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  • 1.
    Berge, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Humanities and Media Studies, History. MIA.
    Abessinienkampanjen i svensk press 1935-362017In: Svenska historikermötet 2017 / [ed] Svenska historiska föreningen, Sundsvall, 2017Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Abessinienkampanjen i svensk press 1935-36 handlar om hur svensk allmänhet genom media för första gången möter och, på grund av det brutala italienska angreppskriget, kommer att identifiera sig med ett samhälle och en kultur långt bortom det kända Västerlandet. Men det handlar också om att nyansera och fördjupa bilden av svensk identitet och Sverige som en medveten del av det internationella samfundet – före kalla krigets bipolära värld och 1960-talets politiska radikalism.

  • 2.
    Berge, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Humanities and Media Studies, History. MIA.
    Den bortglömda Afrikasolidariteten: Svenska manifestationer inför det Italiensk-etiopiska kriget 1935–362016In: Kulturell reproduktion i skola och nation: En vänbok till Lars Petterson / [ed] Urban Claesson och Dick Åhman, Möklinta: Gidlunds förlag, 2016, 1, p. 149-168Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In 1935, Fascist Italy invaded independent Ethiopia, a member of the League of Nations. To a small and neutral country like Sweden, without a direct colonial heritage and largely isolated from the affairs of the colonized world, the war served as a touchstone for the quality of the League and received extensive attention in the press. It gave rise to great indignation in public opinion, further spurred by Swedish citizens’ half a century history of involvement in the Ethiopian modernizing project. Swedish sympathies for the Ethiopians developed to an extent which hitherto had not existed with regard to any other African or Asian people, long before the anti-colonial movements of the 1960s. The article is limited to giving an outline of a research proposal, seen against the backdrop of the massive popular manifestations in Sweden in the late summer of 1935, immediately before the outbreak of the war in October. It argues that the Italo-Ethiopian conflict and identification with Ethiopia brought Sweden into a new, international and global community and thereby contributed to a self-image of Sweden as a modern and democratic society, as reflected in the formation of public opinion. The source material, the Swedish press, is remarkably rich and hitherto not used in research. The conflict animated a plurality of networks, contributing to the rise of an anti-colonial public opinion in the Swedish press. The conflict brought Sweden closer to world events and introduced to Swedish readers a debate about the colonial world order.

  • 3.
    Berge, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, History.
    Den nya, moderna människan i det globala samhället. Svensk mission i Sverige och Etiopien ca. 1880–19362022In: Den nya människan: Om mänsklighetens ständiga strävan att omskapa sig själv / [ed] Tomas Axelson och Torsten Hylén, Hedemora: Gidlunds förlag, 2022, 1, p. 77-100Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 4.
    Berge, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Humanities and Media Studies, History.
    Divided loyalties: an African christian community during the 1906 uprising in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa2013In: Themes in modern African history and culture: festschrift for Tekeste Negash / [ed] Berge, Lars & Taddia, Irma, Padova: Libreriauniversitaria.it , 2013, 1, p. 103-123Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 5.
    Berge, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Humanities and Media Studies, History.
    Ethiopia in Swedish press during the Italo-Ethiopian conflict 1934-362015In: The State and the Study of Africa: African Studies Association 58th Annual Meeting, November 19-22. 2015, San Diego, California. / [ed] D. A. Masolo, Derek R. Peterson, 2015, p. 96-97Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In 1935, Fascist Italy invaded independent Ethiopia, a member of the League of Nations. To a small and neutral country like Sweden, without a direct colonial heritage and largely isolated from the affairs of the colonized world, the war served as a touchstone for the quality of the League and received extensive attention in the press. It gave rise to great indignation in public opinion, further spurred by Swedish citizens’ half a century history of involvement in the Ethiopian modernizing project. Swedish sympathies for the Ethiopians developed to an extent which hitherto had not existed with regard to any other African or Asian people, long before the anti-colonial movements of the 1960s. The objective of the planned research project is to demonstrate that the Italo-Ethiopian conflict and identification with Ethiopia brought Sweden into a new, international and global community and thereby contributed to a self-image of Sweden as a modern and democratic society, as reflected in the formation of public opinion. This will be done by analysing the image of Swedish-Ethiopian relations in the press during the conflict. The present article is limited to giving an outline of a research proposal, seen against the backdrop of the massive popular manifestations in Sweden in the late summer of 1935, immediately before the outbreak of the war in October. The source material, the Swedish press, is remarkably rich and hitherto not used in research. Instead of a state-centred perspective, the article emphasises that the conflict animated a plurality of networks, contributing to the rise of an anti-colonial public opinion in the Swedish press. The conflict brought Sweden closer to world events and introduced to Swedish readers a debate about the colonial world order. At the same time there was an intensified production and reproduction of new knowledge: Ethiopia came much closer. In September, one month before the war broke out; Swedish cities saw some of the hitherto largest demonstrations in modern Swedish history against war, fascism and in support of Ethiopia.

  • 6.
    Berge, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Humanities and Media Studies, History.
    Ethiopia in Swedish Press in the Run-up to the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935/362020In: Locating the Global: Spaces, Networks and Interactions from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century / [ed] Holger Weiss, De Gruyter Oldenbourg , 2020, 1, p. 315-328Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 7.
    Berge, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Humanities and Media Studies, History. MIA.
    Identity-based conflicts surrounding the 1906 Zulu uprising in Kwazulu-Natal: The case of Church of Sweden mission African evangelists: A paper read at the IV Congress of Association of African Historians Addis Ababa, May 23-25, 20072007In: Society, State and Identity in African History/Société, Etat et Identité dans l'Histoire africaine.: IV Congress of Association of African Historians Addis Ababa, May 23-25, 2007, Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University , 2007, p. 33-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The 1906 Zulu uprising against British colonial power and white settler rule in Kwazulu-Natal marks an important turning point in the modern history of South Africa. Inspired by the centralising tradition of the Zulu kingship, history and religion, the uprising was essentially “tribal”. It was the last armed uprising in that part of Africa, preconditioning capitalist expansion in colonial Natal and the opening up of Zululand, conquered by the British in 1879. Initially the uprising appeared as a serious threat to white supremacy but was later, in the encounter between assegais and maxim guns, defeated. The uprising had two important results. On the national level, the need for white unity seemed urgent and in 1910 the South African Union was formed. Among blacks, the losses suffered by the armed rebels gave an impetus to a new, more modernist and pan-African nationalism. The African National Congress (ANC) was founded in 1912 by representatives of the small, mission educated African Christian middle class élite. In Kwazulu-Natal itself the aftermath of the uprising and the aggressive “mopping-up” operations by colonial troops, brought fundamental restructuring and traumatic change among African communities. The self-sufficiency of the homestead economy was eroded, chiefly power and traditional religious authority weakened and an increasing amount of men forced into labour migration.

    The African Christians, some ten per cent of the black population, were often caught in between a hostile non-Christian surrounding, to whom they often were seen as traitors, and the contempt of a white racist society. Most of them were first generation converts living in the rural areas. To many of the Christians the uprising and its consequences became a test of loyalty and resulted in a questioning of the hitherto accepted identity and world view. This was particularly true for the black evangelists, the real pioneers of mission Christianity, caught between the loyalties to their white missionary employers and their followers in the African Christian congregations.

    The Zulu evangelists of the Church of Sweden Mission (CSM) prove in this respect an interesting case because of the CSM object of folk Christianisation, i.e. the conversion of entire ethnic groups, and the establishing of folk, or national, churches on the mission field. An ethnic group, with its national identity and distinctive character, was not to be suppressed by the mission. In South Africa this implied an acceptance of polygyny and lobolo (bride wealth). In Kwazulu-Natal, where the CSM had been present since the 1870s, missionaries strongly supported the study of Zulu history and language and encouraged their evangelists in fostering a Zulu national identity among the members of their congregations. In the years around 1906, however, the CSM nationalist agenda for the Zulu became much more problematic in relationships between Zulu evangelists, church members and white missionaries. Increased tensions between black and white before the uprising, the eventual outbreak of violence and the settler government’s suppression of the rebel forces created a social and moral disruption. A number of identity-based conflicts were at hand in CSM congregations, e.g. in regard to attitudes towards African medicine and diviners or herbalists, Zulu historiography and spirit possession. In this respect the Zulu evangelists tried to appear both as leaders and spokesmen of their people and representatives of their employers, the CSM missionaries.

    The purpose of this paper is to review the role of CSM African evangelists as mediators between the old and the new in the identity-based conflicts surrounding the 1906 Zulu uprising. Clearly it was among the evangelists that the future leadership of the evolving Zulu church was to be found. Many of the African evangelists, representing a new political consciousness, were furthermore, in due time, to be counted among the local leaders of the future ANC.

  • 8.
    Berge, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, History. Humanioraseminariet.
    Lars Folke Berge: Swedish Evangelical Mission, Popular Mobilization for Schooling and Egalitarian ideals in Ethiopia 1868-1935.2021In: Journées d’Etude Internationales (4 et 5 mai 2021). Université de Paris, Site Denis Diderot, Paris., 2021, p. 1-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Download full text (pdf)
    Swedish Evangelical Mission, Popular Mobilization for Schooling and Egalitarian ideals in Ethiopia 1868-1935
  • 9.
    Berge, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, History.
    Missionary Sources and African History: The Case of two Swedish Lutheran Missions2023In: Africa as Method. Sources and Epistemologies in the study of Africa’s past: Sources and Epistemologies in the study of Africa’s past / [ed] Karin Pallaver and Uoldelul Dirar, New York: Springer London, 2023, 1Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article explores contrary tendencies in the missionary sources of the two major Swedish Lutheran missions operating in Africa from around the 1890s to the 1930s: the Swedish Evangelical Mission (SEM) in Eritrea-Ethiopia beginning in 1865 and the Church of Sweden Mission (CSM), from the early 1870s in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The attempt is to shed light on the distinctiveness, the scope and the categorization of different materials and how social and political tendencies are seen in the archival sources. Originating from the Swedish 19th century popular mobilization from below, the SEM was a vehicle for egalitarian ideals and the modernization of society, manifest in its educational endeavours in Eritrea-Ethiopia, but also in a criticism of local, traditional Ethiopian society. The CSM, on the other hand, representing a romanticist-inspired, nationalist folk church movement, had rather been formed against the forces of modernity. In KwaZulu-Natal, the missionaries encouraged Zulu history, culture, ethnic and national unity in the face of an aggressive colonialism and capitalism. The two missions shared the Swedish Lutheran background, but the divergent tendencies of the sources indicate that social and political background overruled both national and confessional belonging as well as the different contexts of their mission fields respectively.

  • 10.
    Berge, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Humanities and Media Studies, History.
    Swedish and Norwegian nationalism exposed among Lutheran missionaries during the 1906-07 Uprising in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa2019In: Global and Local Perspectives on Nationalism in Modern and Contemporary History: Limits and Challenges of Nationalist Movements / [ed] Andrea Kökeny and Jan Záhořík, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press , 2019, 1Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 11.
    Berge, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, History.
    Swedish and Norwegian Nationalism on Display in Early Twentieth-Century South Africa2022In: Histories of Nationalism beyond Europe: Myths, Elitism and Transnational Connections / [ed] Jan Záhořík and Antonio M. Morone, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2022, 1, p. 11-33Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The chapter analyses how Swedish Lutheran missionary attitudes – both in cultural and political matters – in comparison with those of their Norwegian colleagues can be understood in the light of different nationalist discourses developed at home at the turn of the 19th and early 20th centuries. It explores how the Swedish version of nationalism, emphasising territorial inclusiveness and cultural tolerance at a time of radical changes, materialised in an agenda for an ethnic Zulu folk church. This, necessarily related to topics such as Zulu nation hood, culture, and history but also to the issue of polygyny, condemned by practically all missionaries but indispensable for the survival of the Zulu homestead. While the Swedish missionaries displayed a remarkable broadmindedness in regard to Zulu culture, customs, and history, distinguishing them from contemporary Norwegians and most other missionaries, it was in the contest between white settlers and rebels in the 1906 uprising that the folk church agenda ultimately was put to test. In 1906, most Swedes voiced and acted in accordance with the Lutheran concept of obedience to the authorities and the essentially conservative aspect of Swedish nationalism, aiming at status quo against the forces of social change. The views most contrasting to those held by a majority of Swedish missionaries were those conveyed by the Norwegians. Backed by the nationalist fervour lingering after the dissolution of the Swedish-Norwegian union in 1905, the Norwegians expressed a strikingly different and compassionate attitude towards Zulu nationalism and the aspired independence. The article argues that it is only towards the background of the diverse versions of nationalism developed in the two countries that the Norwegian and Swedish missionaries' essentially opposing attitudes towards the uprising can be understood. 

  • 12.
    Berge, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Humanities and Media Studies, History. MIA.
    Swedish Evangelical Mission and Ethiopian Intellectuals (1930’s): Westernization and Nationalism before war with Italy in 19352017Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 13.
    Berge, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Humanities and Media Studies, History.
    Swedish Evangelical Mission Educational Policies and Schooling in Ethiopia 1868-19352019In: Journée d’étude internationale / International Workshop 9 mai 2019 Université Paris Diderot / [ed] Pierre Guidi, Jean-Luc Martineau et Florence Wenzek, Paris, 2019, p. 1-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Download full text (pdf)
    Swedish Evangelical Mission Educational Policies and Schooling in Ethiopia 1868-1935
  • 14.
    Berge, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, History.
    Swedish Evangelical Mission, Popular Mobilization for Schooling and Egalitarian ideals in Ethiopia 1868–19352023In: Narratives of education in times of colonization and decolonization in Africa (1920s – 1970s) / [ed] Jean-Luc Martineau, Pierre Guidi, Ellen Vea Rosnes, Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2023, 1Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A fairly large number of the social reformers and intellectual elite that emerged in Ethiopia in the decade before the 1936 Italian occupation - one of the most articulate groups of intellectuals that Ethiopia has ever seen - had a background in the Swedish Evangelical Mission (SEM). After 1936, resistance to Italian Fascist rule appears to have been most intense among those with a Protestant education and particularly those with a SEM schooling. Interestingly, very little is known about the SEM connection. The chapter explores what in the SEM schooling may have promoted the modernizing views. How were egalitarian and democratic ideals born in Swedish 19th century popular movements transmitted to SEM schools? To what extent can literacy be seen as a prime mover in spreading modernizing values? In what way did developments in Ethiopia bounce back to Sweden with new knowledge about the outside world – and thus contribute to the modernization of that country too? The article is inspired by what largely can be characterized as Global history. In my case, this evolves around questions of how disparate regions have been subject to a number of simultaneous cross-cultural and long-distance influences – the proliferation of knowledge, expertise, and ideas between regions and areas. As part of such global entanglements, Swedish missionaries and their counterparts in Africa can be said to have functioned as “portals of globalisation”, serving as entrance points for cultural transfer and global connectedness. In providing the empirical sources, my research draws on previous research on the SEM and the huge collection of source materials provided by the SEM periodicals. My attempt is to demonstrate that the SEM-factor was an essential component when contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the pre-war Ethiopian modernization and nation building process.

  • 15.
    Berge, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Humanities and Media Studies, History.
    The Swedish Evangelical Mission and the formation of Reformist Elite in Ethiopia. 1868-19352017In: State Institutions and Leadership in Africa / [ed] Irma Taddia and Tekeste Negash, Padova: Webster srl , 2017, 1, p. 75-105Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The central theme of this book is the role of education in the formation of a political class during and after the European colonial period in Africa. The volume focuses on the various actors that informed and were part of this process, such as African intellectuals and political leaders, colonial troops, European missionaries and administrators. At the same time, the collection analyses the historical processes connected to the emergence and development of a new African leadership, such as the creation of a colonial school system, the transformation of urban spaces, the development of new environmental policies and the processes of nation-building after independence. The volume is made up of twelve contributions: four on Ethiopia, two on Eritrea, two on the Sudan, one on Somaliland, two on Tanzania and one on Ghana.

  • 16.
    Berge, Lars
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Education and Humanities, History.
    Cederlöf, G
    Political visions and social realities in contemporary South India2003Report (Other academic)
  • 17.
    Berge, Lars
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Humanities and Media Studies, History.
    Taddia, IrmaUniv. Bologna.
    Themes in modern African history and culture: festschrift for Tekeste Negash2013Collection (editor) (Other academic)
1 - 17 of 17
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