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  • 1. Alarcon, Nadia
    et al.
    Waleghwa, Beatrice
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Tourism Studies.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Tourism Studies.
    Mobility and accessibility in a rural tourism area: Report on mobility demand in Sälenfjällen, Sweden2020Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report presents on a data collection that took place in the biggest winter tourism destination in Sweden, Sälenfjällen, during week 9-13 in 2020. The study was conducted as a part of the InterReg project MARA_mobility (Mobility and Accessibility in Rural areas). The overall purpose of the InterReg project is to improve the accessibility and mobility in touristic remote areas of the Baltic Sea Region by increasing the capacity of transport actors. One part of the project involves crosschecking the actual mobility demand of tourists with current mobility offers. The specific purpose of this study is to analyse mobility and accessibility for Sälenfjällen as being the Swedish case within the overarching InterReg project. Data collection was made on-site using a questionnaire and Public Participation Geographic Information System (PPGIS) adapted for the Sälenfjällen case area. A total of 162 responses entered the final analysis. Results of analysis findthat the trip characteristics influence the transport mode choice. Also, there are differences in the tourists’ perception of the mobility situation depending on transport mode chosen. Moreover, the perception of the mobility situation has a link to the overall satisfaction visit to the area, however, the relationship is weak.

  • 2.
    Alnyme, Omar
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies.
    Brandt, Daniel
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Human Geography.
    Behind the Miranda tool: A technical report on a decision support tool for tourism and travel investments2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report provides a brief explanation of the MIRANDA tool and its links to the D.U.GIS platform. The report also presents system components and data sources used within the MIRANDA tool.

    The starting point for the development of the MIRANDA tool has been the call for better understanding of the scale and scope of tourism at the local and regional levels. The purpose of the MIRANDA project was to develop a micro-based decision support to be used by public planners for more efficient and sustainable decisions regarding infrastructure investments in connection with destination development.

    This report gives a brief introduction to the project before starting out with an overview of the MIRANDA-tool’s software architecture. This is followed by a description of the Coding languages, a section giving information on the Class libraries, as well as the type of data used. Following this are two sections describing APIs and the system model, before a final section concludes by giving an outlook for future development options for the MIRANDA tool.

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  • 3.
    Brandt, Daniel
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Human Geography.
    Alnyme, Omar
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies.
    Building a spatial decision support system for tourism and infrastructure planning: technical solution and data integration challenges2022In: European Journal of Geography, ISSN 1792-1341, Vol. 13, no 1, p. 94-108Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mobility planning in rural areas with a high number of tourists is important for creating sustainable destinations. By identifying mobility gaps in the transportation system, measures to improve the situation can be implemented. In order to identify such mobility gaps, decision-makers need a spatial decision support system (SDSS). The aim of this paper is to identify vital aspects of creating such an SDSS and to build a prototype. Two important aspects were identified, data and system design. The result of the analysis of available data shows a lack of data portals with disaggregated socio-economic and intradestination travel data. Further, it shows that data on points of interest (POI) and public transit data are primarily found in company databases. The system design analysis showed that most SDSS today are relying on public data and are not designed to integrate disparate data sources. They are primarily developed to be used by experts. Based on these findings an SDSS that automatically integrates both public and private data was developed. It comprises a self-hosted web mapping system and several geospatial tools. Our main conclusion is that both data and system design are important aspects to consider when building an SDSS for mobility planning. By using the architecture proposed in this article, new data can easily be incorporated in an SDSS. Furthermore, the system design also facilitates the involvement of stakeholders in the planning process. © 2022. by the authors. All Rights Reserved.

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  • 4.
    Brandt, Daniel
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Human Geography.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Alnyme, Omar
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Tourism Studies.
    Sabah, Azhar
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Tourism Studies.
    Turism och besöksnäring i Dalarna: Storlek, struktur och lokalisering2019Report (Other academic)
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  • 5.
    Brandt, Daniel
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Human Geography.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Wikström, Daniel
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Statistics.
    Potential research areas for big data in tourism2016In: Proceedings of the IFITTtalk@Östersund Workshop on Big Data & Business Intelligence in the Travel & Tourism Domain / [ed] Fuchs, M., Lexhagen, M. & Höpken, W., 2016Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 6.
    Brehmer, Jana
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies. MidSweden University, Department of Economics, Geography, Law and Tourism, ETOUR.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies.
    Understanding challenges in studying visitor’s compliance to recreational funding models: Lessons learnt from a study of cross-country skiers in Sweden2023Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study is the first research output coming out from a newly launched project on Recreational mobility and trails in mountain destinations: Understanding Behavioural insights and New technology in relation to funding systems for high quality trails in a Swedish context, funded by the Swedish KK-foundation. The overall purpose is to analyse prerequisites for funding and management of trails as part of developing nature-based tourist destinations. This specific study looks at the challenge of understanding the consumer behaviour of tourists when it comes to the decision to contribute to trail funding by buying a trail pass and to understand if and how context of resort ownership, other visitors’ behaviour and the social norm, matters for the decision. With a quantitative approach and 346 filled in surveys we are sharing lessons learnt hwo to measure actual behaviour towards criticial questions.

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    Understanding challenges in studying visitor’s compliance to recreational funding models: lessons learnt from a study of cross-country skiers in Sweden
  • 7. Fleckhaus, Pia
    et al.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies.
    Sustainable recreational trails in Sweden: Is it possible to talk about ROI for hiking trail investments?2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Spending time in nature is becoming increasingly popular in Sweden, as in many other countries, following the pandemic. In the Swedish context, the issue of funding investments and regular maintenance of recreational trails in nature is a challenge given the Allemansrätten (public access to private land), which hinders the closing of land and charging of entrance fees. Still, high-quality trails are demanded to serve as a driver for attracting visitors to destinations. 

    This report looks into aspects that are relevant for a discussion on return on investment (ROI) for investments in trails, and especially hiking trails. The first section offers an outlook to a few international cases that discuss access and funding types for hiking trails. Another section uses a mini-case to evaluate a few larger trail networks in relation to guidelines for the Swedish national framework for hiking trails. 

    This report highlights that people’s use of trails bring a number of benefits to society, mainly economic, environmental, and public health benefits. The economic benefits originate from spending by the visitors and direct investments during construction of trails, while environmental benefits come from reduced CO2 emissions and the public health benefits derive from reductions in health care spendings. Finally, quality of life and happiness values arise from the increased relationship between individuals and nature and social aspects. 

    The report notes that a proper evaluation of ROI for trails can be conducted, with consideration of the many loopholes. The benefit side incorporates such needs as considering visitors’ potential multiple purpose of trips and how to properly value and include the non-monetary effects coming from improved health, interaction with nature, and socializing with other people. Finally, the report discusses the benefits of trail use in relation to the fulfillment of the United Nations’ sustainable development goals (SDGs). We find that investments would contribute to decent work for all and sustainable economic growth, as well as a reduction in inequalities.

    A key point to emerge from this report is that, to properly use ROI for trail investments in practice, there is a need to further analyze the economic impact of hiking trail users in Sweden. 

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  • 8.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Co-creation of IT-services to finance nature based tourism: A study on willingness to pay for cross-country skiing services in Sweden2011In: Exploring Co-creation / [ed] Clarke, Alan, London: Pearson , 2011Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 9.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Co-creation of IT-services to finance nature based tourism: A study on willingness to pay for cross-country skiing services in Sweden2010In: International conference on "Exploring Co-creation", University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary, 2010Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 10.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Conditional cooperation in the field: Cross-country skiers' behavior in Sweden2005In: Economic Science Association, European Meeting, Alessandria, Italien, 2005Conference paper (Other academic)
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  • 11.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Economic impact analysis of a horse event: Landsmót 2016 - The National Icelandic Horse Competition2018In: Human-horse relationships in work and play: Interspecies encounters in business, tourism and beyond, 2018Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Understanding the demand and the economic impact for an event is crucial knowledge not only for the event managers and host organization but also for public planners of the region where the event takes place.

    The present study measures the direct economic spending of visitors to the event Landsmot Hestamanna, The National Icelandic horse competition, which hosted in Hólar in mid June2016. The study is based on data from 404 respondents answering an on-site survey within the event arena. The key variables for the LM economic impact analysis consist of total number of visitors divided by visitor type and the average spending of the different types.

    Following the recommended approach by Sun et al. (2010) segmenting visitors by loding type the preliminary findings indicate a total for the Economic impact of Landsmót 2016 to 159,7 MISK. However, there are uncertainties regarding total number of visitors to the event as well as the division of visitors in lodging type. Moreover, the study finds that international tourists spend on average approximately 30 percentages more compared to national visitors.

  • 12.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies.
    Economic Impact Analysis of Events: Landsmót 20162021In: Humans, Horses and Events Management / [ed] Kate Dashper, Guðrún Helgadóttir and Ingibjörg Sigurðardóttir, Abingdon: CABI Publishing, 2021, p. 1-11Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This chapter aims to explain some of the basic principles and practices of economic impact analysis (EIA) of events, with particular focus on smaller size special events, and how results from an EIA are used in practice for decision making at various stakeholder levels. Data collected on site from 404 visitors to the special event Landsmót 2016 - the National Championship of the Icelandic horse - and the analysis of the event’s economic impact are used as an illustrative case. Starting with a review of the traditional approach to EIA, followed by a thorough description of the case, including details of data collection and descriptive statistics, the chapter ends by putting the results in policy relevant contexts for different types of stakeholders.

  • 13.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Exploring the value of an event: comparing consumer surplus, willingness to pay and values of subjective wellbeing for the Peace & Love music festival in Sweden2014In: Proceedings of the 23st Nordic symposium in Tourism and Hospitality Research: The values of tourism / [ed] Budeanu, A, Möckel, M., and Gyimóthy, S., 2014Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Understanding the values and impact for a hallmark event is crucial knowledge not only for the event managers but also for the public planners of the host region.

    The purpose of this paper is to explore and compare values of a music event using on the one hand two non-market valuation techniques; and on the other hand individual measures of subjective well-being or happiness.  

    We use survey data collected from 716 visitors to the Peace & Love music festival held in Borlänge, Sweden, in 2011. The survey contains questions about the actual behaviour of the respondents such as expenditure patterns and travel behaviour but also questions on individuals’ subjective wellbeing (SWB) and willingness to pay (WTP) for certain features of the festival like “other people attending” and “length of the festival”. These data allow us to estimate consumer surplus for the event by applying the travel cost method but also average and individual measures of SWB. The latter can be used to explore correlations between individual’s SWB and individual socio economic characteristics but also consumer behaviour patterns.

    The preliminary findings of our study are that the consumer surplus value indicates an overall consumer value between 27 - 89 MSEK for the festival. The measure of happiness shows an average subjective wellbeing of 7.94 (likert scale 0-10) and correlations with a number of interesting variables. This paper contributes to the literature on valuation of tourism and events by highlighting the potential for using measures of consumer surplus in combination with actual visitor data on preferences to understand current and future impact and values of an event. 

  • 14.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Financing recreational infrastructure with micropayments and donations: a pilot study on cross-country ski track preparations in Sweden2010In: Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, ISSN 1502-2250, E-ISSN 1502-2269, Vol. 10, no 3, p. 386-394Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper reports the findings of a natural field experiment in which cross-country skiers had the option to use their mobile phones to call in a donation to fund ski track preparations. This paper takes the Right of Public Access as given and investigates the extent to which donations or voluntary contributions can be used to finance recreational infrastructure. The purpose of the study was to look at how different types of bonus services and offers, as well as the introduction of a trail pass, affected the willingness of individuals to make donations to ski track preparations at a Swedish ski resort. The study’s main finding was that it is not possible to rely on a simple voluntary approach when introducing a new system for financing recreational infrastructure using micropayments and new IT services.

  • 15.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Financing Recreational Infrastructures by Micro-payments and Donations: A Natural Field Experiment on XC-Ski Preparations in Sweden2008In: 2nd International conference on “Sustainable Tourism Development”, Södertörn, Sweden, 2008Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 16.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Financing recreational public goods for tourism development: Is there a case for voluntary contributions?2009In: International Conference “Central Europe and Tourism Competitiveness”, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary,, 2009Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 17.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Informal sanctions and conditional cooperation:: A natural experiment on voluntary contributions to a public good.2006In: Economic Science Association, Nottingham, UK, 2006Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In a natural experiment, this paper studies the impact of an informal sanctioning mechanism on individuals’ voluntary contribution to a public good. Cross-country skiers’ actual cash contributions in two ski resorts, one with and one without an informal sanctioning system, are used. I find the contributing share to be higher in the informal sanctioning system (79 percent) than in the non-sanctioning system (36 percent). Previous studies in one-shot public good situations have found an increasing conditional contribution (CC) function, i.e. the relationship between expected average contributions of other group members and the individual’s own contribution. In contrast, the present results suggest that the CC-function in the non-sanctioning system is non-increasing at high perceived levels of others’ contribution. This relationship deserves further testing in lab.

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  • 18.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Informal sanctions and conditional cooperation: A natural experiment on voluntary contributions to a public good.2008In: 16th Annual Conference of the European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, Göteborg, Sweden, 2008Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 19.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Institutional Factors Influencing the Size and Structure of Tourism:: Comparing Dalarna (Sweden) and Maine (USA).2000In: Current Issues in Tourism, ISSN 1368-3500, E-ISSN 1747-7603, no 3 (4), p. 283-324Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 20.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Planning for bicycle tourism: estimating the economic effects of bicycle tourism in two Swedish regions2013In: Proceedings of the 22st Nordic symposium in Tourism and Hospitality Research, Bodø & Lofoten Islands, Norway, 24-27 September, 2013: Innovation and value creation in experience‐based tourism / [ed] Lindberg, Frank, 2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Investing in developing bicycle trail networks is in many countries seen as strategy to develop the tourism industry, especially as part of regional development strategies. However, who should bear the cost of such infrastructure investments, the national, regional or local level authorities?      

    The starting point for this paper can be found in the conflicting interests in bicycle tourism and how these should be handled in infrastructure planning in Sweden. Who benefits from a developed bicycle trail network and how large can such benefits be? This paper aims at estimating the economic effects of bicycle tourism in two specific destinations in Sweden; Varberg and Gotland. We use data collected on site at the two destinations using a self-complete questionnaire following a mixed-stratified sampling strategy to be able to segment the visitors spending based on lodging types. In total 483 respondents are used in the analysis.

    The main finding is that there is a surprisingly large difference in visitor spending between the two regions and that the segmenting of visitor spending based on lodging gives a more reliable estimate of the economic impact from bicycle tourism compared to the most commonly used measure “average guest night spending”.  

  • 21.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Planning for bicycle tourism: estimating the economic effects of bicycle tourism in two Swedish regions2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Investing in developing bicycle trail networks is in many countries seen as strategy to develop the tourism industry, especially as part of regional development strategies. However, who should bear the cost of such infrastructure investments, the national, regional or local level authorities?      

    The starting point for this paper can be found in the conflicting interests in bicycle tourism and how these should be handled in infrastructure planning in Sweden. Who benefits from a developed bicycle trail network and how large can such benefits be? This paper aims at estimating the economic effects of bicycle tourism in two specific destinations in Sweden; Varberg and Gotland. We use data collected on site at the two destinations using a self-complete questionnaire following a mixed-stratified sampling strategy to be able to segment the visitors spending based on lodging types. In total 483 respondents are used in the analysis.

    The main finding is that there is a surprisingly large difference in visitor spending between the two regions and that the segmenting of visitor spending based on lodging gives a more reliable estimate of the economic impact from bicycle tourism compared to the most commonly used measure “average guest night spending”.  

  • 22.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Sustainable Nature Tourism and the Nature of Tourists’ Cooperative Behavior: Recreation Conflicts, Conditional Cooperation and the Public Good Problem2005Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
  • 23.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Tourism economic impact of a horse race venue: the case of harness racing at DalaTravet Rättvik, Sweden2015In: Proceedings of the 24th Nordic symposium in Tourism and Hospitality Research, Reykjavik, Iceland, 1-3 October, 2015, 2015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Harness racing events in Sweden attracts in between 5 000 to 10 000 visitors each weekend during summertime with the Solvalla International “Elitlopp” in Stockholm as the biggest event with 50 000 visitor over two days. 

    For smaller regional harness racing venues the industry and its events is quite often used as part of destination marketing. However there are no previous examples of the overall significance of the industry at regional levels and specifically the tourism economic impact of the industry at regional level.

    The purpose of this study is to estimate the tourism economic impact of harness racing at regional levels using the case of DalaTravet (DT) Rättvik, in Sweden as a case. The study uses register based data as well as data from a questionnaire study conducted at six of the DT Rättvik events during summer season 2014. In total a sample of 444 respondents are used in the analysis.

    The results of the study indicates that the turnover related to the harness racing industry at the regional level amounts to approximately 31.1 Million SEK of which 11.1 MSEK is counted as tourism economic impact.

    This paper contributes to the literature on tourism impact analysis of specific events in smaller regional areas. The results of the study may be of use for tourism and regional planners in regions with a harness racing venue. 

  • 24.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Turskidåkares värdering av externaliteter från skoter2000Report (Other academic)
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  • 25.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies.
    Alnyme, Omar
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies.
    Brandt, Daniel
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Human Geography.
    MIRANDA 1.0: Ett beslutsstöd för hållbart turismresande och infrastrukturplanering2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Denna rapport presenterar en sammanfattning av resultat från projektet Mikrobaserade beslutsstöd för hållbart turismresande och infrastruktur-planering (Miranda). Utgångspunkten har varit de oklarheter och de svårigheter som finns i att uppskatta turismen och besöksnäringens storlek och struktur på regional nivå.

    Mirandaverktyget är ett mikrobaserat beslutsstödsystem för hållbar turism- och infrastrukturplanering som består av två delar, dels en teknisk plattform där flera datakällor som beskriver turismvolymer sammanförs för att kunna beräkna och presentera turismens ekonomiska effekter, dels en processmetodik för hur datakällorna samlas in och vilka aktörer i planeringssystemet som behöver samverka.

    Syftet med texten är att ge en lättillgänglig beskrivning av vad Mirandaverktyget gör, vilka aktörer som kan använda det och hur den nya kunskap som Mirandaverktyget producerar kan användas i praktiken.

    Sammanfattningsvis konstateras i rapporten att Mirandaverktyget i dagsläget är på dess första nivå av utveckling och att det redan nu är möjligt med ett antal analyser såsom:

    ·  en geografisk analys av turismens intressepunkter för en valfri destination/testområde i Sverige

    ·  en presentation av företag och dess ekonomi för ett urval av turistnäringens SNIs

    ·  uppskattningar av turismens volymer för ett valfritt studieområde

    ·  beskrivning av turistnäringens storlek och struktur från producentsidan och konsumentsidan

    ·  beskriva ekonomiska effekter av besöksnäringen och enskilda evenemang

    ·  initiera processer för samverkan mellan såväl privata aktörer som olika offentliga nivåer för turism-och infrastrukturplanering

    Framtida utvecklingsbehov för Mirandaverktyget ligger främst inom datakvalitétsförbättringar, kalibrering av indata, visualisering och dashboard samt särskild utveckling av vissa delar (fartkameradelen samt en för scenariobyggande).

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  • 26.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Hansen, Fredrik
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Social Approval and Framing in the Field: Behaviour of Snowmobilers in Sweden2009In: 4th Nordic Conference on Behavioral and Experimental Economics, Oslo, 2009Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 27.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Heldt Cassel, Susanna
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Human Geography.
    Skoterturismen och utvecklingen i Funäsdalsfjällen: En uppföljning av projektet "Hållbar utveckling i Funäsdalsfjällen"2007Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Projektet ”Hållbar utveckling i Funäsdalsfjällen” pågick under 1999-2001 och har både nationellt och internationellt omskrivits som ett lyckosamt och banbrytande projekt med målsättning att utveckla skoterturism i den svenska fjällvärlden utan att konflikter och störningar uppstår som kan försämra förutsättningarna för andra turismgrenar i området. Syftet med denna rapport är att redovisa resultaten från en uppföljningsstudie av projektet ”Hållbar utveckling i Funäsdals¬fjällen”. Projektets olika delmål har följts upp dels via en enkätstudie riktad till ett urval av skoter- och turskidåkare som besökt Funäsdalsfjällen, dels via ett antal djupintervjuer med företrädare för de olika lokala intressegrupperna. Dessutom har skoterturismens effekter på den lokala ekonomin specialstuderas inom ramen för ett examensarbete. Vi bedömer att projektet har varit lyckat och uppfyllt de målsättningar som satts upp för projektets verksamhet på kort sikt. En viktig förklaring till detta har varit projektets utgångspunkt i konsensusbeslut. Från intervjustudien blir det tydligt att de olika grupperna av aktörer och intressenter har olika syn på hur utvecklingen i Funäsdalsfjällen ska se ut på lång sikt. Vissa vill exempelvis fortsätta att utveckla skoterturismen medan andra anser att gränsen för skoteråkningens påverkan i området är nådd. För fortsatt hållbar utveckling i området är det sannolikt mycket viktigt att alla intressegrupper fortsätter att delta i arbetet med att utveckla Funäsdalfjällen.

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  • 28.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Klerby, Anna
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Peace & Love 2010: Värderade och icke-värderade ekonomiska effekter2011Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Denna rapport syftar till at kartlägga samt värderat och presenterat ekonomiska effekter koppladetill Peace & Love festivalen 2010. Utgångspunkten är en definition av festivalens intressenter.Uppskattningen av de ekonomiska effekter som presenterats är baserade på enkätsvar från 519festivalbesökare. Resultaten från studien pekar på att festivalbesökare definierade som turister igenomsnitt spenderar drygt 2000 kr i samband med sitt besök exklusive utgifter för resa ochfestivalbiljett. Den totala festivalkopplade konsumtionen beräknas till 154 Mkr genom attmultiplicera siffrorna för genomsnittlig festivalkonsumtion för en besökare med det totala antaletbetalande besökare. Studien visar också att det finns ett betydande läckage ur den regionalaekonomin till följd av att försäljare inom festivalområdet kommer från andra delar i Sverige.Peace & Love-festivalens bidrag till den lokala ekonomin inklusive biljettintäkter beräknas istudien till 89 Mkr. Slutligen pekar studien på att fördjupade studier innehållande en mernoggrann uppskattning över besökargruppernas andelar respektive konsumtion krävs vid nästaårs festival för att säkerställa de resultat denna studie redovisar.

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    P&L_2010
  • 29.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Klerby, Anna
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Peace, love and well-being: Volunteering at the Peace & Love festival in Borlänge, Sweden2014In: Event Volunteering: International Perspectives on the Volunteering Experience at Events / [ed] Smith, K. A., Lockstone-Binney, L., Holmes, K. and Baum, T., Routledge, 2014Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Based on research on how volunteering contributes to people’s subjective well‐being, this study uses the case of the Peace & Love festival in Borlänge, Sweden, the largest music and societal cohesion city festival in Sweden, to suggest an individual, organizational, and societal cost-benefit model, including intangible values such as subjective well-being and social capital. Previous studies on the festival’s audience correlated an individual’s subjective well‐being and their voluntary engagements. Does this relationship hold for the volunteers?

     

    The festival calls for about 6,000 volunteers. Their contribution, in traditional economic terms, is about SEK 18 million (€2.1 million), corresponding to about 20 percent of the festival’s net turnover. Volunteers seem to be necessary to make ends meet financially. Volunteer motives, ranging from rational choice to pure altruism, are addressed. For a teenager, the weekly pass is quite expensive: as a result, some people only volunteer to get festival access. Such participants usually require more supervision than altruistic volunteers. However, the societal return may be large for this group considering the amount of young, first-time volunteers introduced to civil engagement. The festival volunteers report an average subjective well-being of 8.2 compared to the festival visitors averaging 7.6 on a scale 0–10, where 10 is the maximum, implying positive effects on the intangible values.

  • 30.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Klerby, Anna
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Volunteering at events - motives, costs and benefits: A Peace & Love case study2012In: Developing Tourism – Sustaining Regions: Book of Abstracts / [ed] Marcus Ednarsson, Fredrik Hoppstadius, Linda Lundmark, Roger Marjavaara, Dieter Müller, Kati Pitkänen and Ulrika Åkerlund, Umeå: Department of Geography and Economic History, Umeå University , 2012, p. 71-71Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Based on research on how volunteering contributes to people’s subjective well‐being, our research uses the case of the Peace & Love festival in Borlänge, Sweden, the largest city festival (focusing on music and societal cohesion) in Sweden, to test a number of hypotheses. Previous studies on the festival’s audience have found a positive correlation between individual’s subjective well‐being and their voluntary engagements. Does this relationship hold also for the volunteers?

     

    Moreover, the festival on its own calls for about 5.000 volunteers. Their contribution, in traditional economic terms makes up to about 20 percent of the festival’s net turnover and seems to be necessary to make ends meet financially. The festival brings an opportunity to volunteer, with its positive effects of well‐being, increased social and cultural capital, but it may also have a downside. For a teenager the weekly pass is quite pricy and so far sold out before the festival starts, some people only sign up as volunteers to ascertain them access to the festival. According to the festival management such participants are more demanding to supervise than “voluntary volunteers”. However the societal return may be even larger considering the introduction of the involuntary volunteers into the world of volunteering. In this paper we also study motives for volunteering in relationship to both the individual and the festival management perspectives. 

  • 31.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Macuchova, Zuzana
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Microdata Analysis.
    Alnyme, Omar
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Tourism Studies.
    National and regional economic effects of the horse industry in Sweden Estimations from a BI-model for 2016: Estimations from a BI-model for 20162018In: Human-horse relationships in work and play: Interspecies encounters inbusiness, tourism and beyond, 2018Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the first results from a newly developed BI (business intelligence) model for the Swedish horse industry. Compared to previous studies of the impact from the horse industry we are able to present both figures for the national level as well as a decomposition to regional levels.

    The size of the horse industry in Sweden for 2016, is measured departing from the expenditure approach, i.e. summing the final use of horse related goods and services. One implication of the approach is that results are comparable with overall GDP figures for a country and with other subsectors of an economy, e.g. the tourism industry or the car producing industry. The model has two main inputs. Firstly, estimates of the geographical position of all Sweden’s 355.500 horses of different type and use, based on JBVs statistics and postal codes from horse associations. Secondly, estimates of the horse owner’s consumption pattern related to their leisure or professional use. Other horse related activities like riding schools, education, race tracks, betting etc. is treated separately, measured and added to the overall calculation.

    The preliminary results indicate that the horse industry in Sweden amounts to somewhere in the interval of 26-32 Billion SEK corresponding to approximately 0,5-0,6 percentage of Swedish GDP. Looking at regional variations, the region of Skåne has most horses and consistently also the region with largest share of the horse industry.

  • 32.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Macuchova, Zuzana
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Microdata Analysis.
    Alnyme, Omar
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Tourism Studies.
    Andersson, Hans
    SLU.
    Samhällsekonomiska effekter av hästnäringen: Skattningar baserat på en B.I. – modell av hästnäringen för 20162018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Denna rapport presenterar skattningar av den svenska hästnäringens samhällsekonomiska effekter på nationell och regional nivå. År 2016 uppskattades hästnäringen i Sverige generera en direkt omsättning på 31,3 miljarder kronor motsvarande en sysselsättning om ca 16 900 helårsarbetskrafter. Skattningarna bygger på en modell för hästnäringens samhällsekonomi som har sin utgångspunkt i summering av total konsumtion av hästrelaterade varor och tjänster i Sverige under ett år. Rapporten presenterar även den Business Intelligence (BI) lösning som ligger till grund samt hur bakgrundsdata har samlats in, lagrats och paketerats för att slutligen presenteras med hjälp av ett BI-verktyg (https://hastnaringen-i-siffror.se).

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  • 33.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Mortazavi, Reza
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Estimating and comparing demand for a music event using stated choice and actual visitor behavior data2016In: Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, ISSN 1502-2250, E-ISSN 1502-2269, Vol. 16, no 2, p. 130-142Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Understanding the demand and the economic impact for a hallmark event is crucial knowledge not only for the event managers but also for the public planners of the host region, especially from the viewpoint of welfare evaluation. The purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly to estimate the demand for a music event using two non-market valuation techniques; stated choice and travel cost method (TCM), and secondly to compare the welfare measures estimated from the two methods and discuss their relevance for event policy and management. We use survey data collected from 1005 visitors to the Peace & Love music festival held in Borlänge, Sweden, in 2012. The survey contains questions about the actual behaviour of the respondents such as expenditure patterns and travel behaviour but also a stated choice experiment (SCE). The latter asks the respondents to choose between different scenarios with varying levels of price, number of visitors and length of the festival in days. These data allow us to estimate consumer surplus for the event by applying both the TCM and SCE. The findings of our study are that the price effect, as expected, is negative and significant, more people attending the festival decreases the propensity to attend while longer duration of the festival increases the propensity to attend. This paper contributes to the literature on event impact analysis by highlighting the potential for using stated choice data on visitor preferences in combination with actual visitor data to understand current and future economic impact of an event. 

  • 34.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Nerhagen, Lena
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Turismens samhällsekonomiska betydelse2007In: Utveckla turistdestinationer – ett svenskt perspektiv / [ed] Bohlin, Magnus; Elbe, Jörgen, Uppsala: Uppsala publishing house. , 2007, p. 53-71Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 35.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Nerhagen, Lena
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Turskid- och skoteråkning i Sälenfjällen - är "På rätt led i Sälenfjällen" ur led?2001Report (Other academic)
  • 36.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics. Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Tourism Studies.
    Olofsson, Mattias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Peace & Love 2011: Uppskattning av festivalens ekonomiska betydelse via segmenteringsansatsen2011Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med denna rapport är att kartlägga samt värdera och presentera ekonomiska effekterkopplade till Peace & Love festivalen 2011 genom att tillämpa segmenteringsansatsen.Utgångspunkten är en uppdelning av festivalbesökarna i olika kategorier (segment) som därefteranvänds för att skatta den direkta ekonomiska effekten av festivalen. Uppskattningen av deekonomiska effekter som presenteras är baserade på enkätsvar från 1036 festivalbesökare samt1540 intervjuer vid entréerna.

    Resultatet från studien pekar på att den traditionella metoden med uppskattning av effekter via enuppdelning av konsumtion mellan turister och icke turister överskattar den totala effekten jämförtmed uppskattning via boendesegmentering med ca 10 procent. Den totala effekten viaboendesegmentering uppskattas till dryga 185 Mkr. Besökarnas konsumtion i samband medPeace & Love festivalen kan omräknas till 61,85 helårsverken. Peace & Love festivalen beräknasskapa drygt 22 helårsverken inom restaurang och handel i Borlängeregionen utöver de 23helårsverken som festivalorganisationen skapar.

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    P&L_2011
  • 37.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Olofsson, Mattias
    Svenska Skidspelen 2012: Förstudie kring ekonomisk effekt- och konsumtionsmätning inför Skid-VM i Falun 20152012Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Denna rapport ska ses som en förstudie kring metoder för insamling av information över besökarna vid Svenska Skidspelen samt för att uppskatta Skidspelens ekonomiska betydelse. Resultaten baseras på insamlat material via enkäter till besökare till Skidspelen 2012. Totalt 404 svar i enkätform från besökare inom området samt från bil och bussåkande besökare har använts i analysen. Därutöver intervjuades 718 besökare vid entrén om ålder, bostadsort, vistelselängd samt färdmedel till evenemanget.

     

    Rapporten innehåller uppskattningar av Skidspelens ekonomiska betydelse med hjälp av flera typer av modeller; turism-, boende- samt ålderssegmenteringsmodell. Resultat från studien visar att engångs­kostnader för boende, resor och biljett kunde uppskattas relativt bra, medan konsumtion under dagen inte fångades tillräckligt bra i någon modell. Resultaten från studien visar också att en försiktig uppskattning av Skidspelens ekonomiska betydelse mätt som direkt konsumtion kan sägas ligga mellan 14 - 18 miljoner kr för år 2012.

     

    För att få ett mer korrekt resultat vid eventuella vidare studier eller vid studier av Skid-VM 2015 i Falun så bör en samhällsekonomisk välfärds analys göras för att inkludera samtliga effekter. Beräkningen av Skidspelens ekonomiska effekt skulle kunna göras mer precis genom att tillfråga ett större urval av besökare samt utveckla insamlingen av data över besökarnas totala konsumtion kopplat till besöket vid Svenska Skidspelen. 

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  • 38.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Robertson, Kerstin
    VTI.
    Wikberg, Åsa
    VTI.
    Hållbara turistresor: En fallstudie av destinationerna Kiruna, Åre, Sälen och Vimmerby2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In conjunction with development of destinations and transport systems, tourist demands andrequirements are essential in determining measures and changes that may lead to more sustainabletravel. Different options for travel to and from destinations are of great importance, but also thegeographical accessibility to various visit points within destinations. Good accessibility within adestination without a private car may also influence the modal choice for the trip to and from thedestination.This study analysed the requirements of different categories of tourists for transport, their travelpatterns and their preferences regarding travel to, from and within four Swedish destinations: Kiruna,Åre, Sälen and Vimmerby. The aim was to develop knowledge about factors that may affect thesustainability of tourist travel. The empirical material for the analysis was collected throughquestionnaires distributed to visitors on-site in the destinations.The results show that tourism differs and has different economic potential for different destinations.Both travel patterns (such as mode choice) and economic power (measured as guest nightconsumption) are highly variable between different categories of tourists, destinations and seasons.A key conclusion from the study is that tourists want access to many different visit points withindestinations. The physical structure of destinations, i.e. the location of accommodation and visitpoints, has great significance for the accessibility and need for travel within destinations. The physicalstructure of the destination and the availability of alternative modes of transport are therefore bothimportant for increasing the sustainability of tourist travel. This means that knowledge about thegeographical accessibility for tourists is important for planning and development of sustainabledestinations and tourist travel, as is knowledge about tourists’ behaviour and preferences.

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    fulltext
  • 39.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies.
    Sabah Al-Musleh, Azhar
    Investigating equine daily spending and use values: Competition vs. leisure2021In: Equine Cultures in Transition 2021: Past, Present and Future Challenges, Uppsala, 2021Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The recently developed socio-economic model for the horse industry in Sweden (https://hastnaringen-i-siffror.se/) estimates the turnover of the horse industry to 31,3 Billion SEK for 2016 (Heldt et.al 2018). The model enables an estimation of the impact for the national level as well as a decomposition to regional levels. Current data in the model is based on fairly crude estimates of average spending on horse-related goods and services, (e.g. boarding, veterinary services and horse equipment). 

    The purpose of this paper is to estimate daily spending and daily use values a horse owner spend and place on their horse depending on relationship. Data for the study was collected using a social media survey carried out during 2020/2021 inspired by citizen science in cooperation with the Swedish Equestrian Federation. The paper estimate spending patterns on various horse-related goods and services as well as daily use values, i.e. the value a horse owner places on the daily use of their horse for its intended purpose, which could be for pleasure riding, horse showing, or competition. 

    The preliminary results indicate that there is a huge difference in spending depending on relationship to the horse as well as noticeable regional differences in spending and use values. The results from this study can be used to extend the socio-economic model for the Swedish horse industry as well as inform service providers on values and willingness to pay related to horse-related goods and services.

  • 40.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Thulemark, Maria
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Olofsson, Elenor
    Nätverkssamarbete och destinationsutveckling: En jämförelse av ett storskaligt och ett småskaligt turismutvecklingsprojekt2007Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Hållbar destinationsutveckling kräver samarbete mellan offentliga och privata aktörer. Den övergripande forskningsfrågan som genomsyrat arbetet med denna rapport handlar om hur samhällets resurser bäst kan användas för att utveckla turistdestinationer. Projekten Nordic Snowmobile Center och Projekt Entreprenörsutbildning Småland/Kronoberg, vilka har finansierats med olika mycket offentliga medel, utvärderas i denna rapport. Resultaten från utvärderingen utgör sedan grund för diskussion och analys av destinationsutveckling. Rapporten redogör också för följeforskning genomförd på Projekt Nordic Snowmobile Center (NSC) mellan åren 2004-2007. Vi konstaterar att båda projekten uppfyller sina huvudsyften. Projekt NSC kan däremot inte anses ha uppfyllt alla sina delmål. Förklaringarna till detta står att finna i faktorer som förankringen av projektets mål och delmål i projektområdet; en asymmetri i budgeterade investeringskostnader mellan projektets delområden; institutionella faktorer såsom projektadministration samt redovisningsprinciper hos EU-sekretariat och de andra offentliga finansiärerna. Följeforskningen av Projekt NSC identifierade dessutom ett antal faktorer som kan bidra till ökad förståelse för hur ett projekt av denna storlek bör organiseras och ledas samt vilka stöd som ett projekt av den här typen kräver för att åstadkomma destinationsutveckling.

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    FULLTEXT02
  • 41.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies.
    Tydén, Thomas
    Waleghwa, Beatrice
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies.
    Brandt, Daniel
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Human Geography.
    Planning for mobility and accessibility in rural touristic areas: A report on the Swedish case in InterReg MARA project2021Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report summarizes activities within the overarching InterReg project MARA – Mobility and Accessibility in Rural areas, by the two Swedish partners Swedish Transport Authority ( henceforth, Trafikverket) and Dalarna University. The overall purpose of the InterReg project was to improve the accessibility and mobility in touristic remote areas of the Baltic Sea Region by increasing the capacity of transport actors. The Swedish case in the MARA consisted of two parts: one looked to improve integrated mobility planning for the boarder region Sälen in Sweden and Trysil in Norway, and the other sought to develop GIS based maps to assist in transport planning. 

    The first part, the processes related to the Trafikverket planning method, Strategic Choice of Measures (SCM), was studied with the help of previous R&D and own interviews. The SCM is looked into from different perspectives, such as gender, regional development, financing, cultural clashes, and chain of command, thus identifying problems in the process and discussing countermeasures, all using the Sälen and Åre as specific case areas. 

    The second part highlighted mobility demand analysis using survey data collected on-site in Sälenfjällen, 2020 as well as mobility GAP analysis using a newly developed tool D.U.GIS for the Sälen case area. Furthermore, an innovative use of Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) was included as part of the on-site survey as a test on the methods ability to collect data that could improve the early-stage planning processes of Trafikverket’s SCM method.

    There are three key findings from the Swedish activities in the MARA-project. First, the maps produced by D.U.GIS can be used as analytical support in the planning process to better visualize a current mobility situation and mobility GAPs. Second, the piloting of PPGIS to improve on early-stage planning process showed potential, especially for pointing out gender differences. However, the study was conducted using a small sample and further research is needed to fully assess its potential. Third, the study of SCM identified problems in the process and discussed important issues such as early interplay between stakeholders, flexible way of working together, and continuity of the process. The study also highlighted perspectives on knowledge and competence development.

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  • 42.
    Heldt, Tobias
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Vail, David
    Multiple-use forest land and commercial tourism in Sweden and Maine (USA):: Networking land parcels for outdoor recreation2006In: International conference of Trends, Impacts and Policies on Tourism Development, Heraklion, Crete, GREECE, 2006Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper deals with government strategies to counteract rural economic decline and will focus on two problems that affects the possibility to promote nature tourism in general, and nature tourism relying on a trail network in specific. First, recreational land is a multiple use resource where the tourism use may not only lead to conflicts between different tourism uses but also with other land use interests, like forestry and environmental preservation, especially when certain types of uses are viewed as mutually exclusive. Second, the demand for a recreational trail network, for example a snowmobile, biking or canoeing trail, is dependent on several factors. It has for example been showed that the recreational demand for a trail network is increasing in trail length and number of scenic sites accessible. However, under conditions of public access to private land and fragmented land ownership, the production of trail networks of high quality is complicated when the trail crosses multiple landholdings. In general, the creation of an attractive trail network requires coordinated access to multiple land parcels. The paper highlights two institutional innovations that seek to align stakeholders’ incentives and manage recreational access. They are Sweden’s snowmobile trail networks, crossing multiple ownerships and biomes; and Maine’s state acquisition of large-scale conservation and recreation easements on private forestland related to the development of a back country trail “hut-to-hut” network.

  • 43. Lindberg, Kreg
    et al.
    Fredman, Peter
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Facilitating integrated recreation management: assessing conflict reduction benefits in a common metric2009In: Forest Science, ISSN 0015-749X, E-ISSN 1938-3738, Vol. 55, no 3, p. 201-209Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recreation management on public land often involves trade-offs. For example, cross-country skiers may experience conflict with snowmobiles. A potential management response is trail separation, which may lead to gains to skiers but also ecological and financial costs associated with creation of a new trail. If separation involves snowmobile access restrictions, there may be experiential losses for that user group. Management responses are not always based on explicit identification and integration of the gains and losses accruing across diverse stakeholders and dimensions; economics provides a criterion, a metric, and measurement tools to facilitate such integration. A Swedish case study illustrates this approach and assesses values accruing to skiers from reduced snowmobile presence. Cross-country skiers were sampled on-site in the southern Jämtland mountain region, and follow-up mail surveys included choice experiment scenarios. Conditional logit analysis of the 1,468 completed scenarios indicates that skier welfare gains from conflict reduction are substantial and reflect both direct and indirect contact. A change from sharing trails to not seeing, hearing, or smelling snowmobiles leads to gains of 185 kronor (US$23) per skier party.

  • 44.
    Mortazavi, Reza
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Analysis of Visitor Expenditures at World Ski Championships 2015 in Falun - Sweden2016Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 45.
    Mortazavi, Reza
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Economic valuation of events: combining methods based on revealed, stated and subjective preference data2017In: The Value of Events / [ed] Erik Lundberg, John Armbrecht, Tommy D. Andersson, Donald Getz, Routledge, 2017Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 46. Nordvall, Anders
    et al.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Competition and festival failure: Societal costs and benefits related to the rise and fall of Swedish music festivals2017In: 26th Nordic Symposium of Tourism and Hospitality Research, Book of abstract, 2017Conference paper (Refereed)
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    Abstract
  • 47.
    Nordvall, Anders
    et al.
    Mid Sweden University.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Understanding hallmark event failure: A case study of a Swedish music festival2017In: International Journal of Event and Festival Management, ISSN 1758-2954, E-ISSN 1758-2962, Vol. 8, no 2, p. 172-185Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose

    Hallmark events can be very beneficial for host communities, not least due to their potential in attracting tourists. The Peace & Love music festival was the hallmark event of the Swedish city Borlänge. In 2013, the event organization declared bankruptcy and canceled the forthcoming festival. The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the factors that caused the failure of the 2013 Peace & Love festival.

    Design/methodology/approach

    The case of the Peace & Love festival is analyzed using three data sources: interviews with the former members of the event organization; secondary data describing the Swedish festival industry; and festival visitors’ perspectives represented by comments on social media. An organizational ecology perspective frames the analysis.

    Findings

    The results of the study reveal that the failure of the event can be understood by a combination of three components: an organization in a vulnerable position, a strong new competitor entering the Swedish festival market, and uncertain visitors searching for the new place to be.

    Originality/value

    Very few studies have researched event failure, although the subject is a recommended priority within the field of festival studies. This study presents a thorough examination of a hallmark event failure, which contributes to this area of knowledge and provides relevant information for organizations and host cities.

  • 48.
    Nowak, Marie
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies. Mid Sweden University, Östersund.
    Alnyme, Omar
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies.
    Testing the effectiveness of increased frequency of norm-nudges in encouraging sustainable tourist behaviour: a field experiment using actual and self-reported behavioural data2023In: Journal of Sustainable Tourism, ISSN 0966-9582, E-ISSN 1747-7646Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Norm-nudges are effective in encouraging sustainable consumer behaviour in various settings, by raising the salience of the target behaviour via social norms. Tourism presents a highly hedonic context, in which behaviour is primarily framed by self-oriented goals as opposed to normative ones related to the good of the environment and society. While the existing literature provides insights on the appropriate content of norm-nudges to raise the salience of normative goals, less is known about an appropriate frequency of nudges. It is important to address this gap in tourism because tourists need to be aware of desired sustainable behaviours, while overly obtrusive nudges may backfire. A field experiment was conducted to test the extent to which an increased frequency of norm-nudges has a backfiring effect on sustainable tourist behaviour, using donations for mountain-biking trails as the target behaviour. Results show that increasing the frequency of norm-nudges does not diminish their positive uptake, which suggests that they can be used more to encourage sustainable behaviour and enhance tourists’ experiences. Using actual and self-reported behavioural data, this study provides new empirical evidence on the effectiveness of increased frequency of norm-nudges in a real tourism setting, contributing to knowledge on norm-nudges and backfiring effects. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

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  • 49.
    Nowak, Marie
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies. Mittuniversitetet.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies.
    Financing recreational trails through donations: Management challenges, visitor experiences and behavioural theory in a mountain biking context2021In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas (MMV10), Lillehammer, 2021Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Extended abstract

     

    The demand for outdoor recreation has significantly increased over the last decade, and along with this the pressure on financial resources required to develop recreational infrastructure in nature areas. Fiscal and regulatory policies to generate the necessary funding are often neither ideologically nor legally accepted in countries where the right of public access applies, which is particularly broad in scope in the Nordics. Local stakeholders are thus reliant on voluntary contributions of visitors as one funding source (Sandell & Fredman, 2010). However, since these are often insufficient to cover the costs of infrastructure development, new strategies are called for to realise the benefits of trail-based recreation in the Nordics, without impeding the right to roam and the welfare of the natural environment (Sandell & Fredman, 2010). 

    Soft policy approaches enhanced with insights from behavioural economics may offer such alternatives (Heldt, 2005). Recent research in this field provides strong arguments that consideration of social and psychological factors can increase the effectiveness and efficiency of soft policies (Avineri, 2012; Thaler & Sunstein, 2008).  Behavioural theories like the Norm Activation Model (Schwartz, 1977), Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 2002), and Conditional Cooperation (Frey & Meier, 2004) have thus increasingly been used to study different pro-social behaviours and to inform behaviour change policies accordingly (Testa et al., 2018). Despite the success of these in various field, behaviourally informed policies are still rare in the management of nature areas.

    This paper uses a field experiment approach   to test the influence of behaviourally informed messages on the donation behaviour of mountain bike trail users. The context is Sweden, due to the countries’ unique public access rights (Sandell & Fredman, 2010). The practical research implications concern the development of behaviourally informed policies to enhance funding for recreational nature areas in public access settings. We add to the literature by testing behavioural theory to encourage pro-social behaviour in a yet underexplored context of tourism, i.e MTB-cycling. 

    Research design

    The field experiment took place in Rörbäcksnäs, a small village located in the Dalarna county 35km west of Sälen. Renowned for its natural trail qualities, Rörbäcksnäs has experienced significant growth in MTB visitors over the last decade. The trail management is entirely based on the voluntary work of the local sports association, which uses visitor donations to finance the materials for trail upkeep. However, these are insufficient for further development. Currently, a signpost at the trail entrance invites visitors to contribute with basic information about the use of donations.

    The research was conducted over an eight-month period and involved a pre-study and the actual field experiment. The pre-study included interviews and cooperation with the local community group to define their goals and barriers for MTB development. Following this, we developed surveys and counting instruments for the field experiment phases (baseline + treatment phase) which were conducted during MTB high season, between June and August. 

    The baseline condition was the existing signpost with a suggested amount, and some altruistic appeals. Informed by attribution theory, NAM and equity-theory/reciprocity, we hypothesized that activating the pro-social norm to donate in a message, using a descriptive norm, suggested amount and framing increases the share of donations and donation amount. 

    Results

    204 responses entered the analysis stage. 

    Firstly, we found that the bikers donation behaviour was affected by the normative message. A little bit more than 50 percentages  donated (any amount) in the baseline condition. In the treatment condition this increased to roughly 70 percentages.. A chi-square test indicated a significant difference between the share of donators, which demonstrates that the normative message affected the donation behaviour. The amount also increased from an average of 64.71 SEK to 90.50 SEK.

    Results 2: Beliefs about others drive behaviour

    Secondly, running a regression analysis to explain the decision to donate (discrete yes/no decision),  we found the effect of the treatment positively significant at a 10 percent level, even after controlling for several other variables that might influence the behaviour. This indicates that beliefs about others drive the donation behaviour.

    This results support the thesis that normative information increase conformity (Goldstein et al., 2008). A variable capturing personal norm emerged furthermore as significant and adds positively to the likelihood of donating. The responses indicate strong personal norms in favour of donating. Lastly, ‘Kilometres biked’ was found to be another significant variable, meaning the longer the distance biked, the higher the likelihood of donating.

    Implications

    Based on our finding it appears that activation of socials norms to donate for MTB trails encourages higher donation rates and average donation amounts. Normative messages seem to appeal to conditional contributors while not deterring those that already endorse donations. This is consistent with our prediction and findings in other pro-social contexts (Frey & Meier, 2004; Heldt, 2005). Whilst the requirements of recreational infrastructure and existing support varies between destinations, our findings imply that normative messages can provide effective strategies to boost pro-social behaviour in a context where a certain level of social support towards funding already exists. As non-costly and freedom preserving policies, normative interventions can easily be implemented by those involved in the management of recreational trails in such contexts. However, for a managing a sustainable destination in which the recreational trail network is a key driver one needs to recognize the risk of backfiring on the visitor experience if the norm is made too salient. 

    Ourstudy is one of the few that tests normative interventions in a recreational public good context, and the first that is informed by several behavioural theories and links behaviour to the visitor experience. 

  • 50.
    Nowak, Marie
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies. Mid Sweden University, Östersund.
    Heldt, Tobias
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Tourism Studies.
    Financing recreational trails through donations: Testing behavioural theory in mountain biking context2023In: Journal of Outdoor Recreation, ISSN 2213-0780, E-ISSN 2213-0799, Vol. 42, article id 100603Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The funding of recreational trails in publicly accessible nature areas is a prevailing challenge for the development of tourism destinations. In some cases, mandatory fees are neither ideologically nor legally supported, meaning that local stakeholders are reliant on the voluntary contributions of trail users. In light of the motivational barriers and uncertainties that hinder recreationists from donating, we tested behaviourally informed interventions to enhance cooperation in such settings. Specifically, we examined the effect of normative social cues on the share and amount of donations for mountain biking trails by conducting a field experiment in a rural destination in Sweden. Consistent with our predictions and previous studies, we found an increase in both the donation amount and share of donators after the intervention. Additionally, our research shows that the change in behaviour seems to be related to the belief about the donation behaviour of others, which can easily be targeted in policies. These findings imply that voluntary contribution schemes enhanced with normative messages can provide effective funding strategies for recreational nature-based trails. The importance of developing these strategies with regard to the local context is highlighted. Management implications: • Mountain bikers are, to a large extent, willing to contribute financially to the upkeep of trails through donations. Proving information about previous contributions and framing techniques to highlight this norm can further increase the share of contributions. • Contributions of approximately SEK100–120 (€9–11) per visit seem to be the norm for mountain bikers in Rörbäcksnäs. • Stakeholders involved in the management of recreational trails might benefit from making more effort to raise awareness about the possibilities to donate, for example through more channels and displays, and by testing different placements and designs. © 2023 The Authors

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