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  • 1. Copertaro, Benedetta
    et al.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction.
    Sangelantoni, Lorenzo
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Building Renovation Adapting to Future Climate: A Potential Solution of Phase-Change Material to Building Envelope2022In: Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation / [ed] Maximilian Lackner, Baharak Sajjadi, Wei-Yin Chen, Springer Nature, 2022Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 2.
    Han, Mengjie
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Microdata Analysis.
    Zhao, Jing
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction.
    Li, Yu
    The reinforcement learning method for occupant behavior in building control: A review2021In: Energy and Built Environment, ISSN 2666-1233, Vol. 2, no 2, p. 137-148Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Occupant behavior in buildings has been considered the major source of uncertainty for assessing energy consumption and building performance. Modeling frameworks are usually built to accomplish a certain task, but the stochasticity of the occupant makes it difficult to apply that experience to a similar but distinct environment. For complex and dynamic environments, the development of smart devices and computing power makes intelligent control methods for occupant behaviors more viable. It is expected that they will make a substantial contribution to reducing global energy consumption. Among these control techniques, the reinforcement learning (RL) method seems distinctive and applicable. The success of the reinforcement learning method in many artificial intelligence applications has given an explicit indication of how this method might be used to model and adjust occupant behavior in building control. Fruitful algorithms complement each other and guarantee the quality of the optimization. However, the examination of occupant behavior based on reinforcement learning methodologies is not well established. The way that occupant interacts with the RL agent is still unclear. This study briefly reviews the empirical applications using reinforcement learning, how they have contributed to shaping the modeling paradigms and how they might suggest a future research direction.

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  • 3.
    Huang, Pei
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Copertaro, Benedetta
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Löfgren, Isabelle
    Rönnelid, Mats
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Fahlen, Jan
    Andersson, Dan
    Svanfeldt, Mikael
    A review of data centers as prosumers in district energy systems: Renewable energy integration and waste heat reuse for district heating2020In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 258, article id 114109Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    As large energy prosumers in district energy systems, on the one hand, data centers consume a large amount of electricity to ensure the Information Technologies (IT) facilities, ancillary power supply and cooling systems work properly; on the other hand, data centers produce a large quantity of waste heat due to the high heat dissipation rates of the IT facilities. To date, a systematic review of data centers from the perspective of energy prosumers, which considers both integration of the upstream green energy supply and downstream waste heat reuse, is still lacking. As a result, the potentials for improving data centers’ performances are limited due to a lack of global optimization of the upstream renewable energy integration and downstream waste heat utilization. This study is intended to fill in this gap and provides such a review. In this regard, the advancements in different cooling techniques, integration of renewable energy and advanced controls, waste heat utilization and connections for district heating, real projects, performance metrics and economic, energy and environmental analyses are reviewed. Based on the enormous amount of research on data centers in district energy systems, it has been found that: (1) global controls, which can manage the upstream renewable production, data centers’ operation and waste heat generation and downstream waste heat utilization are still lacking; (2) regional climate studies represent an effective way to find the optimal integration of renewable energy and waste heat recovery technologies for improving the data centers’ energy efficiency; (3) the development of global energy metrics will help to appropriately quantify the data center performances.

  • 4.
    Huang, Pei
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Lovati, M.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction.
    Chai, J.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Investigation of the Peer-to-Peer energy trading performances in a local community under the future climate change scenario in Sweden2022In: Energy Reports, E-ISSN 2352-4847, Vol. 8, p. 989-1001Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy sharing among neighboring households is a promising solution to mitigating the difficulties of renewable power (such as solar Photovoltaics (PV)) penetration on the power grid. Until now, there is still a lack of study on the impacts of future climate change on the P2P energy trading performances. The future climate change will cause variances in the renewable energy production and further lead to changes in the economic performances of households with various energy uses and affect the decision making in PV ownership and pricing strategies. Being unaware of these impacts could potentially hinder the P2P energy sharing application in practice. To bridge such knowledge gap, this paper conducts a systematic investigation of the climate change impacts on the energy sharing performance in solar PV power shared communities. The future weather data is generated using the Morphine method, and an agent-based modeling method is used for simulating the energy trading behaviors of households. Four comparative scenarios of different PV ownerships and pricing strategies are designed. The detailed energy trading performances (including the PV power self-sufficiency, cost saving, revenues, and compound annual growth rate) for the four comparative scenarios are analyzed under both the present and future climates and compared. The study results of a building community located in Sweden show that the future climate change is more beneficial to large energy use households while less beneficial to small households. High price of energy trading can improve the fairness of the economic performances in the community, especially when some of the households do not have any PV ownership. This study can help understand the future climate impacts on the energy sharing performances of building communities, which can in turn guide decision making in PV ownership and price setting for different households under the future climate change to facilitate real applications. © 2021 The Author(s)

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  • 5. Koke, Johannes
    et al.
    Schippmann, André
    Shen, Jingchun
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Kaufmann, Peter
    Krause, Stefan
    Strategies of Design Concepts and Energy Systems for NearlyZero‐Energy Container Buildings (NZECBs) inDifferent Climates2021In: Buildings, E-ISSN 2075-5309, Vol. 11, no 8, article id 364Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 6.
    Lin, Jing
    et al.
    Division of Operation and Maintenance, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå.
    Hedekvist, Per Olof
    Division of Measurement Science and Technologies, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Borås.
    Mylly, Nina
    Division of Measurement Science and Technologies, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Borås.
    Bollen, Math
    Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, Skellefteå.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction.
    Xiong, Jiawei
    Division of Operation and Maintenance, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå.
    Silfvenius, Christofer
    SCANIA Technical Center, SCANIA AB, Södertälje.
    Human-Centric and Integrative Lighting Asset Management in Public Libraries: Qualitative Insights and Challenges From a Swedish Field Study2024In: IEEE Access, E-ISSN 2169-3536, Vol. 12, p. 40905-40921Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 7.
    Lin, Jing (Janet)
    et al.
    Division of Operation and Maintenance, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden;Division of Product Realization, Mälardalen University, Eskilstuna, Sweden.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Silfvenius, Christofer
    Monolithica AB, Gustavsberg, Sweden.
    Human-centric lighting asset management for LED bulbs: a context-driven approach on prognostics and maintenance strategy development in public libraries2024In: Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation, ISSN 1058-9759, E-ISSN 1477-2671, p. 1-19Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Traditional asset management of lighting systems typically focuses on functionality, cost, and lifespan. In contrast, a human-centric approach prioritizes social sustainability and user well-being by ensuring lighting assets “provide the right light at the right time” for diverse activities. Light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs, known for energy efficiency and longevity, have become a preferred choice, yet public libraries often struggle to manage these assets sustainably, remaining in a reactive “fix/replace when it breaks” stage. Current predictive methods, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, rely on laboratory data that often overlook real-world contexts, leading to performance gaps. This paper presents a context-driven, human-centric methodology for LED prognosis and maintenance strategies in public libraries, employing limited degradation data from LED testing. Advanced analytical techniques, including Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) and Deviance Information Criterion (DIC), support a shift from function-based to performance-based reliability assessment. By incorporating Mean Time of Exposure (MTOE) and Critical Integrated Levels (CILs), the approach defines optimal maintenance inspection intervals. This research enhances sustainable LED lighting management in public libraries, offering a framework adaptable to broader applications and aligned with human-centric goals.

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  • 8.
    Lin, Jing
    et al.
    Division of Operation and Maintenance, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden;Division of Product Realization, Mälardalen University, 63220 Eskilstuna, Sweden.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction. Division of Construction Technology, Dalarna University, 79188 Falun, Sweden.
    Silfvenius, Christofer
    Research and Development Laboratory, SCANIA Technical Center, SCANIA AB, 15132 Södertälje, Sweden.
    Human-Centric and Integrative Lighting Asset Management in Public Libraries: Insights and Innovations on Its Strategy and Sustainable Development2024In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 16, no 5, p. 2096-2096Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In an era of rapidly advancing lighting technology and evolving public library roles, this study introduces a groundbreaking strategy for human-centric and integrative lighting asset management. Embracing both visual and non-visual effects, “integrative lighting” aims to enhance users’ physiological and psychological well-being. Despite technological progress, notably with LEDs, current asset management often lags, relying on reactionary measures rather than proactive strategies. As public libraries transform into dynamic learning hubs, the significance of indoor lighting, impacting both physical health and holistic well-being, cannot be understated. Yet, many existing solutions are based on controlled lab tests, bypassing the diverse real-world needs of public libraries. Aiming to explore and develop human-centric and integrative lighting asset management strategies to optimize lighting environments in public libraries, this research offers a cohesive approach encompassing context identification, a management framework, and a maturity assessment model. Additionally, this study highlights the synergy between the role of the lighting asset manager, ISO 55000 principles, and these foundational strategies. This holistic approach not only reinvents lighting in public libraries but also aligns it with the broader Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), advocating for light as a conduit of comprehensive human betterment. The current study is primarily qualitative in nature. While this study is based on public libraries in Nordic countries, the implications and findings can be of interest and value to a broader international audience.

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  • 9.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction.
    A Critical Review of Lighting Design and Asset Management Strategies: Illuminating Practices and Lessons Learned for Swedish Public Libraries2023In: 13th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics, NSB 2023 proceedings, Aalborg, Denmark, 2023Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 10.
    Shen, Jingchun
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction.
    Boyle, Patrick
    Department of Energy and Community Building, Dalarna University, Falun.
    Myhren, Jonn Are
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction.
    Offerings and challenges of demand response ventilation under covid-19 scenarios2022In: Proceedings of the 17th IBPSA Conference Bruges, Belgium, Sept. 1-3, 2021, International Building Performance Simulation Association , 2022, p. 2368-2373Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Owning to the outbreak of COVID-19, individuals have to spend more time indoor. It is therefore essential to prepare for a long-term healthy indoor working environment in the transition of post COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is no relevant research so far in investigating such crisis impacts around indoor environmental quality and economic-health issues while home offices are expected becoming common practice soon. Therefore, a case of single-family house in Sweden is specially investigated using IDA ICE. By comparing four predominant ventilation approaches, three operational schedules are proposed, covering different confinement for occupants. Main results show that the demand response ventilation (DRV) generally should sacrifice in remarkable performance in energy saving, and emission reduction to better confront with more challenges in indoor air quality, occupied thermal dissatisfaction fraction and air stagnation under the challenge of COVID-19 pandemic scenario. Altered ventilation strategy should be customized from increased outdoor air supply, various demand-control signal, displacement method towards a heathier homeworking environment. © International Building Performance Simulation Association, 2022

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  • 11.
    Shen, Jingchun
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction.
    Chen, Yang
    Rajagopal, Karthik Hejamadi
    Enhancing Indoor Environmental Quality and Sustainability in Post-Pandemic Office Settings: A Study on Displacement Ventilation Feasibility2023In: Buildings, E-ISSN 2075-5309, Vol. 13, article id 3110Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The COVID-19 pandemic has catalyzed global efforts toward transitioning to a sustainable society, driving rapid innovation in building technologies, working practices, building design, and whole life cycle environmental impact consideration. In this pursuit, this study explores the enduring impact of these on an alternative ventilation approach for both existing building renovations and new building implementations. Comparing displacement ventilation to mixed-mode ventilation in a Finnish office building with varying occupancy densities, this study examines indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal comfort, total building energy performance, and embodied carbon. The findings reveal that the basic case of mixed ventilation has a specified system primary energy value of 38.83 kWh/m2 (with 28 occupants) and 39.00 kWh/m2 (with 24 occupants), respectively. With the displacement ventilation alternative, it reduces this by 0.3% and 0.1%, enhancing thermal comfort and decreasing turbulence as well as having a marginal decrease in embodied carbon. In general, the study offers three-fold contributions: insights into post-pandemic office mechanical ventilation design with an emphasis on sustainability and ecological footprint considerations, a concrete case study addressing climate action and human-centric IAQ design, and a multifaceted analysis using the Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) paradigm, contributing to the groundwork for associated future research and policy progress.

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  • 12.
    Shen, Jingchun
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction.
    Copertaro, B
    Sangelantoni, L
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Influence of Future Climate on Building Performance and the Related Adaptive Solution to New Building Design2022In: Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation / [ed] Maximilian Lackner, Baharak Sajjadi, Wei-Yin Chen, Springer Nature, 2022Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 13.
    Shen, Jingchun
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Copertaro, Benedetta
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Sangelantoni, L.
    University of L'Aquila, Italy.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Suo, H.
    Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China.
    Guan, X.
    Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China.
    An early-stage analysis of climate-adaptive designs for multi-family buildings under future climate scenario: Case studies in Rome, Italy and Stockholm, Sweden2020In: Journal of Building Engineering, E-ISSN 2352-7102, Vol. 27, article id 100972Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 14.
    Shen, Jingchun
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Copertaro, Benedetta
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Koke, Johannes
    Kaufmann, Peter
    Krause, Stefan
    Exploring the potential of climate-adaptive container building design under future climate scenarios in three different climate zones2020In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 12, no 1, article id 108Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The deployment of containers as building modules has grown in popularity over the past years due to their inherent strength, modular construction and relatively low cost. The upcycled container architecture is being accepted since it is more eco-friendly than using the traditional building materials with intensive carbon footprint. Moreover, owing to the unquestionable urgency of climate change, existing climate-adaptive design strategies may no longer respond effectively as they are supposed to work in the previous passive design. Therefore, this paper explores an adaptive upcycled strategy of shipping containers as a carbon-smart modular living solution to a single family house under three design scenarios related to cold, temperate and hot-humid climatic zones, respectively. By assessing the projected future climate data with the ASHRAE Standard 55 and Current Handbook of Fundamentals Comfort Model, it was found that Rome would gradually face more failures in conventional climate adaptive design measures in the coming 60 years. The appropriate utilization of internal heat gains seems to be the most promising measure in Rome, followed by the measure of windows sun shading and passive solar direct gain by using low mass. Weather analysis shows different results in Berlin and Stockholm, where special attention should be paid to the occasional overheating risk. As a result, the holistic climate-adaptive container building design measures are finally summarized from aspects of design features, production / process and challenges in implementation.

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    Exploring the Potential of Climate-Adaptive Container Building Design under Future Climates Scenarios in Three Different Climate Zones
  • 15.
    Shen, Jingchun
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction.
    Huang, Pei
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Tailoring future climate information for building energy simulation2021In: Data-driven analytics for sustainable buildings and cities: from theory to application / [ed] Xingxing Zhang, Singarpore: Springer, 2021Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 16. Shen, Jingchun
    et al.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    He, Wei
    Xu, Peng
    Zhao, Xudong
    Design, Fabrication and Experimental Study of a Loop-heat-pipe based Solar Thermal Facade Water Heating System2015Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 17.
    Shen, Jingchun
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Mylly, Nina
    Lin, Jing
    A Critical Review of Lighting Design and Asset Management Strategies. Illuminating Practices and Lessons Learned for Swedish Public Libraries2023In: Journal of Physics, Conference Series, ISSN 1742-6588, E-ISSN 1742-6596, Vol. 2654, no 1Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Most lighting is only designed to meet the visual needs in most public libraryenvironments in Sweden. Although lighting-related impacts are relevant to six Unite Nationssustainability goals, some important lighting considerations, such as circadian phase disruption,mode and productivity impact, and energy-efficient operation, are missing in current lightingoperating practices. Moreover, most of the current lighting asset management practice in publicbuildings remains “fix it if only it breaks”. With respect to people-centric health factors, visualindex, and lighting asset energy-efficient operation, this study sublimates lighting into a newperspective. Finally, the suggested comprehensive lighting operating strategies integratingdigital twins can help designers and operators in defining the optimal design/control strategy inpublic-built environments, like public library. Digital twin-based decision-making is expected tobe applied to lighting design and control in public spaces that improves visual acuity and comfort,positively impact mood and productivity, and provides recommendations on engagementprinciples under Environment Social Governance (ESG) framework to asset manager/operators.

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  • 18.
    Shen, Jingchun
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Saini, Puneet
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Machine learning and artificial intelligence for digital twin to accelerate sustainability in positive energy districts2021In: Data-driven Analytics for Sustainable Buildings and Cities: From Theory to Application / [ed] Xingxing Zhang, Singarpore: Springer, 2021Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 19. Shen, Jingchun
    et al.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Yang, Tong
    A multifunctional facade with solar thermal technology: Investigation of a compact unglazed solar thermal facade for building integration2018Book (Refereed)
  • 20. Shen, Jingchun
    et al.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    University of Nottingham.
    Yang, Tong
    Tang, Llewellyn
    Cheshmehzangi, Ali
    Wu, Yupeng
    Huang, Guiqin
    Zhong, Dan
    Xu, Peng
    Liu, Shengchun
    Characteristic study of a novel compact Solar Thermal Facade (STF) with internally extruded pin-fin flow channel for building integration2016In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 168, p. 48-64Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The fully building integrated Solar Thermal Facade (STF) systems can become potential solutions for aesthetics architectural design, as well as for the enhancement of energy efficiency and reduction of operational cost in the contemporary built environment. As a result, this article introduces a novel compact STF with internally extruded pin–fin flow channel that is particularly suitable for the building integration. A dedicated simulation model was developed on basis of the heat transfer and the flow mechanics. A prototype of this STF was fabricated and then it was tested under a series of controlled environmental conditions. The experimental validation illustrated a good agreement with the simulation results, indicating the established model was able to predict the STF’s thermal performance at a reasonable accuracy (i.e. mean deviation of less than 5.46%). The impacts of several operational parameters, i.e. equivalent solar radiation, air temperature, air velocity, water mass flow rate and inlet water temperature, on the STF thermal performance were then discussed respectively. Given the baseline testing condition, the collector efficiency factor F′ is almost 0.9930, leading to a relatively high nominal thermal efficiency at about 63.21%, which demonstrates such STF, with simpler structure, lower cost and higher feasibility in architectural design, can achieve an equivalent or better thermal performance than recent bionic STF or the conventional ones. It is also concluded that the thermal efficiency varies proportionally with solar radiation, air temperature, and mass flow rate of water, but oppositely to air velocity and inlet water temperature. A sharp decreasing trend of this STF’s thermal efficiency against the (Tin − Ta)/I was observed under the given operational conditions, which indicates current STF design is only suitable for pool heating, domestic hot water and radiant space heating in areas/climates with warm ambient air temperature and sufficient solar radiation. The overall research results are beneficial for further design, optimization and application of such STF in various solar driven systems, including the provision of hot water, space heating/cooling, increased ventilation, or even electricity in buildings. Such STF technology has the potential to boost the building energy efficiency and literally turn the envelope into an independent energy plant, creating the possibility of solar-thermal technologies deployment in high-rise buildings.

  • 21. Shen, Jingchun
    et al.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    University of Nottingham.
    Yang, Tong
    Tang, Llewellyn
    Shinohara, Hiroyuki
    Wu, Yupeng
    Wang, Hong
    Pan, Song
    Wu, Jinshun
    Xu, Peng
    Experimental study of a compact unglazed Solar Thermal Facade (STF) for energy-efficient buildings2016In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 104, p. 3-8Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a real-time experimental measurement of a novel compact unglazed solar thermal facade (STF) system at outdoor environment in Shanghai, China for about a whole summer week. It demonstrates the daily average solar thermal efficiency fluctuated from 40% to 45.5%. The overall result indicates the advantages of the STF with simple structure, low cost and high feasibility in architectural design for energy-efficient building application, especially at future district or city levels.

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  • 22.
    Shen, Jingchun
    et al.
    University of Nottingham, Ningbo.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    University of Nottingham.
    Yang, Tong
    Tang, Llewellyn
    Shinohara, Hiroyuki
    Wu, Yupeng
    Wang, Hong
    Pan, Song
    Wu, Jinshun
    Xu, Peng
    Optimizing the configuration of a compact thermal facade module for solar renovation concept in buildings2016In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 104, p. 9-14Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Solar concepts show potentially an improved cost-performance (energy) ratio when applied as the integrated parts of building renovations. This paper reported a compact solar thermal facade (STF) module with the internally extruded flow channel suiting for solar renovation concept in buildings. A few of impact factors were considered for the parametric study in order to optimize the STF's configuration for various applications through the validated simulation model. The overall research results are expected to be useful for further improvement in the thermal performance of solar renovation measures.

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  • 23.
    Shen, Jingchun
    et al.
    University of Nottingham, Ningbo.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    University of Nottingham.
    Yang, Tong
    Tang, Llewellyn
    Wu, Yupeng
    Jin, Ruoyu
    Pan, Song
    Wu, Jinshun
    Xue, Peng
    Conceptual development of a compact unglazed Solar Thermal Facade (STF) for building integration2016In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 96, p. 42-54Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This research aims to develop an initiative modular unglazed Solar Thermal Facade (STF) concept initially for hot water generation to facilitate the integration of solar energy with buildings. The new STF concept is simple structure, low cost, and aesthetically appealing with easy installation but is expected to achieve the equivalent thermal efficiency as the conventional STFs. It delivered alternative design in terms of material, colour, texture, shape, size, architectural design, installation method, array connection, hypothetical system application, and solar coverage. Two common design variants i.e. (a) the STF cladding system and (b) the prefabricated STF wall system were described respectively for existing and new low-rise building typologies. Interaction of inclination, orientation, and insolation were discussed for the optimum STF position on the building. Four currently available methods for installation of such STF with buildings were summarized and three typical array connection methods were identified. The decentralized connection was recommended for different types of STF hot water systems. It is customary to design for a solar coverage of 50 to 60 percent for water heating in detached houses; in apartment buildings 30 to 40 percent are more commonly assumed. The concept design in this paper hereby illustrates the precedence for the hypothetical function by the creation of new ideas and also forms up the physical structure or operating principle for the investigations in near future.

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  • 24.
    Shen, Jingchun
    et al.
    University of Nottingham, Ningbo.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Yang, Tong
    Tang, Llewellyn
    Wu, Yupeng
    Pan, Song
    Wu, Jinshun
    Xu, Peng
    Design strategy of a compact unglazed solar thermal facade (STF) for building integration based on BIM concept2017In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 105, p. 1-6Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper discusses the specific design strategy of a novel compact unglazed Solar Thermal Facade (STF) for building performance research in architectural practice. It identifies the basic role of such STF in the building performance simulation and analysis. A dedicated design strategy based on the BIM (building information modelling) concept for application of the proposed STF is then developed in details. This research work clarifies the necessary steps in ensuring that the environmental/economic factors and energy-efficiency strategies of the STF are integrated with the building design and analysis process at the early stage.

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  • 25.
    Shen, Jingchun
    et al.
    University of Nottingham, Ningbo.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    University of Nottingham.
    Yang, Tong
    Tang, Llewellyn
    Wu, Yupeng
    Pan, Song
    Wu, Jinshun
    Xue, Peng
    The early design stage of a novel Solar Thermal Facade (STF) for building integration: Energy performance simulation and socio-economic analysis2016In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 96, p. 55-66Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper provides a feasibility study of a new solar thermal façade (STF) concept for building integration from both technical and economic aspects in Shanghai area of China. The whole set of technical evaluation and economic analysis was investigated through simulation of a reference DOE residential building model in IES-VE software and a dedicated dynamic business model consisting of several critical financial indexes. In order to figure out the cost effectiveness of the STF concept, research work consisted of: (1) exploring the overall feasibility, i.e. energy load, energy savings, operational cost and environmental benefits, and (2) investigating the financial outputs for investment decisions within three different purchase methods. This paper presents a multidisciplinary research method that is expected to be beneficial and supportive for the strategic decision at the early design stage and it also offers a different angle to assess the economic performance of the STF application.

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  • 26. Wu, J.
    et al.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Shen, Jingchun
    University of Nottingham, Ningbo.
    Wu, Y.
    Connelly, K.
    Yang, T.
    Tang, L.
    Xiao, M.
    Xu, P.
    Wang, H.
    A review of thermal absorbers and their integration methods for the combined solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) modules2017In: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews, ISSN 1364-0321, E-ISSN 1879-0690, Vol. 75, p. 839-854Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Thermal absorbers and their integration methods are critical to solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) modules. These two elements directly influence the cooling effort of PV layers and as a result, the related electrical/thermal/overall efficiency. This paper conducts a critical review on the essential thermal absorbers and their integration methods for the currently-available PV modules for the purpose of producing the combined PV/T modules. A brief overview of different PV/T technologies is initially summarized, including aspects of their structure, efficiencies, thermal governing expressions and their applications. Seven different types of thermal absorbers and four corresponding integration methods are subsequently discussed and summarized in terms of their advantages/disadvantages and the associated application for various PV/T modules. Compared to traditional thermal absorbers, such as sheet-and-tube structure, rectangular tunnel with or without fins/grooves and flat-plate tube, these four types, i.e. micro-channel heat pipe array/heat mat, extruded heat exchanger, roll-bond heat exchanger and cotton wick structure, are promising due to the significant enhancement in terms of efficiency, structure, weight, and cost etc. The appropriate or suitable integration method varies in different cases, i.e. the ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) based lamination method seems the best option for integration of PV layer with thermal absorber when compared with other conventional methods, such as direct contact, thermal adhesive and mechanical fixing. Finally, suggestions for further research topics are proposed from five aspects. The overall research results would provide useful information for the assistance of further development of solar PV/T modules with high feasibility for widespread application in energy supply even at district or city-level in the near future. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.

  • 27. Xu, Peng
    et al.
    Shen, Jingchun
    University of Nottingham, Ningbo.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    University of Hull; University of Nottingham .
    He, Wei
    Zhao, Xudong
    Design, fabrication and experimental study of a novel loop-heat-pipe based solar thermal facade water heating system2015In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 75, p. 566-571Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper investigated a novel loop-heat-pipe based solar thermal facade heat-pump system for hot water from concept design, prototype fabrication and experimental test. Given the specific testing conditions, the solar thermal efficiency of the facade module achieved nearly 0.71 in average and the mean system's COP was about 5.0. It is expected that such novel LHP based solar thermal facade technology would further contributed to the development of the renewable (solar) driven heating/hot water service and therefore lead to significant environmental benefits.

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  • 28. Xu, Peng
    et al.
    Shen, Jingchun
    University of Hull.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    University of Hull; University of Nottingham.
    Zhao, Xudong
    Qian, Yingchu
    Case study of smart meter and in-home display for residential behavior change in Shanghai, China2015In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 75, p. 2694-2699Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Smart meters and in-home displays (IHD) have been recently adopted to help give residential consumers more control over energy consumption, and to help meet environmental and security of supply objectives. The paper aims to identify the effectiveness of smart meters and real-time IHDs in reducing Shanghai household energy consumption through a pilot investigation. The research results demonstrate the improved awareness, understanding, and attitudes towards the energy saving by smart meters and IHDs.

  • 29. Xu, Peng
    et al.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Shen, Jingchun
    Yang, Tong
    Deng, Wu
    Tang, Llewellyn
    Empirical study of the energy saving potentials in Shanghai residential buildings through human behaviour change2015Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 30. Xu, Peng
    et al.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Shen, Jingchun
    University of Nottingham, Ningbo.
    Yang, Tong
    Tang, Llewellyn
    Comparative study of a novel thermal absorber based solar photovoltaic/thermal against photovoltaic system2015Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 31. Xu, Peng
    et al.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    Shen, Jingchun
    Yang, Tong
    Tang, Llewellyn
    Field-experimental study of a novel solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system2015Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 32. Xu, Peng
    et al.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    University of Hull.
    Shen, Jingchun
    University of Hull.
    Zhao, Xudong
    He, Wei
    Li, Deying
    Parallel experimental study of a novel super-thin thermal absorber based photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system against conventional photovoltaic (PV) system2015In: Energy Reports, E-ISSN 2352-4847, Vol. 1, p. 30-35Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Photovoltaic (PV) semiconductor degrades in performance due to temperature rise. A super thin-conductive thermal absorber is therefore developed to regulate the PV working temperature by retrofitting the existing PV panel into the photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) panel. This article presented the parallel comparative investigation of the two different systems through both laboratory and field experiments. The laboratory evaluation consisted of one PV panel and one PV/T panel respectively while the overall field system involved 15 stand-alone PV panels and 15 retrofitted PV/T panels. The laboratory testing results demonstrated the PV/T panel could achieve the electrical efficiency of about 16.8% (relatively 5% improvement comparing with the stand-alone PV panel), and yield an extra amount of heat with thermal efficiency of nearly 65%. The field testing results indicated that the hybrid PV/T panel could enhance the electrical return of PV panels by nearly 3.5%, and increase the overall energy output by nearly 324.3%. Further opportunities and challenges were then discussed from aspects of different PV/T stakeholders to accelerate the development. It is expected that such technology could become a significant solution to yield more electricity, offset heating load freely and reduce carbon footprint in contemporary energy environment.

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  • 33. Yasir, Kanwal
    et al.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction.
    Lin, Jing
    Sustainable Logistics: Synergizing Passive Design and PV–Battery Systems for Carbon Footprint Reduction2024In: Buildings, E-ISSN 2075-5309, Vol. 14, no 10, article id 3257Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    As more companies strive for net-zero emissions, mitigating indirect greenhouse gasemissions embedded in value chains—especially in logistics activities—has become a critical priority.In the European logistics sector, sustainability and energy efficiency are receiving growing attention,given the sector’s intersectional role in both transportation and construction. This transition towardlow-carbon logistics design not only reduces carbon emissions but also yields financial benefits,including operational cost savings and new market opportunities. This study examines the impactof passive design strategies and low-carbon technologies in a Swedish logistics center, assessedusing the low-carbon design criteria from the BREEAM International standard, version 6. Thefindings show that passive energy-efficient measures, such as the installation of 47 skylights fornatural daylighting, reduced light power density in accordance with AHSHARE 90.1-2019 and theintegration of free night flushing, contribute to a 23% reduction in total energy consumption. Inaddition, the integration of 600 PV panels and 480 batteries with a capacity of 268 ampere-hours and13.5 kWh storage, operating at 50 volts, delivers a further 56% reduction in carbon emissions. Byoptimizing the interaction between passive design and active low-carbon technologies, this researchpresents a comprehensive feasibility analysis that promotes sustainable logistics practices whileensuring a future-proof, low-carbon operational model.

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  • 34.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Pellegrino, Filippo
    Shen, Jingchun
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Construction.
    Copertaro, Benedetta
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Huang, Pei
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Saini, Puneet
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    Lovati, Marco
    Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology.
    A preliminary simulation study about the impact of COVID-19 crisis on energy demand of a building mix at a district in Sweden2020In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 280, article id 115954Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 35.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    et al.
    University of Nottingham.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Adkins, Deborah
    Yang, Tong
    Tang, Llewellyn
    Zhao, Xudong
    He, Wei
    Xu, Peng
    Liu, Chenchen
    Luo, Huizhong
    The early design stage for building renovation with a novel loop-heat-pipe based solar thermal facade (LHP-STF) heat pump water heating system: Techno-economic analysis in three European climates2015In: Energy Conversion and Management, ISSN 0196-8904, E-ISSN 1879-2227, Vol. 106, p. 964-986Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Most of the building renovation plans are usually decided in the early design stage. This delicate phase contains the greatest opportunity to achieve the high energy performance buildings after refurbishment. It is therefore important to provide the pertinent energy performance information for the designers or decision-makers from multidisciplinary and comparative points of view. This paper investigates the renovation concept of a novel loop-heat-pipe based solar thermal facade (LHP-STF) installed on a reference residential building by technical evaluation and economic analysis in three typical European climates, including North Europe (represented by Stockholm), West Europe (represented by London) and South Europe (represented by Madrid). The aim of this paper is firstly to explore the LHP-STF’s sensitivity with regards to the overall building socio-energy performance and secondly to study the LHP-STF’s economic feasibility by developing a dedicated business model. The reference building model was derived from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) commercial buildings research, in which the energy data for the building models were from the ASHRAE codes and other standard practices. The financial data were collected from the European statistic institute and the cost of system was based on the manufactured prototype. Several critical financial indexes were applied to evaluate the investment feasibility of the LHP-STF system in building renovation, such as Payback Period (PP), Net Present Value (NPV), and the modified internal rate of return method (IRR). Four common investment options were considered in this business model, including buying outright (BO), buying by instalment (BI), energy efficiency funding (EEF) and power purchase agreement (PPA). The research results indicate that the LHP-STF could contribute to the hot water load throughout the year with substantially reduced heating load in winter, and yet a slight increased cooling load in summer. Among four investment options, the BO was considered as the best investment method with the highest NPV, IRR and the shortest payback period. With regards to relatively limited solar resources, London was found to be the best place for investment with the highest economical revenues and an attractive payback period of less than four years for all purchase options. Although Madrid has the richest solar resource, this system has the lowest economic profit and the longest payback period. This outcome confirms that the renewable energy incentives have a higher impact than solar resources on current solar thermal facade technologies under such pricing fundamentals. This multidisciplinary research is expected to be helpful for the strategic decisions at the early design stage for building renovation with the proposed system and further promote development of solar driven service system, leading to the savings in fossil fuel consumption and reduction in carbon emission.

  • 36.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    et al.
    University of Hull; University of Nottingham.
    Shen, Jingchun
    He, Wei
    Xu, Peng
    Zhao, Xudong
    Tan, Junyi
    Comparative study of a novel liquid-vapour separator incorporated gravitational loop heat pipe against the conventional gravitational straight and loop heat pipes - Part I: Conceptual development and theoretical analyses2015In: Energy Conversion and Management, ISSN 0196-8904, E-ISSN 1879-2227, Vol. 90, p. 409-426Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim of the paper is to investigate the thermal performance of a novel liquid–vapour separator incorporated gravity-assisted loop heat pipe (GALHP) (T1), against a conventional GALHP (T2) and a gravitational straight heat pipe (T3), from the conceptual and theoretical aspects. This involved a dedicated conceptual formation, thermo-fluid analyses, and computer modelling and results discussion. The innovative feature of the new GALHP lies in the integration of a dedicated liquid–vapour separator on top of its evaporator section, which removes the potential entrainment between the heat pipe liquid and vapour flows and meanwhile, resolves the inherent ‘dry-out’ problem exhibited in the conventional GALHP. Based on this recognised novelty, a dedicated steady-state thermal model covering the mass continuity, energy conservation and Darcy equations was established. The model was operated at different sets of conditions, thus generating the temperature/pressure contours of the vapour and liquid flows at the evaporator section, the overall thermal resistance, the effective thermal conductivity, and the flow resistances across entire loop. Comparison among these results led to determination of the optimum operational settings of the new GALHP and assessment of the heat-transfer enhancement rate of the new GALHP against the conventional heat pipes. It was suggested that the overall thermal resistance of the three heat pipes (T1, T2, and T3) were 0.10 °C/W, 0.49 °C/W and 0.22 °C/W, while their effective thermal conductivities were 31,365 W/°C m, 9,648 W/°C m and 5,042 W/°C m, respectively. This indicated that the novel heat pipe (T1) could achieve a significantly enhanced heat transport effect, relative to T2 and T3. Compared to a typical cooper rod, T1 has around 78 times higher effective thermal conductivity, indicating that T1 has the tremendous competence compared to other heat transfer components. It should be noted that this paper only reported the theoretical outcomes of the research and the second paper would report the follow-on experimental study and model validation. The research results could be directly used for design, optimisation and analyses of the new GALHP, thus promoting its wide applications in various situations to enable the enhanced thermal performance to be achieved.

  • 37.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    et al.
    University of Nottingham; University of Hull.
    Shen, Jingchun
    He, Wei
    Xu, Peng
    Zhao, Xudong
    Tan, Junyi
    Comparative study of a novel liquid-vapour separator incorporated gravitational loop heat pipe against the conventional gravitational straight and loop heat pipes - Part II: Experimental testing and simulation model validation2015In: Energy Conversion and Management, ISSN 0196-8904, E-ISSN 1879-2227, Vol. 93, p. 228-238Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim of the paper is to report the experimental study of a novel liquid–vapour separator incorporated gravity-assisted loop heat pipe (GALHP) (T1), against the conventional GALHP (T2) and a gravitational straight heat pipe (T3). Based on the results derived from the theoretical analyses and computer modelling, three prototype heat pipes, one for each type, were designed, constructed and tested to characterise their thermal performance under a series of operational conditions. By using the experimental data, the computer simulation model reported in the authors’ previous paper was examined and analysed, indicating that the model could achieve a reasonable accuracy in predicting the thermal performance of the three heat pipes. Under the specifically defined testing condition, T1 has more evenly distributed axial temperature profile than the other two heat pipes (T2 and T3). The start-up timings for T1, T2 and T3 were 410 s, 1400 s and 390 s respectively, indicating that the heat transfer within T2 was affected by the larger evaporator dry-out surface area and restricted evaporation area. The overall thermal resistance of T1 was 0.11 °C/W, which was around 20% and 50% that of T2 and T3. The tested effective thermal conductivity in T1 was 29,968 W/°C m, which was 296% and 648% that of T2 and T3, and 7492% that of a standard copper rod. It is therefore concluded that the novel heat pipe (T1) could achieve a significantly enhanced heat transport effect, relative to T2, T3 and standard cooper rod. The experimental results derived from this research enabled characterisation of the thermal performance of T1, relative to other heat pipes, and validation of the developed computer simulation model derived from the authors’ previous research. These two parts researches in combination will enable design, optimisation and analyse of such a new GALHP, thus promoting its wide application and achieving efficient thermal management.

  • 38.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction.
    Huang, Pei
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Saini, Puneet
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    A Preliminary Simulation Study About the Impact of COVID-19 Crisis on Energy Demand of a Building Mix at a District in Sweden2023In: Future Urban Energy System for Buildings: The Pathway Towards Flexibility, Resilience and Optimization / [ed] Zhang, Xingxing, Huang, Pei, Sun, Yongjun, Singapore: Springer Nature, 2023, Vol. Part F2770, p. 49-87Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The COVID-19 outbreak is exacerbating uncertainty in energy demand. This chapter aims to investigate the impact of the confined measures due to COVID-19 outbreak on energy demand of a building mix in a district. Three levels of confinement for occupant schedules are proposed based on a new district design in Sweden. The Urban Modeling Interface tool is applied to simulate the energy performance of the building mix. The boundary conditions and input parameters are set up according to the Swedish building standards and statistics. The district is at early design stage, which includes a mix of building functions, i.e., residential buildings, offices, schools, and retail shops. By comparing with the base case (normal life without confinement measures), the average delivered electricity demand of the entire district increases in a range of 14.3–18.7% under the three confinement scenarios. However, the mean system energy demands (sum of heating, cooling, and domestic hot water) decrease in a range of 7.1–12.0%. These two variation nearly cancel each other out, leaving the total energy demand almost unaffected. The result also shows that the delivered electricity demands in all cases have a relatively smooth variation across a year, while the system energy demands follow the principle trends for all the cases, which have peak demands in winter and much lower demands in transit seasons and summer. This chapter represents a first step in the understanding of the energy performance for community buildings when they confront with this kind of shock. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.

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  • 39.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    et al.
    University of Hull.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Lu, Yan
    He, Wei
    Xu, Peng
    Zhao, Xudong
    Qiu, Zhongzhu
    Zhu, Zishang
    Zhou, Jinzhi
    Dong, Xiaoqiang
    Active Solar Thermal Facades (ASTFs): From concept, application to research questions2015In: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews, ISSN 1364-0321, E-ISSN 1879-0690, Vol. 50, p. 32-63Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of the paper is to report a comprehensive review into a recently emerging building integrated solar thermal technology, namely, Active Solar Thermal Facades (ASTFs), in terms of concept, classification, standard, performance evaluation, application, as well as research questions. This involves the combined effort of literature review, analysis, extraction, integration, critics, prediction and conclusion. It is indicated that the ASTFs are sort of building envelope elements incorporating the solar collecting devices, thus enabling the dual functions, e.g., space shielding and solar energy collection, to be performed. Based on the function of the building envelopes, the ASTF systems can be generally classified as wall-, window-, balcony-and roof-based types; while the ASTFs could also be classified by the thermal collection typologies, transparency, application, and heat-transfer medium. Currently, existing building and solar collector standards are brought together to evaluate the performance of the ASTFs. The research questions relating to the ASTFs are numerous, but the major points lie in: (1) whole structure and individual components layout, sizing and optimisation; (2) theoretical analysis; (3) experimental measurement; and (4) energy saving, economic and environmental performance assessment. Based on the analysis of the identified research questions, achievements made on each question, and outstanding problems remaining with the ASTFs, further development opportunities on this topic are suggested: (1) development of an integrated database/software enabling both architecture design and engineering performance simulation; (2) real-time measurement of the ASTFs integrated buildings on a long-term scheme; (3) economic and environmental performance assessment and social acceptance analysis; (4) dissemination, marketing and exploitation strategies study. This study helps in identifying the current status, potential problems in existence, future directions in research, development and practical application of the ASTFs technologies in buildings. It will also promote development of renewable energy technology and thus contribute to achieving the UK and international targets in energy saving, renewable energy utilization, and carbon emission reduction in building sector.

  • 40.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    et al.
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Construction.
    Saini, Puneet
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Lovati, Marco
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Han, Mengjie
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Microdata Analysis.
    Huang, Pei
    Dalarna University, School of Information and Engineering, Energy Technology.
    Huang, Zhihua
    Telenor Connexion AB, Stockholm.
    Digital Twin for Accelerating Sustainability in Positive Energy District: A Review of Simulation Tools and Applications2021In: Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, E-ISSN 2624-9634, Vol. 3, article id 663269Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A digital twin is regarded as a potential solution to optimize positive energy districts (PED). This paper presents a compact review about digital twins for PED from aspects of concepts, working principles, tools/platforms, and applications, in order to address the issues of both how a digital PED twin is made and what tools can be used for a digital PED twin. Four key components of digital PED twin are identified, i.e., a virtual model, sensor network integration, data analytics, and a stakeholder layer. Very few available tools now have full functions for digital PED twin, while most tools either have a focus on industrial applications or are designed for data collection, communication and visualization based on building information models (BIM) or geographical information system (GIS). Several observations gained from successful application are that current digital PED twins can be categorized into three tiers: (1) an enhanced version of BIM model only, (2) semantic platforms for data flow, and (3) big data analysis and feedback operation. Further challenges and opportunities are found in areas of data analysis and semantic interoperability, business models, data security, and management. The outcome of the review is expected to provide useful information for further development of digital PED twins and optimizing its sustainability.

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  • 41.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    et al.
    University of Hull.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Xu, Peng
    Zhao, Xudong
    Xu, Ying
    Socio-economic performance of a novel solar photovoltaic/loop-heat-pipe heat pump water heating system in three different climatic regions2014In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 135, p. 20-34Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper aimed to study the socio-economic performance of a novel solar photovoltaic/loop-heat-pipe (PV/LHP) heat pump water heating system for application in three different climatic regions, namely, cold area represented by London, warm area represented by Shanghai, and hot (subtropical) area represented by Hong Kong. This study involved prediction of the annual fossil-fuel energy saving, investment return period and carbon emission reduction of the new system against the traditional gas-fired and electrical boilers based water heating systems. An established dynamic model developed by the authors was utilised to predict the system’s energy performance throughout a year in the three climatic regions. A life-cycle analytical model was further developed to analyse the economic and environmental benefits of the new system relative to the traditional systems. Analyses of the modelling results drew out several conclusive remarks: (1) the system could achieve the highest energy efficiency when operating at the hot (subtropical) climatic region (represented by Hong Kong), enabling the heat output of as high as 922 kW h/m2 yr and water temperature of above 45 °C, while the grid power input is only 59 kW h/m2 yr; (2) the system is worth for investment when operating at the high energy charging tariff area (represented by London), with the cost payback periods of 8 and 5 years relative to the traditional gas-fired and electrical boilers based systems, respectively; (3) the system could obtain the most promising environmental benefits when operating in Shanghai where the energy quality (embodied carbon volume of per kW h energy) is relatively poor, enabling reduction in life-cycle carbon emissions of around 4.08 tons/m2 and 17.87 tons/m2 respectively, relative to the gas-fired and electrical boilers. Answer to such a question on which area is most suitable for the system application is highly dependent upon the priority order among the three dominating factors: (1) energy efficiency, (2) economic revenue, and (3) environmental benefit, which may vary with the users, local concerns and policy influence, etc. The research results will be able to assist in decision making in implementation of the new PV/thermal technology and analyses of the associated economic and environmental benefits, thus contributing to realisation of the regional and global targets on fossil fuel energy saving and environmental sustainability.

  • 42. Zhang, Xingxing
    et al.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Yang, Tong
    Tang, Llewellyn
    Experimental study of a solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system2015Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 43.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    et al.
    University of Nottingham.
    Shen, Jingchun
    University of Nottingham, Ningbo.
    Yang, Tong
    Tang, Llewellyn
    Wang, Luying
    Liu, Yingqi
    Xu, Peng
    Smart meter and in-home display for energy savings in residential buildings: a pilot investigation in Shanghai, China2019In: Intelligent Buildings International, ISSN 1750-8975, E-ISSN 1756-6932, Vol. 11, no 1, p. 4-26Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Smart meters and in-home displays (IHDs) have been recently adopted to help give residential users more control over energy consumption, and meet environmental and supply security objectives. The article aims to identify the effectiveness and potential of smart meters and real-time IHDs in reducing Shanghai household energy consumption by affecting occupants? behaviour. A general landscape of the occupant behaviour in residential buildings was briefly painted. A pilot study in Shanghai with an effective sample of 131 respondents was arranged into two groups as IHD and non-IHD households. A dedicated statistical analysis model was developed based on the micro-level empirical data to investigate the characteristics and the regulations of electricity consumption in these two groups, such as check frequency, electricity consumption reduction and shifting, energy bill saving, and standby power. The research results demonstrate that IHDs could lead to around 9.1% reduction in monthly electricity consumption and about 11.0% cut off in monthly electricity bills. A general comparison of the electricity consumption reduction between this research and the average UK case was further made. Barriers at current stage and challenges for further work were finally discussed. The statistical model is expected to ?future proof? smart meter and real-time displays through macro-level designing in modularity and flexibility in China. The overall research initially proves the concept of the feasible impact of smart meter and display technologies in the Chinese context, which is further expected to contribute to the empirical evidence on how IHD feedback could influence household electricity consumption in the Chinese context.

  • 44. Zhang, Xingxing
    et al.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Yang, Tong
    Tang, Llewellyn
    Wu, Yupeng
    An initial concept design of an innovative flat-plate solar thermal facade for building integration2015In: Sustainable Buildings and Structures / [ed] Stephen P. Wilkinson, Jun Xia, Bing Chen, Taylor & Francis, 2015, p. 103-110Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 45.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    et al.
    University of Nottingham.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Yang, Tong
    Tang, Llewellyn
    Wu, Yupeng
    Pan, Song
    Wu, Jinshun
    Xu, Peng
    Assessment of the effectiveness of investment strategy in solar photovoltaic (PV) energy sector: a case study2017In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 105, p. 2977-2982Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy is now promising to offer potential solutions for sustainable development, especially in China. A representative Chinese solar PV manufacturer - Shunfeng International Clean Energy Limited (SFCE) - is therefore assessed in this paper, including (1) investment strategies in China’s recent macroeconomic exposure; (2) the market exposure and vulnerability. The macroeconomic challenges in case of China’s continuous GDP growth would have significant implications for SFCE’s investment strategy. Although SFCE’s vulnerability is high, it has mediated its macro exposure and protect itself by advanced non-pricing competition, product/service differentiation, vertical and horizontal integration, and high-profit diversification etc. The research result is expected to offer useful indications for solar PV companies to adapt and succeed in the future energy industry and simultaneously help the world to mitigate climate change.

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    fulltext
  • 46.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    et al.
    Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China.
    Zehui, Hong
    Luying, Wang
    Tong, Yang
    Llewellyn, Tang
    Yupeng, Wu
    Yong, Shi
    Liang, Xia
    Shengchung, Liu
    Building integrated solar thermal (BIST) technologies and their applications: A review of structural design and architectural integration2015In: Journal of Fundamentals of Renewable Energy and Applications, ISSN 2090-4533, E-ISSN 2090-4541, Vol. 5, no 5, p. 1-21Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Solar energy has enormous potential to meet the majority of present world energy demand by effective integration with local building components. One of the most promising technologies is building integrated solar thermal (BIST) technology. This paper presents a review of the available literature covering various types of BIST technologies and their applications in terms of structural design and architectural integration. The review covers detailed description of BIST systems using air, hydraulic (water/heat pipe/refrigerant) and phase changing materials (PCM) as the working medium. The fundamental structure of BIST and the various specific structures of available BIST in the literature are described. Design criteria and practical operation conditions of BIST systems are illustrated. The state of pilot projects is also fully depicted. Current barriers and future development opportunities are therefore concluded. Based on the thorough review, it is clear that BIST is very promising devices with considerable energy saving prospective and building integration feasibility. This review shall facilitate the development of solar driven service for buildings and help the corresponding saving in fossil fuel consumption and the reduction in carbon emission.

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    fulltext
  • 47. Zhang, Xingxing
    et al.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Zhao, Xudong
    Comparative investigation of solar photovoltaic (PV) and photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems by both laboratory and field experiments2016In: Renewable Energy in the Service of Mankind Vol II: Selected Topics from the World Renewable Energy Congress WREC 2014 / [ed] Ali Sayigh, Springer, 2016Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 48. Zhang, Xingxing
    et al.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Zhao, Xudong
    Photovoltaic/Loop-Heat-Pipe Heat Pump Techno for Low-Carbon Buildings2014Book (Refereed)
  • 49.
    Zhang, Xingxing
    et al.
    University of Hull.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Zhao, Xudong
    Xu, ing
    Investigation of a Pilot-scale Photovoltaic/thermal System and its Opportunities for Future Development2014In: Open Journal of Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development, ISSN 2374-5371, Vol. 1, no 2, p. 24-34Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 50. Zhang, Xingxing
    et al.
    Shen, Jingchun
    Zhao, Xudong
    Xu, Ying
    Nibeler, Benno
    A Pilot-scale Demonstration of a Novel Solar Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) System and its Scenarios for Future Development2014Conference paper (Refereed)
12 1 - 50 of 57
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