficiency, a decrease in the number of the peaks was reached. Both decreases happened by increasing battery sizes. For the self-consumption and self-sufficiency effect, an increase happened with its highest value for 7.2 kWh batteries and by using the three different algorithms. The effect of the load type was also demonstrated by comparing the simulations results for the heat pumps from both houses since both heat pumps were found to have the highest effect on the results. The study was concluded by emphasizing the added values of batteries when coupled to a behind-the-meter PV system. The study could have been more precise and added more information to this field if it had a 1 minute temporal resolution simulations, but patching one minute temporal resolution load profile takes a long time. Working with one minute load profile requires one minute weather profile for the PV simulation which is normally only commercial. Also, having a weather station installed at the house to measure the solar irradiance to be used in the simulation instead of using different weather profiles would have added more accuracy to this paper.

  • 11.
    Alhamwi, MHD Mouaz
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Evaluating the Economic Feasibility for utilizing PV Power Optimizers in Large-scale PV Plants for The Cases of Soiling, Mismatching, and Degradation2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 poäng / 30 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    The solar PV modules are influenced by a variety of loss mechanisms by which the energy yield is affected. A PV system is the sum of individual PV modules which should ideally operate similarly, however, inhomogeneous soiling, mismatching, and degradation, which are the main focus in this study, lead to dissimilarities in PV modules operating behavior and thus, lead to losses which will be assessed intensively in terms of energy yield.

    The dissimilarities in PV modules are referred to the ambient conditions or the PV modules

    characteristics which result in different modules’ maximum power point (MPP) and thus, different currents generated by each PV modules which cause the mismatching. However, the weakest PV module current governs the string current, and the weakest string voltage governs the voltage.

    Power optimizers are electronic devices connected to the PV modules which adjust the voltages of the PV modules in order to obtain the same current as the weakest module and thus, extract

    the modules’ MPP. Hence, the overall performance of the PV plant is enhanced. On the other hand, the power optimizers add additional cost to the plant’s investment cost and thus, the extra energy yield achieved by utilizing the power optimizers must be sufficient to compensate the additional cost of the power optimizers. This is assessed by designing three systems, a reference system with SMA inverters, a system utilizes Tigo power optimizers and SMA inverters, and a system utilizes SolarEdge power optimizers and inverters. The study considers four different locations which are Borlänge, Madrid, Abu Dhabi, and New Delhi.

    An Excel model is created and validated to emulate the inhomogeneous soiling and to evaluate the economic feasibility of the power optimiz

    ers. The model’s inputs are obtained from PVsyst and the precipitation data is obtained from Meteoblue and SMHI database.

    The economic model is based on the relation between Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) which will be used to derive the discount rate. Graphs representing the discounted payback period as a function of the feed-in tariff for different discount rates is created in order to obtain the discounted payback period.

    The amount of extra energy yielded by the Tigo and the SolarEdge systems is dependent on the soiling accumulated on the PV modules. Relative to the reference system, 6.5 % annual energy gain by the systems utilizing the power optimizers in soiling conditions, up to 2.1 % in the degradation conditions, and up to 9.7 % annual energy gain at 10 % mismatching rate. The extra energy yield is dependent on the location, however, the Tigo and the SolarEdge systems have yielded more energy than the reference system in all cases except one case when the mismatch losses is set to zero.

    The precipitation pattern is very influential, and a scare precipitation leads to a reduction in the energy yield, in this case, the Tigo and the SolarEdge systems overall performance is enhanced and the extra energy gain becomes greater.

    The Tigo system yield slightly more energy than the SolarEdge system in most cases,

    however, during the plant’s lifetime, the SolarEdge system could become more efficient than the Tigo system which is referred to the system’s sizing ratio. The degradation of the system or the soiling accumulation decreases the irradiation and thus, a slightly oversized PV array become suitable and deliver an optimal power to the inverters.

    The SolarEdge system is feasible in all scenarios in terms of LCOE and discounted payback period, although its slightly lower performance relative to the Tigo system, this is referred to its low initial cost in comparison to the other systems. The Tigo system is mostly infeasible although it yields more energy than the reference and the SolarEdge systems, this is referred

    iii

    to its relatively high initial cost. However, feed-

    in tariffs higher than 20 € cent / kWh make

    all systems payback within less than 10 years.

    The results have overall uncertainty within ± 6.5 % including PVsyst, Excel model, and the

    precipitation uncertainties. The uncertainty in the degradation and the mismatching

    calculations is limited to PVsyst uncertainty which is ± 5 %. The uncertainties in LCOE in

    the location of New Delhi, since it is the worst-case scenario, are 5.1 % and 4 % for the

    reference and the systems utilizing power optimizers, respectively.

    Consequently, accommodating the uncertainties to the benefits gained by utilizing power

    optimizers indicates that the energy gain would oscillate in the range of 6 % - 6.9 % for the

    soiling calculations, 2 % - 2.2 % for the degradation simulations, and 9.2 % - 10.2 % for the

    mismatching simulations at 10 % mismatchrate.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 12.
    Al-Hashimi, Mazin
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Modelling Installation Cost for Rooftop PV Systems2015Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    The cost of installation of photovoltaic (PV) systems is a substantial fraction of the total cost of the project and the same is increasing with reducing cost of PV modules. This study essentially deals with the cost of installation of rooftop PV systems and presents a cost model for it, based on data collected for more than 700 projects of different capacities, roof types, circumstances, and locations in Sweden. The presented cost model shall give reasonably accurate estimations about the costs associated with the main elements of the process of rooftop PV systems installation, such as labour, shipping, equipment, travel, and accommodation, for different situations as a function of few important variables such as system capacity, roof type, distance to the installation location, etc. The weighted share of cost of the different elements of the cost model out of the total cost of installation was determined. Several relationships between different elements and variables were examined to find relationships that can help to better understand the process of installation and to develop the cost model. The variations in time required per unit system capacity have been examined for several processes of rooftop PV systems installation, to investigate about potential for reduction in the time and thus the cost due to economies of scale.

  • 13.
    Alkhado, Luqman
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Boussaa, Youcef
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Heat transfer tests on EPS material and massive timber wall component2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    Timber walls are known to be an energy efficient component in the building envelope.

    These building elements are essential in the passive design and have been pointed out to

    their ability to regulate the indoor climate and reduce energy demand. Heat transfer

    measurements of thermal transmittance value of Iso-timber wall component have been

    performed with the climate chamber at three temperature differences. The influence of

    temperature variations on the thermal conduction of the wall were investigated. The

    temperature on the warm side was kept at room temperature 20 °C while the cold side

    temperature was decreased from 0 C to -20 C during the tests. As the temperature

    difference is increased, the thermal transmittance value of the timber wall component

    decreased slightly due to decrease in the thermal conductivity value. The effect of density

    and porosity on the thermal conductivity may be related to the presence of air voids and

    cell boundaries inside the timber wall. Results have showed that the U-value of the timber

    wall component decreases at higher temperature differences which indicates the higher

    degree of insulation of the timber wall component.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 14.
    Alkhuder, Juma
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Johansson, Sandra
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Prestandaanalys vid rengöring av värmeväxlare i fjärrvärmecentral för småhus: Fallstudie på rengöring av en värmeväxlare för småhus2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
    Abstract [sv]

    Försmutsning av plattvärmeväxlare i fjärrvärmecentraler minskar avkylningen av det cirkulerande vattnet i fjärrvärmenätet. Detta ökar behovet av värmeproduktion i fjärrvärmeverket vilket medför ökade utsläpp av växthusgaser. Mängden försmutsning beror på vattnets kvalitet och material i systemet. I denna studie undersöks prestandaförändring av värmeväxlare i fjärrvärmecentraler för småhus före och efter rengöring samt för en ny värmeväxlare. Prestandan mäts i laboratorium genom att mäta temperaturer på in- och utlopp på värmeväxlaren vid bestämda flöden. Utvärderingen inkluderar prestandaförändring för UA-värdet, Temperaturverkningsgrad, Effektivitet NTU och möjlig påverkan på växthusgasutsläpp från Borlänge Energis fjärrvärmesystem. En osäkerhetsanalys genomfördes för att bestämma de teoretiska osäkerheterna.Resultaten från studien visar att rengöring av småhusvärmeväxlare med CIP-metoden har en viss effekt på både tappvattenvärmeväxlaren och värmeväxlaren. För värmeväxlaren är förändringen liten där ökningen på UA-värdet ligger mellan 10–202 W/˚C jämfört med tappvattenvärmeväxlaren där det ligger mellan 205–870 W/˚C. Störst effekt har rengöringen på tappvattenvärmeväxlaren vid högre flöde. Värmeöverföringen är likvärdig för en ny värmeväxlare och den rengjorda.En sänkt returtemperatur från fjärrvärmecentraler leder till en förbättrad verkningsgrad på fjärrvärmeverket som bidrar till en minskning av mängden växthusgasutsläpp. Enligt de resultat och beräkningar utförda i studien kan genom rengöring returtemperaturen minskas med 2,3 ˚C ±0,4 % från fjärrvärmecentralerna i småhus till Borlänge Energis fjärrvärmenät.Rengöring av tappvattenvärmeväxlare kan vara ett alternativ till att byta ut mot en ny för småhusägaren, med förutsättning att priset för rengöring är lägre än att köpa en ny och att fjärrvärmesystemet har flödesavgift. Detta gäller dock inte värmeväxlaren för värme där skillnaden i värmeöverföring mellan en smutsig och ny eller rengjord är marginell.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
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  • 15.
    Almsalati, Hussam
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Life cycle assessment of villas made by Fiskarhedenvillan, comparison between wood and brick facade2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    Awareness of climate change has resulted in enormous challenges for developed and

    developing countries. The frightening truth about our environmental situation has led to

    investigations of the causes of these changes and to obstruct these sources gradually but

    quickly. The alarming increase of average temperature of the earth has caused much worry

    around the world. Gas emissions in the atmosphere greatly affect the environment, where

    CO

    2 emissions is one of the most serious factors contributing to the global warming

    potential. As the building sector emits 40% of global energy use and one-third of global

    greenhouse gas emissions, engineers must be educated to choose the best materials that

    lead to reducing CO

    2 emissions. This means selecting materials that have less negative

    impact on the environment and are more “environmentally friendly”.

    This study shows how much CO

    2e emissions are released into the atmosphere from a

    wooden structure villa that consists of two stories, a storage and a garage, with a total area

    of 229.6m2. The results of this case will be compared to a second case, where the external

    wooden siding is replaced with brick veneer. This result of this comparison provides us

    with a guideline in for how the selected materials impact the environment, illuminating the

    importance in choosing the right materials according to their CO

    2e emission levels. In this

    way, the building sector can actively work to reduce the environmental impact.

    To achieve these goals, this study performed via life cycle assessment LCA methodology

    by using the One-Click LCA program. LCA is identified as a technique to assess the

    environmental impact and resources used through a product’s life cycle. This study utilized

    the LCA methodology (cradle to grave), which means starting from the extraction of raw

    materials, to product production, manufacturing, product usage and its end of life. The

    study lifespan was estimated to be 50 years.

    The results of the study verify that the wooden villa is more environmentally friendly than

    the villa made of brick, where carbon dioxide equivalent emission can be reduced to more

    than half by utilizing wood. Implementing the life cycle assessment study to any building

    aids in making the decision to choose the right materials for building according to CO

    2e

    emission. And in this way, the environmental impact caused by the building sector will be

    greatly reduced.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 16.
    Al-Samahiji, Alexander
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Incorporating Solar Energy Into an Aluminium Smelter’s Energy Mix: A study using Aluminium Bahrain2017Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis was aimed at studying the possibility of integrating solar energy in to an existing aluminium smelter in the Kingdom of Bahrain owned by Aluminium Bahrain (ALBA). The smelter was powered by its own in-house natural gas fed power plants. ALBA was chosen as the subject of the study for of two reasons. Firstly, the power station at ALBA was similar in technology to those powering the national grid. Secondly, the nominal power of ALBA was not dissimilar to that of the national grid. This meant that the techniques and technologies investigated were useful in the context of the national grid as well. A literature review was initially conducted to better understand how the current aluminium smelters work, what the possibilities were for introducing solar energy and what has been done previously. The study used publically available information to deduce the energy consumption of the ALBA smelter on an annual basis. For the year 2011 this was found to be in the order of 15.2TWh when ALBA had 2,249MW of nominal plant capacity installed and had consumed about 132MMBCF of natural gas. With the planned pot-line 6 expansion an additional 1,792MW capacity would be added with the corresponding additional gas use and increased energy output. The completion of pot-line 6, scheduled for Q1 2019, would also make ALBA the world’s largest single-site aluminium smelter.  This energy demand information was then used with PVSyst and System Advisor Model simulation software. The aim was to determine what photovoltaic (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP) energy plants capable of meeting ALBA’s needs would be in terms of power, energy outputs and land usage. Although powering a modern aluminium smelter is possible with today’s solar technology, the area of land required would be very large. It was deduced that using PV fixed tilt arrays, a PV plant of 9.2GWp would be required to deliver the annual energy requirements of ALBA covering a theoretical land area of some 200km2. Utilising CSP plants of central tower and concentric heliostat design would need about 358km2 whereas parabolic trough collector technology would need about 240km2. However a CSP plant utilising linear Fresnel collectors would need about 105km2 of land area. These contiguous land areas are not available in the Kingdom of Bahrain and so alternatives would have to be studied for locating such plants. Another issue would be to find a robust and reliable storage technology to power the plant during the evenings and other times of low solar resource.  It was found that the existing roof areas of ALBA’s pot-lines and cast house would be sufficient to house a PV plant of 6.5MWp utilising standard 250Wp PV modules. This would be larger than the largest plant currently installed in the country which stands at 5MWp developed by Bapco. The plant would produce some 9.7GWh of energy per average year and could be utilised by ALBA. Alternatively, the PV plant could be connected directly to the national grid and thus provide another source of income to ALBA whilst helping in the national drive for harnessing renewable energy. It should be noted that there are more suitable roof areas available at ALBA meaning that the PV plant size could be larger and if more powerful modules are used, the nominal plant capacity would also be increased delivering more annual energy. Due mainly to time constraints, it was not possible to investigate some areas that were highlighted during the course of the study. These included plant costs, energy storage options, modelling and simulating CSP derived heat injection into gas power turbines, water usage requirements and mitigation techniques and the technologies for maintaining the collectors clean and reflective in the harsh desert climate of the country. These are all areas for further work.

  • 17.
    Alsulaiman, Mohamad
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Mohammadi, Najmeh
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Optimal Pitch Distance and Tilt Angleof PV Power Plant for Different Climate2020Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    Finding the optimum inter-row spacing and installation tilt for tilted or ground mounted PV systems is a big issue in designing the large-scale PV systems. Increasing the array spacing leads to higher annual generated energy because of the reduced impact of row-shading, but on the other hand, it increases costs of land purchase/lease and wiring costs. Many compromises between performance and cost should be done to design an optimum large-scaled solar plant. One of the criteria in designing of solar power plants is reducing of LCOE, which reflects the cost of every unit of generated energy. Site locations have large impacts on the optimal design of pitch distance and title angles, but such impacts have not been studied extensively in the existing studies, so it is going to bridge this research gap in this thesis.

     

    The main purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of climate conditions on the pitch distance and tilt angle for large-scale PV plant and finding the optimal pitch distance and tilt according to the least cost of production. The impact of climate and meteorological data on the self-shading loss and yield of energy are investigated through a simulation tool, which is PVsyst software here, in different tilt angles and distances between rows. The different climates can be considered by choosing site locations in different latitudes to cover all climate zones. Six cities in temperate climate, three cities in tropic climate and one city in polar climate have been selected. LCOE minimizing is a measure in finding the optimum tilt and pitch distance for a 1 MW solar system installed in different latitudes. In this study the type, size and cost of components have been assumed constant in different climate conditions. There is a wide range of variability in some economic indicators like interest rate and discount rate as well as the cost of land in different climates or even countries in the same climate; then to highlight the impacts of climate conditions on the optimal tilt and pitch distance, these parameters were assumed to be constant in this study.

     

    The results show the optimal tilt of angles increases with getting far of equator in a range between 0° and 40° to capture more direct sunlight, and the optimal raw spacing grows in further locations to equator in a range between 4 m to 11 m to reduce self- shading loss. Moreover, the best module configuration for PV arrays (portrait or landscape) can be different in different climates.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 18.
    Aminmoayed, Katayoon
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Heat recycling case study in commercial building with kitchen ventilation2020Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    In recent decades, the amount of food and fat odor from the commercial kitchenware increasing because of the developing increase rate in the number of restaurants, and concurrently resulting in significant amounts of energy loss from these commercial kitchens. Hence, it is essential to initiate the thinking of an efficient ventilation system in a commercial kitchen perspective, with the feasible solution of heat recovery, whereby the vast amount of heat in commercial kitchens could be secured or re-used with efficient technology.

    The biggest issue relative to commercial kitchens is the amount of heat energy loss used during cooking. To overcome this problem, the installation of suitable devices can contribute to reducing energy demand. Also, issues related to grease and odor that comes out from the kitchens’ exhaust duct needs resolving. With the consideration that there are possibilities of reducing the heating or cooling demands, based on different available technologies utilized in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. This study explores the problem briefly and clarifies each situation with solutions in detail.

    The studied project is a shopping center which is located in the center of Stockholm and named Ringen. It is a three-floor shopping center with two levels of parking lots. In 2016, there was an upgrade by adding the food court (Matteatern) in the center of the ground floor. The main purpose of the project upgrade was the increasing number of visitors to this shopping center, for them to get entertained with refreshments and have nice different kinds of foods in a cozy place. This master thesis, a study on the efficiency of the ventilation system in the food-court, has been undertaken, by considering the project’s energy consumption. The kitchens’ ventilation duct ventilates air from the kitchens to the garage in the underground (-1) floor, whereas the outlet air comes in for usage in the kitchen and garage. Since there is a prohibition against having the ventilation duct on the façade or attached to the roof, the outlet air quality in the garage is, therefore, required to be cleaned from fat and food odor. The current plan works with battery heat recovery ventilation to re-heated up the outlet air and use it in the kitchen. However, ozone injection and polishing filters are two cleaner technologies in use for the prevention of odor and smell.

    The purpose of this study is to investigate if there are significant energy saving system for the undertaken project with an adjustment technology, as well as an assumption of cases by adding heat recovery and air purification to the ventilation system. The importance of energy has set the tone for finding the best solution to avoid unnecessary loss of energy demand from the ventilation of the kitchen in the case study. Besides, it is crucial to find the proper system with the view of energy and cost; meaning that expansive the system should have high quality in energy savings, and with a prospect that it could also save money for the project. If the system is efficient in energy consumption and could save a vast amount of energy loss, in-turn it could as well be used in subsidizing a substantial cost for the project. An ideal solution could be the system with less amount of energy usage, or even if, with a particular gap in energy usage, could be recouped by a vast amount of energy savings.

    The thesis also investigates, through studies on two more optional alternatives to have a comparison of energy consumption and find a good solution for the kitchens’ ventilation, as well as see the amount of efficiency of each system. In the alternatives, one considers separated ventilation for garage and kitchen. The garage’s airflow rate calculated and there is a rotary heat exchanger in the garage ventilation. While as the current plan there is a battery heat exchanger via constant airflow rate in the kitchen. Ozone injection in hence of fat and odor in considering in kitchens ventilation. The second alternative, however, sees the project in a case where there is no ozone injection nor polishing filter and separated ventilation in the garage and kitchen. Also, the kitchens’ ventilation comes up to the roof directly.

    This master thesis project, therefore, presents an energy consumption comparison in different alternatives. It has a view on the current situation, even though there is kitchen outlet air in the garage with a battery heat recovery system and added a polishing filter to optimize the smell from fat. In the case- study comparison, there is separated ventilation and duct for the garage. Also, the rotary heat exchanger in the garage has been considered via the special airflow rate for the garage. it has been taken when there is ozone filtering in the ventilation in place. However, instead of the polishing filters, a rotary heat exchanger has been designed with two different airflow rates. In one other case, there is an estimated airflow rate as the garage air flow rate, and in the kitchen, there is another one. There is no ozone, nor polishing filter in the ventilation system while there is outlet ventilation from the kitchen directly to the roof.

    The current alternative project provides a solution when the outdoor air is heated up by battery in the heat recovery system, then transferred it to the shops and garage. There is ozone injection technology in the commercial hood to break the large parts of fat from the kitchen. Also, there is a polishing filter in the garage to reduce the food and fat odor, and in-turn provides clean air in the parking lots as the outlet air has been for usage in the parking where there is car-wash, and also in shopping floor.

    Meanwhile, calculations from the study demonstrate energy demand and cost- efficiency. The calculations are based on some available data and some assumptions according to real figures. The different temperatures in outdoor and indoor air, the set temperature, and hourly Stockholm datasheet temperature are the base material been used to evaluate heat energy usage. The pressure drop and fan power are parameters been used to calculate the amount of electricity the project. Thus, according to the result, which provides a solution to investigate efficient technology for ventilation systems in commercial kitchens. The major focus of the study stands in a system which has ozone technology and polishing filter in the heat recovery of the commercial kitchen’s ventilation systems, and together in comparison with other cases when there is not.

    Given the result, it has proven that the current alternative in the project has the acceptable amount of energy demand while first consideration alternative(alternative 1) via a rotary heat exchanger in the garage and separated ventilation and airflow rate for kitchen and garage has the best result in energy demand and saving. In contrast, the second alternative with separated rotary ventilation for the garage is neither without ozone nor polishing filter for the cleaning and kitchens ventilation up to the roof has the highest level of energy demand. Hence, with the cost of efficiency, the first alternative meets the lowest amount of cost while the second alternative, which has the highest amount of energy demand has the highest cost. There are also more advantages like an extended lifespan of the air handling unit, lower duct cleaning cost.

    Additionally, the result proves that the first comparison plan has the lowest energy demand, whereas the second alternative has the highest one. With the high amount of energy demand, the energy cost will be increased. Thus, the second alternative has the biggest amount of energy cost, and it's not working. Moreover, there are some other positive points in the current plan, such as the extended lifespan of the air handling unit because of ozone injection in the path and being cleaned. Also, it causes a lower cost for duct cleaning costs as well. The mentioned options can be affected by the result and conclusion. It’s because they are important parameters which can be seen in projects result.

  • 19.
    An, Anastasiia
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Early Design Stage Energy Optimization of Bysjöstrand Ecovillage, Sweden2020Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    Decisions made at the early stage of building and settlement design can greatly influence the energy performance of the built environment. However, the type of feasible design intervention and their impact strong depends on project: if it is a new development or a re-development, whether the setting of the project is urban or rural, etc.

    Utilizing Bysjöstrand EcoVillage as a case, the aim of this thesis is to improve the energy performance of a new development at its early design stage through the passive and active use of solar energy.

    The study evaluated the energy saving potential of various passive solar design strategies as well as the solar energy potential of the new development. The steps taken to reduce the energy consumption are focused on the annual heating demand of buildings, since it accounts for more than a half of the total energy consumed by the village. The energy saving potential of the following passive solar design approaches were considered: building siting, building orientation, windows-to-wall ratio (WWR) analysis and insulation thickness optimization from the economic perspective. Furthermore, an assessment of energy generation potential from on-site photovoltaic (PV) systems was conducted. The financial viability of each building’s PV system was also conducted.

    According to the results, the evaluated passive solar design strategies can reduce the annual heating energy consumption close to 17 %. Regarding onsite energy generation, electricity from roof-installed PV systems can cover over 100% of the annual energy consumption estimated for the residential lighting and equipment within the eco-village. In summary, this study has demonstrated that with the above design considerations a 50 % reduction of energy consumption from the utility grid is possible. This study is useful for architects, energy engineers, and other parties who are involved in residential buildings energy performance optimization.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 20.
    An, Anastasiia
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Early Design Stage Energy Optimization of Bysjöstrand Ecovillage, Sweden.2020Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    Decisions made at the early stage of building and settlement design can greatly influence the energy performance of the built environment. However, the type of feasible design intervention and their impact strong depends on project: if it is a new development or a re-development, whether the setting of the project is urban or rural, etc. Utilizing Bysjöstrand EcoVillage as a case, the aim of this thesis is to improve the energy performance of a new development at its early design stage through the passive and active use of solar energy. The study evaluated the energy saving potential of various passive solar design strategies as well as the solar energy potential of the new development. The steps taken to reduce the energy consumption are focused on the annual heating demand of buildings, since it accounts for more than a half of the total energy consumed by the village. The energy saving potential of the following passive solar design approaches were considered: building siting, building orientation, windows-to-wall ratio (WWR) analysis and insulation thickness optimization from the economic perspective. Furthermore, an assessment of energy generation potential from on-site photovoltaic (PV) systems was conducted. The financial viability of each building’s PV system was also conducted. According to the results, the evaluated passive solar design strategies can reduce the annual heating energy consumption close to 17 %. Regarding onsite energy generation, electricity from roof-installed PV systems can cover over 100% of the annual energy consumption estimated for the residential lighting and equipment within the eco-village. In summary, this study has demonstrated that with the above design considerations a 50 % reduction of energy consumption from the utility grid is possible. This study is useful for architects, energy engineers, and other parties who are involved in residential buildings energy performance optimization.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 21.
    Andersen, Martin
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik. Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg.
    Solar District Heating for Low Energy Residential Areas: A Technical Analysis of Heat Distribution Concepts for a Solar Assisted District Heating System2019Licentiatavhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    The integration of a solar thermal system into a district heating network can be a cost-effective solution, especially for new low-energy residential areas. Because of this, many new small solar district heating systems are built at the same time as the buildings, allowing for a more holistic approach to the design and construction. In doing so, it is possible to optimise the integration of the solar thermal system with respect to both cost and technical layout. This thesis presents studies that aim to investigate the most energy efficient distribution concept for successful implementation of solar district heating technology. An existing solar assisted district heating system is modelled in simulation software and the distribution system is varied in order to find out whether there is a more energy efficient option. Three system concepts are investigated: 1. A Hybrid system using a combination of high-temperature, conventional steel pipe primary culvert, intermediate substations containing solar buffer stores and a low-temperature, EPSPEX secondary culvert with DHW-circulation (so-called GRUDIS).2. A Conventional distribution system with steel pipes, higher operating temperatures and centralized solar buffer stores.3. An All GRUDIS system, using only EPSPEX distribution with DHW-circulation, lower operating temperatures and centralized solar buffer stores.A sensitivity analysis is performed by simulating the three different distribution system for various linear heat densities, with the added objective of detecting any range-bound limitations of the different distribution systems. Results indicate that both the hybrid and All GRUDIS distribution concept is preferable to conventional DH distribution regardless of the network heat density. The hybrid concept seems preferable in denser district heating networks, but results are inconclusive regarding the best concept for sparser networks. Preliminary economic considerations show that the initial investment costs may be reduced by changing from a Hybrid to an All GRUDIS distribution concept, although a more detailed analysis is needed to draw conclusions about the most economical solution.Keywords: District heating, solar thermal, simulation, renewable energy, 4DH.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 22.
    Andersen, Martin
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik. Chalmers University of Technology.
    Bales, Chris
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Dalenbäck, Jan-Olof
    Chalmers University of Technology.
    Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar Options for a Block Heating System2016Inngår i: Conference Proceedings: Eurosun 2016, Palma De Mallorca: International Solar Energy Society, 2016, , s. 16Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    An innovative small solar district heating system with one central heating plant and four solar substations has been built in Vallda Heberg, Sweden, to supply a new housing area with passive houses. The target solar fraction was 40% and the total system design, including heat distribution in the buildings, was based on previous experience and aimed to be simple and cost-effective. The main aim of this study was to determine whether the system can be designed in a more effective manner by change of distribution system and load density. TRNSYS models were calibrated against measured data and then used to predict the energy performance. Results indicate that lower distribution heat losses can be obtained by change to a distribution concept with lower operating temperatures, while potentially reducing cost. Changes in heat density cause reduced distribution losses and boiler supplied heat demand, with only minor effects on solar system yield.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 23.
    Arguello, Nicolay
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Iñiguez, Enric
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Renewable Energy Emergency Microgrid Optimization in Ludvika2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 poäng / 30 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    In the community of Ludvika, a Renewable Energy Emergency Microgrid (REEM) has been defined to provide back-up power during crisis situations. An Energy Storage System (ESS) was designed to support the main loads of the Microgrid in the first working hours. Additionally, the ESS will start-up the hydro power station, which will replace the power supply from the battery after the set-up period. However, the necessity of understanding the operation of the major components, such as the photovoltaic (PV) system and the ESS, of the REEM in normal conditions is imperative.

    This study analyses a variety of scenarios to evaluate how the renewable energy of an isolated system can be managed. Alternatives for increasing self-consumption of PV power and reduce feed-in power in the REEM are investigated. All the solutions consider the complete system design and an additional economic analysis for supporting the decision-making. The results show that selling the energy to the grid is the best economic solution, followed by the distribution of energy. However, the difference of 0.5 % in the total net present cost (TNPC) makes the distribution system, including the ESS, an option to be considered. In the upcoming years, changes on the amount of energy produced by the PV system or increasing the battery capacity usage in normal operation can become more feasible.

  • 24.
    Aylott, Benjamin
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Techno-Economic Evaluation of Distributed Generation within a Community Smart Grid with Demand Side Response Using HOMER2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 poäng / 30 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    In this study the distributed generation of renewable energy, primarily photovoltaic power, and consumption of energy within a geographically dispersed smart grid or ‘virtual micro grid’ is simulated using a model based around the HOMER Pro software with the aim of gaining insight into the economic and environmental performance of the system under different assumptions about the configurations of the generators and the presence of low carbon technologies such as heat pumps and electric vehicles. Demand side response for the purpose of reducing carbon emissions was also investigated as part of this.

    As well as simulating the system within HOMER, the study involved constructing a representative load profile for 200 domestic consumers and other loads using existing data, implementing a model for demand side response, using a range of detailed technical and environmental data to configure the HOMER model, and creating custom plotting tools. These features were connected in a data analysis pipeline written in Python included as part of the submission.

    The study found that to improve the environmental and economic performance of the system increasing the amount of renewable generation should be prioritized over other measures, such as demand side response. PV was the easiest to add due to lower upfront costs (compared to battery storage systems and mid-scale wind turbines) and lower financial and regulatory overheads. Carbon emissions were found to be minimized for around 3.5kW of PV per household in this scenario. Including a single mid-scale wind turbine was found to have the potential to greatly increase renewable penetration, and reduce carbon emissions and the cost of energy due to the complementary nature of PV and Wind power production. Battery storage at low penetrations was found to have little impact, but can make a large impact at high penetration but at significant financial expense.

    A range of battery products was also investigated for their suitability for use within the project and future schemes and were evaluated by locating them in the Renewable Fraction/LCOE plane.

    The inclusion of low carbon technologies such as heat pumps and electric vehicles was found to have some negative impact on the performance where only PV is present in the smart grid with little evidence that it can make better use of the renewable power due to poor matching with the available PV generation.

  • 25.
    Azad, Mohammad
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Evaluation of an Energy System for multi-family houses with Combination of Exhaust Air Heat Pump and PV: Case Study: Demonstration Building of The EU Energy Matching Project, Sweden-Ludvika2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 poäng / 30 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis investigated application of the heat recovery ventilation using an exhaust air heat pump and a roof top photovoltaic (PV) system for a group of three multi-family houses located in Ludvika, Sunnansjö. The buildings in the existing condition have mechanical ventilation and a centralized heating system consists of a pellet boiler as the main source and an oil boiler as back up.

    Exhaust air heat pump (EAHP) has been known by the previous relevant researches as an effective solution to promote the energy efficiency in the buildings. Furthermore, reduction in PV cost has made the PV as a financially viable option to be contributed in supplying electricity demand.

    In this respect, this thesis aimed to calculate the potential of energy saving in the case study using the combination of EAHP and PV. For this purpose, the buildings and the proposed energy system were simulated to enable the comparison of energy demand before and after the renovation. The simulation was gradually progressed through several phases and each stage created the prerequisites of the next.

    Since the buildings were relatively similar in terms of boundary conditions, one of the buildings were initially modeled and the concluded space heating (SH) demand was extrapolated to the three buildings scope. The simulation of the building was done using 3dimensional thermal model offered by Trnsys3d. The primary results were also calibrated against the available annual fuel consumption data. In the second phase, a pre-developed TRNSYS model of the energy system was completed using the result of previous step as the total SH demand as well as the estimated domestic hot water (DHW) consumption from a stochastic model. This simulation produced the electricity demand profile of the heat pump when the heat pump provided the total heat demand. Subsequently, the electricity consumption of the flats and operational equipment were estimated using stochastic model and available monthly measurement, respectively.

    Since the feasibility and optimal placement of 74 𝑘𝑊 PV modules offered for these buildings had been already examined by the author in another study, the final simulation were performed in an hourly basis considering PV production and total electricity demand; i.e. EAHP, flats consumption and operational equipment.

    The results of the simulation showed that 21 % of total electricity demand during a year could be supplied by the proposed PV system even without any electrical storage, whereas 74 % of total yearly PV production is consumed by the local loads. The results also proved that removing old inefficient oil boiler and supplementing the pellet boiler with the combination of EAHP and PV could mitigate the annual purchased energy (including electricity and pellet) by approximately 40 % compared to the current condition.

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  • 26.
    Bales, Chris
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    ClimateWell TDC with District Heat2010Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    The PolySMART demonstration system SP1b has been modeled in TRNSYS and calibrated against monitored data. The system is an example of distributed cooling with centralized CHP, where the driving heat is delivered via the district heating network. The system pre-cools the cooling water for the head office of Borlänge municipality, for which the main cooling is supplied by a 200 kW compression chiller. The SP1b system thus provides pre-cooling. It consists of ClimateWell TDC with nominal capacity of 10 kW together with a dry cooler for recooling and heat exchangers in the cooling and driving circuits. The cooling system is only operated from 06:00 to 17:00 during working days, and the cooling season is generally from mid May to mid September. The nominal operating conditions of the main chiller are 12/15°C.

    The main aims of this simulation study were to: reduce the electricity consumption, and if possible to improve the thermal COP and capacity at the same time; and to study how the system would perform with different boundary conditions such as climate and load.

    The calibration of the system model was made in three stages: estimation of parameters based on manufacturer data and dimensions of the system; calibration of each circuit (pipes and heat exchangers) separately using steady state point; and finally calibration of the complete model in terms of thermal and electrical energy as well as running times, for a five day time series of data with one minute average data values. All the performance figures were with 3% of the measured values apart from the running time for the driving circuit that was 4% different. However, the performance figures for this base case system for the complete cooling season of mid-May to midSeptember were significantly better than those for the monitoring data. This was attributed to long periods when the monitored system was not in operation and due to a control parameter that hindered cold delivery at certain times. 

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  • 27.
    Bales, Chris
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Andersen, M.
    Bava, F.
    Louvet, Y.
    Peréz de la Mora, N.
    Sotnikov, A.
    Shantia, A.
    SHINE Doctoral School: Results from six PhD studies on large scale solar thermal2016Inngår i: 4th International Solar District Heating Conference, 2016Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    The Solar Heat Integration NEtwork (SHINE) is a European research school in which 13 PhD students in solar thermal technologies are funded by the EU Marie-Curie program. It has five PhD course modules as well as workshops and seminars dedicated to PhD students both within the project as well as outside of it. The SHINE research activities focus on large solar heating systems and new applications: on district heating, industrial processes and new storage systems. The scope of this paper is on systems for district heating for which there are six PhD students, five at universities and one at a company. The initial work concentrated on literature studies and on setting up initial models and measurement setups to be used for validation purposes. The measurements have been used for validating simulation models, including those used for extending the capabilities of the planning tool Polysun to simulate smaller district heating systems. Some results of these studies are presented in the paper. The PhD students will complete their studies in 2017-18.

  • 28.
    Bales, Chris
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Betak, Jan
    Broum, Michal
    Chèze, David
    Cuvillier, Guillaume
    Haberl, Robert
    Hafner, Bernd
    Haller, Michel
    Poppi, Stefano
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Weidinger, Alexander
    Optimized solar and heat pump systems, components and dimensioning: Deliverable 7.3 - MacSheep - New Materials and Control for a next generation of compact combined Solar and heat pump systems with boosted energetic and exergetic performance2015Rapport (Annet (populærvitenskap, debatt, mm))
    Abstract [en]

    This report describes the optimised solar and heat pump systems developed in the MacSheepproject as well as the simulation results for these systems. Four systems have been developed by four different development groups, each with one private company participating. The development groups have chosen different types of systems as well as different target loads for their systems, which give a wide coverage of the potential markets. The aim of the project was to achieve a 25% performance increase compared to state of the art systems, while being cost-competitive compared to the state of the art.Two reference state of the art solar and heat pump systems have been defined, modelled,and simulated to derive benchmark electricity demands and SPF values for the boundary conditions that were defined for the MacSheep project. The reference systems usedtheground (boreholes) orair as a heat source for the heat pump. The chosen boundary conditions were the climates of Zurich and Carcassone, arealistic DHW load,and two buildings, one representing a modern low energy building (SFH45) and one representing an existing building (SFH100). These reference systems and boundary conditions were defined within the first year of the project, and are used throughout the project.New components were developed for the MacSheepsolar and heat pump systems and these developments are reported in the reportsof work packages 3 –6. Component models have been programmed and validated with laboratory measurements.In this report, simulation results for the four MacSheep systems arecompared to the relevant reference system in order to quantify the expected performance increase. These simulations include the component models with their validated parameters and performance obtained from phase 3 of the project.In addition, the costs of the systemswere estimated. The key performance indicator for the final system developments was defined as a figure for electric savings (25%) compared to the state of the art at competitive (i.e. comparable) cost. Therefore, cost-savings that were achieved for some of the components that were developed were allowed to be compensated by increased cost for other components or increased collector areasin order to show the project's achievements in the light of the defined key performance indicator.At present, the updated simulations show electric savings of 17%, 24%, 26%, and 30%, respectively, for the different developments and the different target heat loads.Threeof these systems will be built and tested during 2015,using the whole system test method that was further developed within the MacSheep project (see report D2.3 for more details). The results from these tests will give benchmark energy used of these systems both for the test sequence itself but also on an annual base. In addition, the simulation models described in this report will be verified against the measurements and then used for annual simulations for otherboundary conditionsthan the once that are represented in the test sequence.

  • 29.
    Bales, Chris
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Betak, Jan
    Broum, Michal
    Chèze, David
    CEA INES.
    Cuvillier, Guillaume
    Haberl, Robert
    Institut für Solartechnik SPF Hochschule für Technik HSR.
    Haller, Michel Y.
    Institut für Solartechnik SPF Hochschule für Technik HSR.
    Hamp, Quirin
    Poppi, Stefano
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Weidinger, Alexander
    Final report on storage developments in WP - Deliverable 5.4: MacSheep - New Materials and Control for a next generation of compact combined Solar and heat pump systems with boosted energetic and exergetic performance2015Rapport (Annet (populærvitenskap, debatt, mm))
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  • 30.
    Bales, Chris
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Gustafsson, Marcus
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Chiara, Dipasquale
    Roberto, Fedrizzi
    Alessandro, Bellini
    Matteo, D’Antoni
    Fabian, Ochs
    Georgios, Dermentzis
    Sarah, Birchall
    D2.1c Simulation Results of Reference Buildings2014Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    This report is the third part of the deliverable D2.1, where the other two parts report on the energy consumption in the building stock in Europe based on the available energy statistics (D2.1a) and the energy policies related to buildings (D2.1b).The aim of this report is to give complementary information about the heating and cooling demands of residential and office buildings based on simulations, so that the many gaps in the energy statistics can be filled and the statistics can be critically evaluated. The methodology results in a complete and consistent overview of the heating and cooling demands in residential and office buildings for seven different climate regions covering the whole of the EU and six different periods of construction, covering pre-1945 to post 2000. In addition, the data for the residential building stock is split into single family houses, small and large multifamily houses, while for offices the results are given for low and high rise offices with 6 or 12 office units per floor.The simulation models have been benchmarked (calibrated) against the energy statistics for each of the seven climate regions based on the aggregated data for the whole residential building stock and then for the office building stock in that climate region (in D2.1a). The methodology derives the aggregated average using weighted averages of data split into periods of construction and typology for both energy statistics and simulation results. The weighting is done based on heated and cooled floor area. As nearly all of the energy statistics are given in terms of consumption, while simulation results were calculated as demand, the demand data were converted to consumption data. One fixed conversion factor was used for heating (average efficiency 0.8) and one for cooling (average EER 2.5). Since the calculated demands strongly depend on the imposed heating or cooling set temperatures, this simulation parameter was varied so that the aggregated simulation result was the same as that for the consumption derived from the energy statistics. The calibrated models were then used to derive the average heating and cooling consumptions of the building stock in the seven climate regions.The methodology has a number of uncertainties, both in terms of the energy statistics as well as in terms of the simplifications and assumptions in the simulation models. During the calibration process a number of inconsistencies have been detected for individual countries and climate regions between simulation results and energy use from statistic data. The mismatches are analytically assessed, showing improvements necessary both in terms of statistic data necessary for reliable energy estimations and data to be gathered in order to guarantee consistent simulations outcomes.Beside the building stock survey completion and statistic data quality assessment, the work is also the basis for the definition of suitable Energy Renovation Packages and Products within the iNSPiRe project. The simulation results will be used to identify which building typologies, periods of construction and climate region have the largest potential for impact on the European scenario. Such information will be used within the iNSPiRe project to define reference Target buildings, as virtual demonstration cases to prove the potential improvements and impacts following the renovation process of a given share of the European building stock.

  • 31.
    Bales, Chris
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Lorenz, Klaus
    Application of Polysun in Teaching Courses in Sweden and in the PhD Program SHINE2016Inngår i: SIGES Internationale Konferenz zur Simulation gebäudetechnischer Energiesysteme, 2016, s. 90-95Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 32.
    Bastholm, Caroline
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik. IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme.
    A user guide to simple monitoring and sustainable operation of PV-diesel hybrid systems: Handbook for system users and operators2015Rapport (Annet (populærvitenskap, debatt, mm))
    Abstract [en]

    This report contains a suggestion for a simple monitoring and evaluation guideline for PV-diesel hybrid systems. It offers system users a way to better understand if their system is operated in a way that will make it last for a long time. It also gives suggestions on how to act if there are signs of unfavourable use or failure. The application of the guide requires little technical equipment, but daily manual measurements. For the most part, it can be managed by pen and paper, by people with no earlier experience of power systems.The guide is structured and expressed in a way that targets PV-diesel hybrid system users with no, or limited, earlier experience of power engineering. It is less detailed in terms of motivations for certain choices and limitations, but rich in details concerning calculations, evaluation procedures and maintenance routines. A more scientific description of the guide can be found in a related journal article.

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  • 33.
    Bastholm, Caroline
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik. Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik.
    Micro-grids supplied by renewable energy: Improving technical and social feasibility2019Licentiatavhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Universal access to electricity stands high on the global agenda and is regarded as essential for positive development in sectors such as health care, education, poverty reduction, food production and climate change. Decentralized, off-grid electrification is deemed an important complement to centralized grid extension. By utilizing a renewable energy source, solar technology for the generation of electricity, photovoltaics (PV) is being considered as a way forward to minimize the environmental problems related to energy use.

    This thesis aims to contribute to improving the technical and social feasibility of PV and PV-diesel hybrid micro-grids for the purpose of providing access to electricity to people in rural areas of countries with low level access to electricity. In line with these general aims, the focus has been to address three questions related to challenges in three phases of rural electrification. The work has a multi-disciplinary approach, addressing mainly technical and social aspects of long-term sustainability of micro-grids, in a local context, and the changes these are intended to generate. One specific micro-grid in Tanzania has been used as a major case study.

    The thesis is developed through three papers, all presenting methodologies or aspects for investigation in rural electrification projects and studies in general, and for PV-diesel hybrid micro-grids in particular. Paper I puts forward a methodology to facilitate non-social scientific researchers to take social aspects increasingly into consideration. Paper II is a guideline to support system users to increasingly apply an evaluation based system operation. Paper III specifically highlights the importance to consider blackouts when investigating how an existing off-grid PV-diesel hybrid system shall be utilized when a national grid becomes available.

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  • 34.
    Bastholm, Caroline
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Fiedler, Frank
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Techno-economic study of the impact of blackouts on the viability of connecting an off-grid PV-diesel hybrid system in Tanzania to the national power grid2018Inngår i: Energy Conversion and Management, ISSN 0196-8904, E-ISSN 1879-2227, Vol. 171, nr 1, s. 647-658Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    National electrification plans for many countries with a low level of electrification promote the implementation of centralized and decentralized electrification in parallel. This paper explores different ways of utilizing an established off-grid PV-diesel hybrid system when the national grid becomes available. This is a rather unique starting point within the otherwise well-explored area of rural electrification. With particular focus on the impact of blackouts in the national grid, we evaluate the economic viability of some alternatives: to continue to use the off-grid micro-grid, to connect the existing micro-grid with or without battery backup to the national grid, or to use the national grid only. Our simulation results in HOMER demonstrate that with a grid without blackouts, there are few benefits to maintain the existing system. Low grid-connection fees, low tariffs and low revenues from selling excess electricity to the grid contribute to this result despite the fact that the system does not carry any investment costs. With a grid with blackouts, it is beneficial to maintain the system. The extent of blackouts and the load on the system determine which system configuration is most feasible. The results make clear the importance of taking blackouts in the national grid into consideration when possible system configurations are being evaluated. This is rarely quantified in studies comparing different electrification alternatives, but deserves more attention.

  • 35. Bee, Elena
    et al.
    Prada, Alessandro
    Baggio, Paolo
    Psimopoulos, Emmanouil
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik. Uppsala University.
    Air-source heat pump and photovoltaic systems for residential heating and cooling: Potential of self-consumption in different European climates2019Inngår i: Building Simulation, ISSN 1996-3599, E-ISSN 1996-8744, Vol. 12, nr 3, s. 453-463Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Renewable sources will play a key role in meeting the EU targets for 2030. The combined use of an aerothermal source through a heat pump and a solar source with a photovoltaic (PV) system is one feasible and promising technology for the heating and cooling of residential spaces. In this study, a detailed model of a single-family house with an air-source heat pump and a PV system is developed with the TRNSYS simulation software. Yearly simulations are run for two types of buildings and nine European climates, for both heating and cooling (where needed), in order to have an overview of the system behaviour, which is deeply influenced by the climate. The storage system (electrical and thermal) is also investigated, by means of multiple simulation scenarios, with and without the battery and with different water storage sizes. The numerical results provide an overview of the performance of the considered heating and cooling system, as well as the balance of the electrical energy exchange between the grid, the building, and the PV array.

  • 36. Belleri, Annamaria
    et al.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Saini, Puneet
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Sanchez de soria, Tomas
    Solarwall.
    Paolo, Bonato
    EURAC.
    Adami, Jennifer
    D4.2 Solar assisted ventilation2020Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
  • 37.
    Biramo, Israel
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Energy-Water-Agriculture Nexus Mini-grids to Power Rural Productive Hubs in Sub-Saharan Africa: A case study of Walta Jalala village in Bedeno Woreda of Ethiopia2020Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 poäng / 30 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    The thrive to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 7 is never been easy, and numbers are still showing that Sub-Saharan Africa is lagging in access to electricity index. Most of the energy poor communities residing in the rural part of the region, this by itself is a conundrum with multifaceted implications. The high capital expenditure for renewable energy technologies, the low paying ability of the society in Sub-Saharan Africa, the unavailability of anchor customer’s and so on needs new means of approaching the access problem. This study aims to enlighten policy makers on promoting energy as input to production than merely focusing on the access issue. In the report, a renewable mini-grid powering a local economic activity of a remote agrarian village in Ethiopia is discussed. Through a simulation study using PVsyst and Homer Pro tools, a yearly optimized PV diesel hybrid system with rounded up lowest LCOE of $0.17/kWh is obtained for the village in the case study. The LCOE of the mini-grid with lead acid battery and Li-ion battery is also studied at a yearly average operating temperature range of 10 to 40 ℃. The simulation-based study demonstrated that mini-grid systems with lead acid and Li-ion battery have fairly comparable LCOE between 10 to 20 ℃, however the Li-ion battery results in a lower LCOE for operating temperature beyond 25 ℃. The study has shown that mini-grids with productive energy can be cost effective option for powering areas where the grid-connection is cost and time intensive to address the energy poverty issue by 2030 or after.

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  • 38. Birchall, Sarah
    et al.
    Gustafsson, Marcus
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik. KTH.
    Wallis, Ian
    Dipasquale, Chiara
    Bellini, Alessandro
    Fedrizzi, Roberto
    Survery and simulation of energy use in the European building stock2016Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    the work towards increased energy efficiency. In order to plan and perform effective energy renovation of the buildings, it is necessary to have adequate information on the current status of the buildings in terms of architectural features and energy needs. Unfortunately, the official statistics do not include all of the needed information for the whole building stock.

     

    This paper aims to fill the gaps in the statistics by gathering data from studies, projects and national energy agencies, and by calibrating TRNSYS models against the existing data to complete missing energy demand data, for countries with similar climate, through simulation. The survey was limited to residential and office buildings in the EU member states (before July 2013). This work was carried out as part of the EU FP7 project iNSPiRe.

     

    The building stock survey revealed over 70% of the residential and office floor area is concentrated in the six most populated countries. The total energy consumption in the residential sector is 14 times that of the office sector. In the residential sector, single family houses represent 60% of the heated floor area, albeit with different share in the different countries, indicating that retrofit solutions cannot be focused only on multi-family houses.

     

    The simulation results indicate that residential buildings in central and southern European countries are not always heated to 20 °C, but are kept at a lower temperature during at least part of the day. Improving the energy performance of these houses through renovation could allow the occupants to increase the room temperature and improve their thermal comfort, even though the potential for energy savings would then be reduced.

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  • 39.
    Blackman, Corey
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik. Mälardalens högskola.
    Evaluation of a thermally driven heat pump for solar heating and cooling applications2015Licentiatavhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Exploiting solar energy technology for both heating and cooling purposes has the potential of meeting an appreciable portion of the energy demand in buildings throughout the year. By developing an integrated, multi-purpose solar energy system, that can operate all twelve months of the year, a high utilisation factor can be achieved which translates to more economical systems. However, there are still some techno-economic barriers to the general commercialisation and market penetration of such technologies. These are associated with high system and installation costs, significant system complexity, and lack of knowledge of system implementation and expected performance. A sorption heat pump module that can be integrated directly into a solar thermal collector has thus been developed in order to tackle the aforementioned market barriers. This has been designed for the development of cost-effective pre-engineered solar energy system kits that can provide both heating and cooling.

    This thesis summarises the characterisation studies of the operation of individual sorption modules, sorption module integrated solar collectors and a full solar heating and cooling system employing sorption module integrated collectors. Key performance indicators for the individual sorption modules showed cooling delivery for 6 hours at an average power of 40 W and a temperature lift of 21°C. Upon integration of the sorption modules into a solar collector, measured solar radiation energy to cooling energy conversion efficiencies (solar cooling COP) were between 0.10 and 0.25 with average cooling powers between 90 and 200 W/m2 collector aperture area. Further investigations of the sorption module integrated collectors implementation in a full solar heating and cooling system yielded electrical cooling COP ranging from 1.7 to 12.6 with an average of 10.6 for the test period.

    Additionally, simulations were performed to determine system energy and cost saving potential for various system sizes over a full year of operation for a 140 m2 single-family dwelling located in Madrid, Spain. Simulations yielded an annual solar fraction of 42% and potential cost savings of €386 per annum for a solar heating and cooling installation employing 20m2 of sorption integrated collectors.

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  • 40.
    Blackman, Corey
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik. Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik.
    Evaluation of Modular Thermally Driven Heat Pump Systems2020Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    The building sector accounts for approximately 40% of primary energy use within the European Union, therefore reductions in the energy use intensity of this sector are critical in decreasing total energy usage. Given that the majority of energy used within the built environment is for space conditioning and domestic hot water preparation, prudence would suggest that decreasing primary energy used for these end purposes would have the biggest overall environmental impact. A significant portion of the energy demands in buildings throughout the year could potentially be met using solar energy technology for both heating and cooling. Additionally, improving the efficiency of current heating and cooling appliances can reduce environmental impacts during the transition from non-renewable to renewable sources of energy. However, in spite of favourable energy saving prospects, major energy efficiency improvements as well as solar heating and cooling technology are still somewhat underutilised. This is typically due to higher initial costs, and lack of knowledge of system implementation and expected performance.

     

    The central premise of this thesis is that modular thermally (i.e., sorption) driven heat pumps can be integrated into heating and cooling systems to provide energy cost savings. These sorption modules, by virtue of their design, could be integrated directly into a solar thermal collector. With the resulting sorption integrated collectors, cost-effective pre-engineered solar heating and cooling system kits can be developed. Sorption modules could also be employed to improve the efficiency of natural gas driven boilers. These modules would effectively transform standard condensing boilers into high efficiency gas-driven heat pumps that, similar to electric heat pumps, make use of air or ground-source heat.

     

    Based on the studies carried, sorption modules are promising for integration into heating and cooling systems for the built environment generating appreciable energy and cost-savings. Simulations yielded an annual solar fraction of 42% and potential cost savings of €386 per annum for a sorption integrated solar heating and cooling installation versus a state-of-the-art heating and cooling system. Additionally, a sorption integrated gas-fired condensing boiler yielded annual energy savings of up to 14.4% and corresponding annual energy cost savings of up to €196 compared to a standard condensing boiler.

     

    A further evaluation method for sorption modules, saw the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) to characterise and predict the performance of the sorption module under various operating conditions. This generic, application agnostic model, could characterise sorption module performance within a ± 8% margin of error. This study thus culminates in the proposal of an overall systematic evaluation method for sorption modules that could be employed for various applications based on the analytical, experimental and simulation methods developed.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
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  • 41.
    Blackman, Corey
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Experimental Evaluation and Concept Demonstration of a Novel Modular Gas-Driven Sorption Heat Pump2017Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Gas-driven sorption heat pumps (GDSHPs) exhibit possibilities in the reduction of energy use and environmental impact of heating systems that utilise natural gas. By utilising renewable thermal energy from the environment, that is, air, ground or water sources, significant reduction of primary energy use can be achieved. However, high cost, low coefficient of performance (COP) and large volume per unit thermal power produced have limited the proliferation of GDSHPs. In this work, exploiting the benefits of reversible chemical reactions in sorption systems, with no internal moving parts, noise, vibration and maintenance-free reactor design, two novel modular prototype sorption components were developed and evaluated experimentally. They were designed to operate as part of an intermittent cycle GDSHP to deliver heat directly to a load or to a stratified hot water store. Prototype 1 was an ammonia-salt basic sorption unit while prototype 2 was an ammonia-salt resorption unit both employing proprietary composite sorbent materials. Test results showed that the prototype 2 reactor produced a specific heating capacity of 46 W/litre at a temperature lift of 50°C yielding a COP of 1.38. Prototype 1 demonstrated higher heating capacity of 73 W/litre at a temperature lift of 70°C but exhibited lower COP of 1.10. Given its higher COP but lower temperature lift, prototype 2 could be employed in a GDSHP designed for moderate heating demands or where a ground source heat exchanger is employed as the low temperature heat source. In the case where a higher temperature lift is required, for example, for an air-source GDSHP unit then the prototype 1 design would be more applicable.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 42.
    Blackman, Corey
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Study of Optimal Sizing for Residential Sorption Heat Pump System2017Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Gas-driven sorption heat pumps (GDSHP) show significant potential to reduce primary energy use, associated emissions and energy costs for space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) production in residential applications. In this study a bivalent system was considered, characterised by the integration of a novel modular sorption heat pump component and a condensing boiler. The modular heat pump component, or sorption module (SM), has been developed in two types: Type A and Type B, either of which could be integrated into a bivalent GDSHP system. The Type A sorption module had a functioning principle based on a solid chemisorption cycle, while Type B operates under a resorption cycle. To investigate the applicability of each SM type, a bivalent GDSHP system with a Type A SM (GDSHPA) and one with a Type B SM (GDSHPB) were evaluated. Simulations of year-round space heating loads for two single family houses, one in New York and the other Minnesota, were carried out and the seasonal gas coefficient of performance (SGCOP) for each GDSHP system calculated. The impact of the ratio of the design heating capacity of the SM compared to the peak heating capacity of the bivalent GDSHP was studied. Results show that SGCOP was not significantly affected for SM design heating capacity ratios greater than 66% of the peak GDSHPA design capacity in Minnesota, and 21% for GDSHPB. In New York, the ratios were 55% and 35% for GDSHPA and GDSHPB respectively.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 43.
    Blackman, Corey
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Test Platform and Methodology for Model Parameter Identification of Sorption Heat Pump Modules2017Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Sorption heat pumps are employed in various heat-driven cooling and heat pumping applications. These heat pumps may be driven by solar energy, natural gas, biogas, geothermal energy or waste heat. Given that a plethora of heat sources and sorption materials can be exploited for different applications, various sorption heat pump modules have been developed. The sorption modules are pre-engineered sorption components for increased ease of sorption system development, improved cost effectiveness and reduced system complexity for various applications. However, in the design of sorption modules, component and system modelling and simulation are useful in the process of determining the optimal candidate of several possible sorption working couples for a given application. A test platform has been developed and a test methodology devised for the rapid characterisation of the transient behaviour of the sorption modules. The testing apparatus was used to derive various model parameters to be used for validation of a dynamic sorption module component model. The test method was analogous to that employed for dynamic testing and performance modelling of electrochemical accumulators (i.e. electric batteries) given the similarities between them and sorption modules (also known as thermochemical accumulators). The model parameter identification was based on various heating and cooling power performance parameters as a function of state of charge (SoC) of the sorption modules. A 7-step procedure was used to characterise the performance of the sorption modules based on experimental data. A reference performance for charge and discharge of the sorption modules was measured followed by several measurements at ‘off-reference’ conditions. Performance curves for ‘off-reference’ conditions were then correlated to reference conditions to generate performance curves that describe the transient cooling and heating power delivery of the sorption module at any point within the test range. Results showed that the discharge performance of the sorption modules could be predicted within a reasonable margin of error with a test run sequence of 39 cycles.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 44.
    Blackman, Corey
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik. Mälardalen University.
    Bales, Chris
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Experimental evaluation of a novel absorption heat pump module for solar cooling applications2015Inngår i: Science and Technology for the Built Environment, ISSN 2374-4731, Vol. 21, nr 3, s. 323-331Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Given the environmental benefits of utilizing free thermal energy sources, such as waste heat and solar energy for cooling purposes, many developments have come about in thermally driven cooling. However, there are still some barriers to the general commercialization and market penetration of such technologies that are associated with system and installation costs, complexity, and maintenance. In efforts to overcome these limitations, a novel absorption heat pump module has been developed and tested. The module comprises a fully encapsulated sorption tube containing hygroscopic salt sorbent and water as a refrigerant, sealed under vacuum, and within which there are no moving parts. The absorption module consists of two main components, one that alternately functions as an absorber or generator and other that alternates between the roles of evaporator and condenser. The module therefore operates cyclically between a cooling delivery phase and a regeneration phase. Each module has a significant energy storage capacity with cooling delivery phases ranging from 6-10 h in length with temperature lifts between 16 degrees C and 25 degrees C. The modules are optimized for integration directly into a solar thermal collector, for roof or facade installation, for daytime regeneration and night-time cooling delivery. Collector integrated modules would be completely modular maintenance-free absorption heat pumps with similar installation requirements to standard solar thermal collectors. This article describes the test method and performance characteristics of the individual absorption modules.

  • 45.
    Blackman, Corey
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Bales, Chris
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Thorin, Eva
    Techno-economic evaluation of solar-assisted heating and cooling systems with sorption module integrated solar collectors2015Inngår i: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 70, s. 409-417Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Currently the use of solar energy for heating and cooling isn't widespread. In order to reduce primary energy consumption in the built environment along with improving the thermal performance of the current building stock, retrofit solutions are required to utilise renewable energy. Using solar energy to reduce primary energy consumption is seen as a possible solution. With the precipitous fall in the prices of crystalline solar photovoltaic modules, utilising this technology to reduce electrical energy consumption for cooling is an attractive solution. Recently, a sorption module integrated collector has been developed in order to improve cost-effectiveness and simplify solar thermal heating and cooling systems. A techno-economic analysis has been performed to evaluate solar photovoltaic cooling and solar thermal cooling systems for residential renewable energy retrofit. The analysis is based on potential energy and cost savings according to simulated heating and cooling loads under climatic conditions of Madrid, Spain. Simplified models were used to determine heating and cooling demands and the solar energy contribution to heating and cooling loads. Additionally, given the sorption collector's unique capacity to store solar energy thermally and provide cooling at night an analysis has been carried out to identify the combined benefit of solar-assisted heating and cooling via photovoltaics during the day and solar sorption at night. For system sizes between 5m(2) and 20m(2) solar fractions between 16% and 64% could be achieved which translated to annual energy cost savings between (sic)153 to (sic)615. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  • 46.
    Blackman, Corey
    et al.
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik. SaltX Technology, Hägersten, Stockholm; Mälardalen University.
    Gluesenkamp, Kyle R.
    Malhotra, Mini
    Yang, Zhiyao
    Study of optimal sizing for residential sorption heat pump system2019Inngår i: Applied Thermal Engineering, ISSN 1359-4311, E-ISSN 1873-5606, Vol. 150, nr 5, s. 421-432Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Gas-driven sorption heat pumps (GDSHP) show significant potential to reduce primary energy use, associated emissions and energy costs for space heating and domestic hot water production in residential applications. This study considered a bivalent heating system consisting of a sorption heat pump and a condensing boiler, and focuses on the optimal heating capacity of each of these components relative to each other. Two bivalent systems were considered: one based on a solid chemisorption cycle (GDSHPA), and one based on a resorption cycle (GDSHPB). Simulations of year-round space heating loads for two single family houses, one in New York and the other Minnesota, were carried out and the seasonal gas coefficient of performance (SGCOP) calculated. The sorption heat pump’s design heating capacity as a fraction of the bivalent system’s total heating capacity was varied from 0 to 100%. Results show that SGCOP was effectively constant for sorption heat pump design capacity greater than 41% of the peak bivalent GDSHPA design capacity in Minnesota, and 32% for GDSHPB. In New York, these values were 42% and 34% for GDSHPA and GDSHPB respectively. Payback period was also evaluated based on postulated sorption heat pump component costs. The fastest payback was achieved with sorption heat pump design capacity between 22–44%.

  • 47.
    Boyle, Patrick
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Energy Performance Simulation of Different Ventilation Systems in Sweden and Corresponding Compliance in the LEED Residential Rating System2020Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    The importance of energy efficiency in the operation of the built environment is becoming increasingly important. Energy use in the building sector has exceeded both transportation and industry, while within buildings heating, ventilation, and air conditioning has the greatest share. In light of the recent pandemic forcing governments to issue quarantines and stay-at-home orders people are spending even more time indoors, this further emphasizes the importance of proper ventilation and the impacts on energy use.

    The purpose of this research was to perform a case study of a low environmental impact demonstration house to compare the energy performance of various ventilation strategies. The ventilation strategies varied by overall airflow rate, control strategy, and the presence of heat recovery.

    Performance was evaluated by establishing a model in IDA ICE, an equation-based modeling tool for the simulation of indoor thermal climate and energy use. The results showed energy savings due to demand-control with a reduction of 12.5%. Results also showed similar savings with a heat recovery system, indicating that any savings in heat loss due to heat recovery is at the expense of increased auxiliary energy. In this particular case, the benefit of upgrading to a heat recovery system from simple demand control set up is not readily apparent.

    Results also demonstrated trends and possible complications useful to future research plans that aim to measure real world ventilation performance, including how differences in the number and location of sensors impact the efficacy of the demand-controlled systems.

    A secondary aim was to observe how a newly constructed, low environmental impact home built in Sweden performs according the residential LEED energy budget. The results demonstrated that constructing a house using low impact materials with low embodied energy does not have to negatively impact energy performance, scoring extremely well in the Energy and Atmosphere category of a widely used sustainable building rating system.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 48.
    Brandsma, Age
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Performance Evaluation for a Solar Assisted Air Conditioning System in Taipei2017Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 poäng / 30 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    This report shows the study performed at Taipei National University of Technology in Taipei to evaluate the performance of a solar air conditioning system. The performance is evaluated under Taiwan climate conditions. The research is performed under summer weather conditions. No influence is done on these conditions. A solar air conditioning system currently available on the market is used. No changes are made to the system.

    The work to be done is divided into different phases in order to guide the process. First, a literature research is done to find similar research done on this topic and to gain a basic understanding of the topic. Then several measurement plans are made to investigate different parts of the system.. Measurements are done. It is tried to developing a computer model in order to be able to simulate the system performance.

    The overall objective was to gain knowledge about a solar assisted air-conditioning system and develop a model to simulate the system. Initially a list of research questions was made in order to quantify ‘gaining knowledge’ about the system. The plan was to answer them by using measurement data and creating a model to perform simulations. There are measurements done in this report, however due to too many ‘unknowns’* it is difficult to draw conclusions from them. A lot of research questions are still open and they are also not included in this report. It is also not succeeded to make a working model of a solar assisted air conditioner.

    It is succeeded in making a model to predict the performance of the evaporator. This model is currently within 11% accurate.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 49.
    Cano Garcia, Jose
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Damp Heat Degradation of CIGS Solar Modules2017Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
    Abstract [en]

    Due to the short period that some photovoltaic technologies have taken part on the solar energy market, it is crucial to evaluate the long term stability of solar cells belonging to those technologies in order to ensure a minimum lifetime of their performance. Accelerated degradation tests are thus carried out to achieve such goals.

    The present study analyzes the encapsulation effects on co-evaporated manufactured Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) solar cells under damp heat conditions, consisting in 85 °C and 85 % relative humidity, during an approximated period of 1000 hours. The experimental procedure has been carried out at Solliance Solar Research facilities.

    Since the encapsulation packages play a critical role as a protection to achieve long term stability of the solar cells and modules, several packaging structures and materials has been taken into study. Thus, eighteen types of mini modules were manufactured including different combinations of encapsulants, front sheet foils, thin film protective barriers and CIGS cells from different manufacturers. The design of these mini modules and the manufacturing process to obtain them is also presented in this work. Various characterization techniques were carried out in order to acquire the required information about the solar cells and encapsulants performance along the damp heat degradation process.

    The results exposed that encapsulation packages including thin film barriers between the encapsulant and the front sheet foil allowed a longer solar cell lifetime due to their remarkable protection against moisture ingress. Moreover, the degradation of the molybdenum layer included in the CIGS cells was found as principal cause of efficiency decrement and end of performance of solar cells protected by regular encapsulant and front sheet foils. Some other findings in relation with the evaluated components are shown along the present study.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 50. Cao, x
    et al.
    Yuan, Y
    Xiang, B
    Sun, L
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Högskolan Dalarna, Akademin Industri och samhälle, Energiteknik.
    Numerical investigation on optimal number of longitudinal fins in horizontal annular phase change unit at different wall temperatures2018Inngår i: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 158, s. 384-392Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
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