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  • 1.
    Carlsson, Tomas
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science.
    Fjordell, Wilma
    Wedholm, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science.
    Swarén, Mikael
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science.
    Carlsson, Magnus
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science.
    The Modern Double-Poling Technique Is Not More Energy Efficient Than the Old-Fashioned Double-Poling Technique at a Submaximal Work Intensity2022In: Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, E-ISSN 2624-9367, Vol. 4, article id 850541Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of the study was to investigate whether there are energy-efficiency differences between the execution of the old-fashioned double-poling technique (DPOLD) and the modern double-poling technique (DPMOD) at a submaximal work intensity among elite male cross-country skiers. Fifteen elite male cross-country skiers completed two 4-min tests at a constant mechanical work rate (MWR) using the DPMOD and DPOLD. During the last minute of each test, the mean oxygen uptake (VO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were analyzed, from which the metabolic rate (MR) and gross efficiency (GE) were calculated. In addition, the difference between pretest and posttest blood-lactate concentrations (BLadiff) was determined. For each technique, skiers’ joint angles (i.e., heel, ankle, knee, hip, shoulder, and elbow) were analyzed at the highest and lowest positions during the double-poling cycle. Paired-samples t-tests were used to investigate differences between DPMOD and DPOLD outcomes. There were no significant differences in either VO2mean, MR, GE, or BLadiff (all P > 0.05) between the DPMOD and DPOLD tests. DPMOD execution was associated with a higher RER (P < 0.05). Significant technique-specific differences were found in either the highest and/or the lowest position for all six analyzed joint angles (all P < 0.001). Hence, despite decades of double-poling technique development, which is reflected in the significant biomechanical differences between DPOLD and DPMOD execution, at submaximal work intensity, the modern technique is not more energy efficient than the old-fashioned technique. 

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  • 2.
    Carlsson, Tomas
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science.
    Wedholm, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science.
    Fjordell, Wilma
    Swarén, Mikael
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science.
    Carlsson, Magnus
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science.
    Effect of sub‑technique transitions on energy expenditure and physiological load in the classical‑style technique among elite male cross‑country skiers2021In: European Journal of Applied Physiology, ISSN 1439-6319, E-ISSN 1439-6327, Vol. 121, no 11, p. 3201-3209Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 3.
    Carlsson, Tomas
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Sport and Health Science.
    Wedholm, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Sport and Health Science.
    Nilsson, Johnny
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Sport and Health Science.
    Carlsson, Magnus
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Sport and Health Science.
    The effects of strength training versus ski-ergometer training on double-poling capacity of elite junior cross-country skiers2017In: European Journal of Applied Physiology, ISSN 1439-6319, E-ISSN 1439-6327, Vol. 117, no 8, p. 1523-1532Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose

    To compare the effects of strength training versus ski-ergometer training on double-poling gross efficiency (GE), maximal speed (Vmax), peak oxygen uptake (V&#x02D9;O2peak" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-table; line-height: normal; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">V˙O2peakV˙O2peak) for elite male and female junior cross-country skiers.

    Methods

    Thirty-three elite junior cross-country skiers completed a 6-week training-intervention period with two additional 40-min training sessions per week. The participants were matched in pairs and within each pair randomly assigned to either a strength-training group (STR) or a ski-ergometer-training group (ERG). Before and after the intervention, the participants completed three treadmill roller-skiing tests to determine GE, Vmax, and V&#x02D9;O2peak" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-table; line-height: normal; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">V˙O2peakV˙O2peak. Mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to evaluate differences between and within groups. Paired samples t tests were used as post hoc tests to investigate within-group differences.

    Results

    Both groups improved their Vmax and V&#x02D9;O2peak" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-table; line-height: normal; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">V˙O2peakV˙O2peak expressed absolutely (all P < 0.01). For the gender-specific sub-groups, it was found that the female skiers in both groups improved both Vmax and V&#x02D9;O2peak" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-table; line-height: normal; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; position: relative;">V˙O2peakV˙O2peak expressed absolutely (all P < 0.05), whereas the only within-group differences found for the men were improvements of Vmax in the STR group. No between-group differences were found for any of the investigated variables.

    Conclusions

    Physiological and performance-related variables of importance for skiers were improved for both training regimes. The results demonstrate that the female skiers’ physiological adaptations to training, in general, were greater than those of the men. The magnitude of the physiological adaptations was similar for both training regimes.

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  • 4. Högman, Marieann
    et al.
    Wedholm, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science. Falun Hospital, Falun, Region Dalarna.
    Carlsson, Tomas
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science.
    Carlsson, Magnus
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science.
    Tonkonogi, Michail
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Medical Science.
    Differences in nitric oxide airway diffusion after maximum oxygen uptake test in asthmatic and nonasthmatic elite junior cross-country skiers2021In: ERJ Open Research, E-ISSN 2312-0541, Vol. 7, no 1, article id 00378-2020Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Asthma is common in cross-country skiers and is often treated with ß2-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Exhaled nitric oxide is often used to guide ICS treatment in asthma. This study investigated the change in the pulmonary NO dynamics before and after a maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2-max) test.An extended NO analysis was performed among Swedish elite junior cross-country skiers (n=25), with and without declared asthma, before and after a V̇O2-max test using roller skis. Asthma was declared by six boys and two girls among whom five occasionally used ICS.There were no differences in the baseline NO parameters between those with and without declared asthma. The diffusion capacity over airway wall (DawNO) was 21 (17,25) mL·s−1 (median, quartiles), which is much increased for this age group. After the V̇O2-max test, there were statistically significant differences from the baseline fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO50), NO-flux from airways, DawNO and alveolar NO values; but not in the NO content in airway wall (CawNO) for all subjects together as one group. However, in the asthma group, differences were only seen in the FENO50 and in CawNO.Interestingly, a majority of the subjects had an increase in the DawNO. An increase in DawNO has been found with allergic asthma together with elevated CawNO. The skiers did not have elevated CawNO, which indicates an absence of inflammation in the airway wall. Modelling of lung NO production clearly shows that the asthma among our skiers is distinct from the allergic asthma in non-athletes.

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  • 5. Högman, Marieann
    et al.
    Wedholm, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science.
    Carlsson, Tomas
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science.
    Carlsson, Magnus
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science.
    Tonkonogi, Michail
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Medical Science.
    Längdskidåkare med eller utan astmadiagnos har ökad diffusion för NO från luftrören2021Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 6.
    Högman, Marieann
    et al.
    Uppsala Univ, Dept Med Sci Resp Allergy & Sleep Res, Uppsala, Sweden..
    Wedholm, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Sport and Health Science.
    Carlsson, Tomas
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Sport and Health Science.
    Carlsson, Magnus
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Sport and Health Science.
    Tonkonogi, Michail
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Medical Science.
    Skiers with or without asthma have increased airway diffusion rate of NO from the airways2020In: European Respiratory Journal, ISSN 0903-1936, E-ISSN 1399-3003, Vol. 56, article id 2410Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 7. Högman, Marieann
    et al.
    Wedholm, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Sport and Health Science.
    Carlsson, Tomas
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Sport and Health Science.
    Carlsson, Magnus
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Sport and Health Science.
    Tonkonogi, Michail
    Dalarna University, School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Medical Science.
    Skiers with or without asthma have increased airway diffusion rate of NO from the airways2020Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 8.
    Xuan, Xing
    et al.
    Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;UCAM-SENS, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres Hernandez Ros 1, 30107 Murcia, Spain.
    Chen, Chen
    Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Molinero-Fernandez, Agueda
    Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;UCAM-SENS, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres Hernandez Ros 1, 30107 Murcia, Spain.
    Ekelund, Emil
    Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Cardinale, Daniele
    Department of Physiology, Nutrition, and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, SE-11486 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Swarén, Mikael
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science.
    Wedholm, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science.
    Cuartero, Maria
    Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;UCAM-SENS, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres Hernandez Ros 1, 30107 Murcia, Spain.
    Crespo, Gaston A.
    Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;UCAM-SENS, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres Hernandez Ros 1, 30107 Murcia, Spain.
    Fully Integrated Wearable Device for Continuous Sweat Lactate Monitoring in Sports2023In: ACS Sensors, E-ISSN 2379-3694, Vol. 8, no 6, p. 2401-2409Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The chemical digitalization of sweat using wearable sensing interfaces is an attractive alternative to traditional blood-based protocols in sports. Although sweat lactate has been claimed to be a relevant biomarker in sports, an analytically validated wearable system to prove that has not yet been developed. We present a fully integrated sweat lactate sensing system applicable to in situ perspiration analysis. The device can be conveniently worn in the skin to monitor real-time sweat lactate during sports, such as cycling and kayaking. The novelty of the system is threefold: advanced microfluidics design for sweat collection and analysis, an analytically validated lactate biosensor based on a rational design of an outer diffusion-limiting membrane, and an integrated circuit for signal processing with a custom smartphone application. The sensor covering the range expected for lactate in sweat (1-20 mM), with appropriate sensitivity (-12.5 ± 0.53 nA mM-1), shows an acceptable response time (<90 s), and the influence of changes in pH, temperature, and flow rate are neglectable. Also, the sensor is analytically suitable with regard to reversibility, resilience, and reproducibility. The sensing device is validated through a relatively high number of on-body tests performed with elite athletes cycling and kayaking in controlled environments. Correlation outcomes between sweat lactate and other physiological indicators typically accessible in sports laboratories (blood lactate, perceived exhaustion, heart rate, blood glucose, respiratory quotient) are also presented and discussed in relation to the sport performance monitoring capability of continuous sweat lactate.

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  • 9.
    Xuan, Xing
    et al.
    Department of Chemistry School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 30 100 44 Stockholm Sweden.
    Chen, Chen
    Department of Chemistry School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 30 100 44 Stockholm Sweden.
    Pérez‐Ràfols, Clara
    Department of Chemistry School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 30 100 44 Stockholm Sweden.
    Swarén, Mikael
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science.
    Wedholm, Lars
    Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Sport and Health Science.
    Cuartero, Maria
    Department of Chemistry School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 30 100 44 Stockholm Sweden.
    Crespo, Gaston A.
    Department of Chemistry School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 30 100 44 Stockholm Sweden.
    A Wearable Biosensor for Sweat Lactate as a Proxy for Sport Performance Monitoring2022In: Analysis & Sensing, E-ISSN 2629-2742, Vol. 3, no 4, article id e202200047Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the last decade, sport performance assessment has significantly transformed due to the appearance of disruptive technologies. Subjective pen and paper notations have evolved into advanced wearable sensing systems that acquire performance-related data. The selection of adequate performance metric variables always causes a debate in sport physiology, and this becomes more relevant once new biochemical indicators are proposed, such as sweat lactate. Here, we analyze the correlation of real-time sweat lactate, obtained with a validated wearable biosensor, with the typical physiological parameters often recorded in sports laboratories (e. g., blood lactate, Borg scale for the rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, power output, blood glucose, and respiratory quotient). We found that the heart rate, power output, Borg scale, and blood lactate relate to sweat lactate in independent individuals during cycling activity. Hence, we demonstrate the potential to associate non-invasive, quantitative, and personalized analysis with sport practice.

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