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  • 1.
    Bornhäll, Anders
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Employment protection legislation and firm growth: Evidence from a natural experiment2017In: Industrial and Corporate Change, ISSN 0960-6491, E-ISSN 1464-3650, Vol. 26, no 1, p. 169-185Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A Swedish reform in 2001 made it possible for firms with less than 11 employees to exclude two from the last-in-first-out principle in case of layoffs. The reform increased employment growth with over 4000 additional jobs per year among firms with five to nine employees. Firms with 10 employees became 3.4 percentage points less likely to increase their workforce, indicating that the introduced threshold kept them from growing. Thus, employment protection legislation seems to act as a growth barrier for small firms.

  • 2.
    Bornhäll, Anders
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics. HUI Research.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics. HUI Research.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics. HUI Research.
    Sleeping gazelles: High profits but no growth2014In: Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, ISSN 0740-7416, Vol. 34, no 17, p. 1-16, article id 1Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Among 104,231 limited liability firms in Sweden with at least two employees during 1997- 2010, almost 10% did not hire new employees in any given 3-year period despite having high profits. Nearly half of these firms continued to have high or medium profits in the next threeyear period, but still no growth. Regression analysis indicates that these firms were not randomly distributed; rather they were small and young, did not belong to an enterprise group, and operated in local markets with high profit-opportunities. We conclude that it might be more beneficial to focus policy towards these firms instead of towards a few high-growth firms that, having just grown exponentially, may not be best positioned to grow further.

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  • 3. Coad, A.
    et al.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Economics. Institute of Retail Economics, Stockholm.
    Halvarsson, D.
    Amundsen versus Scott: are growth paths related to firm performance?2021In: Small Business Economics, ISSN 0921-898X, E-ISSN 1573-0913Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 4.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics. HUI Research, Stockholm.
    Elert, Niklas
    Johansson, Dan
    Are High-Growth Firms Overrepresented in High-tech Industries?2016In: Industrial and Corporate Change, ISSN 0960-6491, E-ISSN 1464-3650, Vol. 25, no 1, p. 1-25Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 5.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Economics. Institute of Retail Economics, Stockholm.
    Gidehag, A.
    Rudholm, N.
    How Do Firms Respond to Reduced Labor Costs?: Evidence from the 2007 Swedish Payroll Tax Reform2021In: Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, ISSN 1566-1679, E-ISSN 1573-7012, Vol. 21, no 3, p. 315-338Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 6.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Grek, Åsa
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Microdata Analysis.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Business Administration and Management.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Betydelsen av internt genererat kapital för en långsiktigt hållbar företagstillväxt2017In: Perspektiv på kapitalförsörjning – en antologi om företagens finansiering och statens roll / [ed] Jörgen Lithander, Stockholm: Tillväxtanalys , 2017, 1, p. 31-49Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Ett företags expansion kan finansieras med internt genererat kapital eller med hjälp av extern finansiering. Vi undersöker här hur omsättningstillväxten och överlevnadssannolikheten påverkas av företagets internt uppbyggda kapital. Undersökningen baseras på data över alla Sveriges aktiebolag under perioden 1997–2010.

    Våra resultat indikerar att den initiala tillgången på internt uppbyggt kapital generellt sett inte är förknippad med en högre omsättningstillväxt eller ökade möjligheter att överleva på marknaden. Vi finner däremot att de företag som bygger upp interna medel innan de växer är mer sannolika att uppnå en långsiktigt hållbar tillväxt än de företag som växer innan de byggt upp ett internt kapital.

    Resultaten indikerar också att företag som har varit med om uppköp eller sammanslagningar har både högre tillväxt och bättre chanser att överleva på marknaden.

    Vi kan samtidigt konstatera att de skattade sambanden ofta är svaga trots det omfattande datamaterialet. Det tyder på att företagstillväxt i huvudsak är slumpmässig eller kan förklaras av variabler som är svåra att mäta och inkludera i kvantitativ analys. Detta bekräftas också av tidigare studier.

    Våra resultat implicerar att framtida studier bör fokusera mer på hur företagen växer än på vad som kan förklara hur mycket de växer vid en viss tidpunkt.

  • 7.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Grek, Åsa
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Microdata Analysis.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Business Administration and Management.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    Hur kapitalstrukturen påverkar den långsiktigt hållbara företagstillväxten2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Det antas ofta att det finns ett ”kapitalförsörjningsgap” i ekonomin på grund av asymmetrisk information, vilket leder till att efterfrågan på externt kapital är större än utbudet. De politiska beslutsfattarna vill därför ofta öka tillgången på externt riskkapital genom olika selektiva statliga stödinsatser för att få fler växande företag.

    Klassiska teorier om företagstillväxt implicerar dock att det snarare är uppbyggnaden av företagets interna resurser som är av betydelse för att förklara företagens tillväxt och möjligheter att överleva på marknaden. Många företagare vill dessutom behålla kontrollen över sitt företag och kan därmed välja att inte växa med externt kapital, trots att de har tillväxtambitioner. Om detta stämmer är politiska beslut som ökar tillgången till internt kapital av större betydelse för företagens utveckling än politiska beslut som avser att öka tillgången på externt kapital.

    I denna rapport vill vi studera hur betydelsefullt det internt uppbyggda kapitalet har varit för tillväxt och överlevnad hos aktiebolag i Sverige under perioden 1997–2010. Våra resultat indikerar att:

    • Tillgången till internt kapital kan inte förklara den observerade företagstillväxten bland aktiebolag i Sverige under perioden 1997–2010.

    • Det interna kapitalet är inte relaterat till överlevnadssannolikheten för aktiebolag i Sverige under perioden 1997–2010.

    • Företag som växer efter att de har byggt upp internt kapital har större möjligheter att i framtiden kombinera hög tillväxt med hög lönsamhet jämfört med de företag som växer innan de har byggt upp internt kapital.

    Resultaten är delvis motstridiga. De företag som bygger upp ett internt kapital och sedan väljer att expandera har en högre sannolikhet att nå en långsiktigt hållbar position för tillväxt än de företag som växer innan de har byggt upp internt kapital. Detta talar för att uppbyggnaden av internt kapital är av betydelse. Våra regressionsresultat indikerar dock att det inte finns något starkt positivt samband mellan internt uppbyggt kapital och företagens framtida omsättningstillväxt eller möjligheter att överlevna på marknaden.

    Det finns ett antal möjliga förklaringar till våra resultat. Den första förklaringen är helt enkelt att det interna kapitalet inte är av betydelse för företagens framtida tillväxt och överlevnad. Den troliga förklaringen till detta är att vid jämvikt kommer företagarna att värdesätta en expansion med internt eller externt kapital på liknande sätt. Detta implicerar att det snarare är den totala mängden riskkapital som påverkar företagens tillväxt och överlevnad, och inte huruvida kapitalet genereras internt eller externt.

    En annan tolkning är att företagarna fortfarande föredrar att växa med internt uppbyggt kapital eftersom resultaten visar effekten på företagstillväxten och överlevnadssannolikheten, givet den initiala uppbyggnaden av internt kapital i företagen. Den initiala nivån av internt kapital har således ingen effekt på företagsutvecklingen, men en ökning av det interna kapitalet i förhållande till tillgången på externt kapital kan fortfarande leda till att fler företag vill expandera sin verksamhet.

    Många företagare i Sverige väljer också att inte växa trots att de har relativt god lönsamhetsutveckling. Detta kan betyda att vi inte observerar några samband mellan det internt uppbyggda kapitalet och företagens utveckling eftersom många företagare inte vill växa under de rådande institutionella förutsättningarna. Det finns med andra ord utelämnande variabler, till exempel olika tillväxtbarriärer (regelkrångel, strikt anställningsskydd, matchningsproblem, etc.), som kan förklara varför det interna kapitalet inte har någon observerad betydelse för tillväxten och företagens överlevnad i vår studie.

    Slutligen kan en möjlig förklaring vara att företagens tillväxt och överlevnad i mycket hög utsträckning är slumpmässig. Detta innebär att det blir svårt att förklara vad det är som påverkar företagens utveckling, vilket också implicerar att selektiva stödåtgärder för att få fler växande företag är dömda att misslyckas.

    Sammanfattningsvis kan vi konstatera att våra resultat inte ger något stöd för hypotesen att företag med tillgång till internt kapital växer snabbare och har en högre överlevnadssannolikhet än de företag som har tillgång till mindre internt uppbyggt kapital. Resultaten bygger på de rådande institutionella förutsättningarna i Sverige under perioden 1997–2010 och är avgränsade till att studera effekten av det initialt uppbyggda kapitalet i bolagen. Vi undersöker inte företagarnas preferenser, det vill säga om de föredrar mer internt kapital framför externt kapital när de ska expandera verksamheten, eller om en ökning av det internt uppbyggda kapitalet har en större tillväxteffekt än mer externt kapital.

  • 8.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics. HUI Research.
    Halvarsson, Daniel
    HUI Research.
    Mihaescu, Oana
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Human Geography. HUI Research.
    High-growth firms: Not so vital after all?2015Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    High-growth firms have received considerable interest recently since they create most of the new jobs in the economy. The purpose of our paper is to investigate the characteristics of high-growth firms prior to their growth period, and whether these characteristics differ across industries. Using data on a large sample of limited liability firms in Sweden for the period 2007-2010, we find that high-growth firms do not have the characteristics that we typically associate with successful firms. On the contrary, our results indicate that high-growth firms have low profits and a weak financial position. This might explain why studies have found that high-growth firms are seldom capable of sustaining their high growth rates in subsequent periods, and thus question policies that are targeted towards these companies.

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  • 9.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics. HUI Research, Stockholm.
    Halvarsson, Daniel
    Ratio Institute, Stockholm.
    Mihaescu, Oana
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Human Geography. HUI Research, Stockholm.
    High-growth firms: Not so vital after all?2016In: International Review of Entrepreneurship, ISSN 2009-2822, Vol. 14, no 4Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 10.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics. HUI Research.
    Johansson, Dan
    Seerar Westerberg, Hans
    Which firms provide jobs for unemployed non-Western immigrants?2019In: Service Industries Journal, ISSN 0264-2069, E-ISSN 1743-9507, Vol. 39, no 9-10, p. 762-778Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Although the refugee immigration crisis is one of the major socio-economic challenges in Europe, we still lack knowledge on what characterizes firms that provide jobs for unemployed immigrants. We provide an answer by investigating firms that recruit unemployed non-Western immigrants using matched employer-employee data from Statistics Sweden. We find large industry differences; firms active in the service sectors, such as the hospitality, transport, and healthcare industries, are much more likely to hire unemployed non-Western immigrants than firms in high-tech and manufacturing industries. In addition, after controlling for educational attainment and industry of occupation, firms with at least one non-Western immigrant manager hire more than four times as many unemployed non-Western immigrants than firms without any non-Western immigrant managers. Public policies that target industries might thus also influence job opportunities for immigrants and, thereby, the possibility of their integration into society.

  • 11.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics. HUI Research, Stockholm.
    Mihaescu, Oana
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Human Geography.
    Nilsson, Helena
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Microdata Analysis.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics.
    What happens when IKEA comes to town?2017In: Regional studies, ISSN 0034-3404, E-ISSN 1360-0591, Vol. 51, no 2, p. 313-323Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The effects of a new IKEA store on retail revenues, employment and inflow of purchasing power in the entry municipalities as well as in neighbouring municipalities were investigated using data from 2000–11. A propensity score-matching method was used to find non-IKEA entry municipalities that were as similar as possible to the entry municipalities based on the situation before entry. The results indicate that IKEA entry increased entry municipality durable goods revenues by about 20% and employment by about 17%. Only small and, in most cases, statistically insignificant effects were found in neighbouring municipalities.

  • 12.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Economics. Inst Retail Econ HFI, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Mihaescu, Oana
    Inst Retail Econ HFI, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Oner, Ozge
    Univ Cambridge / Res Inst Ind Econ IFN, Stockholm, Sweden / Jonkoping Int Business School.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    Inst Retail Econ HFI, Stockholm, Sweden..
    Retail and Place Attractiveness: The Effects of Big-Box Entry on Property Values2021In: Geographical Analysis, ISSN 0016-7363, E-ISSN 1538-4632, Vol. 53, no 3, p. 467-498Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The opponents of big-box entry argue that large retail establishments generate a variety of negative externalities. The advocates, on the contrary, argue that access to a large retail market not only delivers direct economic benefits, but also a variety of positive spill-over effects, and therefore, can be considered a consumer amenity that increases the attractiveness of the entry location. To test the validity of these competing arguments, we use the entry of IKEA in Sweden as a quasi-experiment and investigate if increased access to retail is associated with place attractiveness, where attractiveness is proxied by residential property values. We find that entry by IKEA increases prices of the properties sold in the entry cities by, on average, 4.2% or 62,980 SEK (approximately 6,600 USD), but such an effect is statistically insignificant for the properties in the immediate vicinity of the new IKEA retail trade area. We also observe an attenuation of the effect with distance from the new IKEA store, where the properties located 10 km away experience a 2% price increase. Our results indicate that large retailers have the potential to increase place attractiveness, but perhaps not in the immediate vicinity of the new establishment.

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  • 13.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics. Inst Retail Econ, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Westerberg, Hans Seerar
    High-growth Firms and the Labor Market Entry of First-generation Immigrants2020In: International Review of Entrepreneurship, ISSN 2009-2822, Vol. 18, no 2, p. 181-202, article id 1624Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The number of refugees in Europe has increased dramatically in recent years, and many countries are facing great challenges to integrating these refugees into their societies. A small group of high-growth firms have at the same time attracted attention because they create the most jobs at any given point in time. Using matched employer-employee data from Statistics Sweden, we find that these high-growth firms in general are more likely to recruit first-generation immigrants that are unemployed. This provides support for the hypothesis that managers in high-growth firms, to greater extents, recruit marginalized individuals because they want to take advantage of their growth opportunities. Rapidly growing firms are thus less selective in their hiring decisions, and policies that are focused on increasing the number of high-growth firms might also help immigrants who face difficulties entering the labor market.

  • 14.
    Huq, Asif M
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Microdata Analysis.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Economics. HUI Research.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Business Administration and Management. Högskolan i Gävle.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    HUI Research.
    Free to choose: Do voluntary audit reforms increase employment growth?2018Report (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Many European countries have abolished mandatory audits for small firms to reduce the regulatory and administrative burden for these firms. However, we still lack knowledge on whether such legislative changes affect employment growth for those firms that become free to choose to have external audits. We investigate this question using a Swedish reform that made audits voluntary for small firms fulfilling certain requirements. The reform created an almost ideal natural experiment, which we use to evaluate the effects of voluntary audits on employment growth for small firms using a difference-in-difference estimator. We find that firms which fulfilled the requirements for voluntary auditing, compared to a control group of similar firms that did not, increased their employment growth rate by 0.39%. This corresponds to 1,830 jobs being created in the year following the reform, suggesting that mandatory audits act as a growth barrier for small firms.

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  • 15.
    Huq, Asif M
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Microdata Analysis.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Economics. Institute of Retail Economics, Stockholm.
    Hartwig, Fredrik
    University of Gävle.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    Institute of Retail Economics, Stockholm.
    Free to Choose: Do Voluntary Audit Reforms Increase Employment Growth?2021In: International Journal of the Economics of Business, ISSN 1357-1516, E-ISSN 1466-1829, Vol. 28, no 1, p. 163-178Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 16.
    Lindgren, Charlie
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Microdata Analysis.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society, Economics. Institute of Retail Economics, Stockholm.
    Rudholm, N.
    Yella, Siril
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Computer Engineering.
    Is intertemporal price discrimination the cause of price dispersion in markets with low search costs?2021In: Applied Economics Letters, ISSN 1350-4851, E-ISSN 1466-4291, Vol. 28, no 11, p. 968-971Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 17.
    Lindgren, Charlie
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering.
    Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov
    Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society. Institute of Retail Economics, Stockholm.
    Rudholm, Niklas
    Institute of Retail Economics, Stockholm.
    Pricing in retail markets with low search costs: Evidence from a price comparison websiteManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Price comparison websites, where consumers can compare prices at a search cost that is close to zero, have become increasingly common around the world. Using daily information on prices, click-throughs, and the number of retailers for a sample of consumer electronics and durable goods over a period of 62 months, we investigate the effects of the increased use of the Swedish price comparison website PriceSpy on prices and price dispersion. We find that increased use by consumers created potential savings of 290 million SEK in 2016, while increased use by retailers created potential savings of approximately 2.9 billion SEK. Reduced prices due to increased use of the price comparison website thus resulted in total potential consumer savings of nearly 3.2 billion SEK (289 million EUR) for the year 2016 alone. Price comparison websites thus place downward pressure on prices, thereby increasing economic efficiency. We also find that the increased use of the price comparison website by retailers resulted in increased price dispersion, while the effect of more consumers using the website was mixed.

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