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Background Pressure ulcers are common skin and tissue injuries that entail high costs for society. Regular position changes, pressure-relieving materials and evidence-based methods are crucial for preventing pressure ulcers, especially among patients in inpatient care.

Aim The purpose is to describe nurses' measures to prevent pressure ulcers.

Method The literature review is based on an analysis of 12 scientific articles of medium to high quality, identified in the PubMed and CINAHL databases. The articles include both quantitative and qualitative designs.

Results Four key interventions were identified: skin care, nutrition, position changes and pressure relieving materials. That is, pressure-relieving mattresses and pillows, daily skin care routines, nutritional measures and regular and individually adapted position changes, which can reduce the risk of developing pressure ulcers. At the same time, the nurse's roleis crucial in identifying signs of pressure ulcers early and implementing preventive measures. The results show that effective interventions can reduce the risk of developing pressure ulcers, improve patient health and at the same time reduce healthcare costs.

Conclusions Nurses play a key role in preventing pressure ulcers by implementing evidence-based interventions. Early intervention and interprofessional teamwork promote the efficiency of care and reduce societal costs. 

Background We want to highlight the nurse's opportunities, responsibilities and challenges in working with depressed people youth. The nurse is often the first person the young people meet who can make an initial assessment so that they can move on in the care chain. They have learned to deal with the difficulties nurses face using different strategies.

Aim The purpose of this literature review is to compile nurses' experiences of supporting young people with depression.

Method The degree work has been done as a literature study, i.e. a compilation of research in a certain area to identify an existing state of knowledge. The work includes a total of 15 articles, 10 were qualitative, three were quantitative, “,” and two had mixed design.

Results The result of the literature review derives from articles from different countries. The results have been divided into three main categories and eleven subcategories. The first main category, "Nurses' strategies", includes four subcategories about some of the methods that nurses use. The second main category: "Nurses' professional responsibilities", has three subcategories and deals with how nurses manage their responsibilities in working with young people with mental illness. Finally, the category: “Nurses' challenges in supporting teenagers” has four subcategories dealing with inspiring tasks that nurses are exposed to during their work with depressed youth.

Conclusions Nurses in the countries covered by the literature review have different experiences and methods of working with young people with mental illness. They can be partially supported by digital technology and alternative treatment methods to succeed in their work and use their pedagogical knowledge and experience to teach their young patients better sleep habits and knowledge of what mental illness is. 

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Alcohol is a well-established risk factor for numerous health conditions, making screening for hazardous alcohol use in healthcare a critical task. While self-reported data suggest that alcohol consumption varies across seasons, this seasonal fluctuation has not yet been confirmed using objective biological markers. This study aimed to measure whether phosphatidylethanol (PEth) captures variations in hazardous alcohol use across two temporal resolutions: month of the year and day of the week.

DESIGN: Observational cross-sectional study based on data from medical records.

SETTING: Healthcare services, Region Dalarna, Sweden, between 2017 and 2023.

PARTICIPANTS/CASES: Adult patients (n = 62 431, 50% females) screened for hazardous alcohol use with PEth within primary care.

MEASUREMENTS: This study utilizes test results from PEth, with results >0.30 μmol/l defined as hazardous alcohol use. We compared the prevalence of hazardous alcohol use across months and weekdays using logistic regression while adjusting for sex, age, smoking status, the Charlson Comorbidity Index and psychiatric diagnoses.

FINDINGS: The prevalence of hazardous alcohol use increased between May and August, ranging from 13.2% to 15.9%, compared with 10.7% in November. This corresponds to a 48% relative increase in the peak month of July [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.33-1.64]. Hazardous alcohol use was also more prevalent among patients tested on Mondays (13.0%) compared with Thursdays, with the lowest prevalence (12.0%). The difference was particularly pronounced among female patients, with a 14.0% higher relative prevalence on Mondays (PR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.02-1.27).

CONCLUSIONS: In Sweden, the prevalence of hazardous alcohol use appears to fluctuate seasonally and, to a lesser extent, across weekdays, as measured by blood tests for phosphatidylethanol, a biomarker for hazardous alcohol use. November showed the lowest prevalence and July the highest, consistent across age, sex and the year of the observational period. Hazardous alcohol use showed a slight elevation of prevalence during Mondays compared with Tuesday to Friday.

I denna studie undersöks hur olika frågeformat stimulerar och bjuder in till olika läsarter i relation till de läsarter som läroplanen lägger upp för. Syftet är att undersöka hur flervalsfrågor och öppna frågor påverkar elevernas möjlighet att visa sin läsförståelse i de nationella proven i svenskämnet. Då de nationella proven i svenska för årskurs 9 under läsåret 2025/2026 kommer att digitaliseras och i så stor utsträckning som möjligt bli automaträttade är det betydelsefullt att undersöka hur de olika frågeformaten påverkar elevernas möjlighet till att visa olika typer av läsförståelse. I uppsatsen kommer elevsvar från ett lästest som genomförts i ett experiment att analyseras och undersökas. Analysen görs genom en teoretisk tematisk analys och utgår från Tengbergs (2011) läsarter: handlingsorienterad,betydelseorienterad, subjektsorienterad, intentionsorienterad, värderingsorienterad samt metakognitiv. Av resultatet framgår det att det är få av läsarterna som är representerade bland frågorna samt svarsalternativen. I de öppna frågorna tenderar eleverna att visa på fler läsarter än vad frågan i sig bjuder in till, medan eleverna begränsas till att inta olika läsarter genom svarsalternativen i flervalsfrågorna. Resultatet visar även att frågornas utformning i viss utsträckning styr vilken läsart eleverna väljer att inta i besvarandet av frågorna. Detta i sin tur leder till att det kan finnas anledning att ifrågasätta de nationella provens validitet och dess påverkan på elevernas slutbetyg.

This study investigates how teachers in Swedish secondary school’s address Islam in their religious education and the strategies they employ to navigate challenges related to stereotypes and preconceived notions. Drawing on interviews with six teachers, three from multicultural school environments and three from non-multicultural schools, the research reveals significant differences in teaching approaches based on school context. In multicultural schools, teachers actively incorporate the cultural and religious diversity of their students into the classroom, using these experiences to promote intercultural dialogue, mutual understanding, and critical reflection. By emphasizing commonalities between religions, they foster inclusivity and tolerance while encouraging students to challenge stereotypes. These teachers also address the diversity within Islam itself, highlighting variations in practice and belief systems to provide a nuanced understanding of the religion. In contrast, teachers in non-multicultural schools face unique challenges due to students ’limited exposure to cultural and religious diversity. Preconceived notions about Islam, often shaped by media portrayals, dominate the classroom discussions. To counteract these stereotypes, teachers adopt structured and fact-based methods, focusing on presenting accurate information and encouraging students to critically evaluate their own beliefs and assumptions. The lack of direct student experiences with religious or cultural diversity makes this work particularly demanding. The findings are analysed using Edward Said’s Orientalism, which illuminates how Islam is often constructed as “the other” in Western narratives, as well as theories of interculturality, which stress the potential of diversity to build bridges between different cultural groups. The study highlights the pivotal role of teachers in shaping students’ understanding of Islam and fostering respect for diversity. It emphasizes the importance of tailoring pedagogical approaches to specific school contexts and integrating critical media literacy into education to challenge stereotypes and promote inclusive learning environments.

Den traditionella matematikundervisningen kan hämma elevers resonemangsförmåga genom att sällan ge dem möjlighet att resonera matematiskt. Dessutom är de resonemang som anses utveckla centrala matematiska kompetenser, kreativa resonemang, underrepresenterade. I stället premieras utantillinlärning vilket kan påverka elevers matematiska förståelse negativt. Tidigare forskning visar att elevers förståelse för matematikens abstrakta kunskaper kan stärkas när ett matematiskt innehåll kopplas till fysisk aktivitet där de får uppleva matematiken med sina kroppar. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka hur fysisk aktivitet kombinerat med matematiska inslag kan öka elevers möjligheter att resonera matematiskt. Genom aktionsforskning jämfördes andelen kreativa resonemang mellan en interventionsgrupp och en kontrollgrupp. Interventionsgruppen genomförde först en fysisk aktivitet och arbetade sedan med en matematisk uppgift kopplat till den fysiska aktiviteten. Kontrollgruppen arbetade enbart med samma matematiska uppgift. Vid arbetet med studien kunde även tidigare forskning bekräftas gällande frånvaron av resonemangsuppgifter i elevers befintliga läromedel. För att kunna analysera och tolka resultatet användes ett teoretiskt ramverk som var uppbyggt av tidigare forskningsstudier som undersökt kreativa och imitativa resonemang. Resultaten från studien kunde inte påvisa några större skillnader gällande användandet av andelen kreativa resonemang mellan grupperna. Däremot hade interventionsgruppen en större förståelse för den matematiska uppgiften och dess innehåll samt en större förmåga att bygga vidare på varandras argument varpå en lägre andel imitativa resonemang jämfört med kontrollgruppen identifierades.

The working conditions in the equine sector have been described as labor-intensive with physical, mental, and emotional strain. Much of the work tasks are still performed manually with old-fashioned equipment. Thus, the work continues to involve heavy lifting, awkward work postures, and repetitive work, all identified risk factors for developing musculoskeletal disorders. Furthermore, studies have shown a high prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints for employees at riding schools. 

The overall aim is to increase the knowledge of postural exposure and related risk factors in the equine sector to reduce hazardous exposure, which could reduce musculoskeletal symptoms and work-related sick leave within horse-related occupations in the long run. 

The study will be conducted at nine riding schools in Sweden. All riding school employees are asked to answer a questionnaire covering questions about the psychosocial work environment. Full-day postural exposure will be registered for some employees using the Smart Workwear System (Wergonic AB, Stockholm, Sweden). The system is designed as a t-shirt with embedded pockets where inertial measurement units are placed, registering arms and trunk angles and a chest band for heart rate measurements. The researchers will register work tasks, stress rates and perceived physical exertion.

The data collection is ongoing, and preliminary results will be presented and discussed at the conference. By understanding the full-day postural exposure of the employees and relating it both to the work environment (physical, organizational and social) and the employees’ workability, measures to promote decent and sustainable working conditions can be identified.

Background: Breastfeeding has several advantages for the child and for the mother and the connection between mother and child. Despite this, the frequency of exclusive breastfeeding is decreasing while partial breastfeeding or formula feeding is increasing. Above all, the decrease is most abundant in preterm infants, who also have an increased risk of health problems in the absence of breastfeeding. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate which maternal and preterm infant factors that were associated with non–breastfeeding four weeks after birth. Method: The design was a quantitative register study in which data was conducted from two Swedish registers, Svenskt neonatalt kvalitetsregister [SNQ] and Graviditetsregistret. Collected data from 4381 preterm infants during 2014-2022 was analyzed with logistic regression with both univariate and multivariate analysis to find which factors can influence breastfeeding cessation. Results: Factors that had significance for breastfeeding cessation four weeks after birth in the multivariate analysis was if the mother was born outside of Sweden, if the child was a boy, longer stay at neonatal care and partial breastfeeding or no breastfeeding at discharge. Conclusions: Partial or no breastfeeding at discharge had the highest odds for early breastfeeding cessation, which highlights the importance of supporting breastfeeding early and in the connection with going home. The result of this study provides valuable knowledge of factors that have correlation with cessation of breastfeeding.

Background: Mental illness in children is increasing. Mental illness in children can manifest itself through, among other things, lack of appetite, difficulty sleeping, anxiety and abdominal pain. Child health care aims to identify problems in children's health early so that they can receive the right support. The child's care environment and care relationships are important for the child's wellbeing; therefore the family-focused approach becomes an important focus in the child health nurses' working methods. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the child health nurse's experiences of working with mental illness in children between 0 and 5 years of age and their families. Method: The study was conducted as a qualitative interview study with semi-structured interviews. The transcribed material was analyzed with a content analysis based on an inductive approach. Results: The results are presented in three main categories; The role of the CHN-nurse in detecting and supporting children's mental well-being, trust and continuity promote the parents' openness to the child health nurse, and cooperation with other professions promotes the child's mental well-being. These three main categories have eight associated subcategories. Conclusions: CHN-nurses face several challenges in their work with identifying mental illness in young children and their families, especially when it comes to distinguishing it from potential neuropsychiatric diagnosis. Early and open conversations with parents increase the possibility of detecting mental illness and thus being able to offer support in a timely manner. Collaboration with other actors is considered valuable and contributes to ensuring that the child and their families receive the right care and attention.

Background: Palliative care is a large and an important part of homecare. District nurses should in an early stage strive to asses’, identify and prevent the origin of symptoms. Aim: The aim was to describe district nurses experiences to asses’ symptoms within palliative care in homecare. Method: An empirical qualitative interview study with inductive approach. Results: The district nurses described that it is common for the palliative patient to have symptoms such as pain, worry and anxiety, symptoms that often go hand in hand with each other. In the assessment of symptoms, assessment instruments, clinical observation and patient knowledge of relatives and nursing staff are used. However, shortcomings are seen in the use of estimation instruments and in the documentation. Education in palliative care is requested for the entire team around the palliative patient. Conclusions: The conclusion is that assessment of symptoms in palliative care can be difficult and complex as different symptoms often occur simultaneously or depend on each other. There is a need for improvement work in the entire team around the palliative patient for increased patient safety.

Background: District nurses in primary care have a work environment with work related stressors that can have a negative impact on their health. The population in Sweden is getting older, which increases the demands on health care. A transition to good and close care is underway, where primary care forms the hub of the transition and district nurses’ need abilities and knowledge to be able to meet the needs of different individuals. Acute stress is temporary and often transitory and necessary for human survival in the face of acute threat and danger. When the stress becomes prolonged it becomes harmful and if there is a lack of recovery, the risk of fatigue syndrome and other diseases such as cardiovascular disease increases. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe district nurses’ experiences of psychosocial stress in primary health care. Method: Qualitative interview study with an inductive approach. Results: District nurses experience psychosocial stress in the work environment. High demands at work, lack of time and support from the organization lead to an increased psychosocial load on district nurses, which affects health negatively in the form of bodily reactions. Conclusions: Many district nurses experience psychosocial stress from the work environment and lack support from the organization in managing this. When there is a lack of time to be able to perform one’s work tasks it leads to stress, which in turn creates bodily reactions. A balance between demands, support and resources is needed to avoid suffering from exhaustion and secondary diseases because of long-term stress among district nurses.

Background: The responsibility for patients within primary care in Sweden oscillates between two organizations, the Community Health Centers and the Home Health Services. Demographics in Sweden shows a growing older population with multimorbidity and complex care needs, while the number of health care staff is decreasing. An ongoing change in the healthcare system with the purpose to move focus from organizational boundaries to the patients’ needs is a part of the solution for allocating resources and making a more efficient care. Cooperative behaviour is described as a key factor for this change to be successful and can lead to a synergistic effect for the patients care. Aim: The purpose of the study was to describe district nurses' and nurses' experiences of collaboration between Community Health Centers and Home Health Services. Method: The study was conducted empirically as a qualitative interview study. Twelve nurses’ and district nurses’ participated in the study. The material was analysed by qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach according to Granheim and Lundman (2023). Results: The results are described in two main categories. Organization describes experiences regarding the perception of each other's organization and organizational factors that affect the collaboration. The nurse's professional practice describes experiences of how the nurses perform their work linked to the patient’s care. Conclusions: Collaboration between the Community Health Center and Home Health Services is perceived as lacking. There is no joint planning for the patients care and communication with fax machine is outdated and contribute to less cooperative behaviour. If there was a steady contact between the two organizations, collaboration would probably work better.

Code switching is a linguistic phenomenon that is associated with bilingualism. This phenomenon occurs when a speaker uses two languages in the same speaking turn.

The objective of this study is to investigate the attitudes, both positive and negative, that some Spanish speakers residing in Sweden have towards code-switching. Furthermore, we are interested in knowing if the attitudes differ by the gender of the informant, therefore, the chosen variable in the study is gender.

The questionnaire used consisted of 11 items where they had to show their degree of agreement or disagreement with the statement posed to them.

The result obtained is that the participants, in general, have a positive attitude towards codeswitching, although the women are somewhat more negative towards this linguistic phenomenon.

År 2011 blev mänskliga rättigheter inskrivna i de svenska styrdokumenten för skolan. Från det året blev förväntningarna högre på vad skolan skulle lära ut gällande de mänskliga rättigheterna, det blev en del av centralt innehåll i ämnesplanen för samhällskunskap, men även en stor del av den läroplan som skolan vilar på. Forskning visar att det finns implementeringsproblematik när det gäller att praktiskt få in mänskliga rättigheter i undervisningen. Syftet med undersökningen är att se hur elever uppfattar att lärare undervisar om mänskliga rättigheter, samt vad de anser sig kunna i förhållande till kunskapskriterierna i samhällskunskap. Studien visar att det som finns i tidigare forskning verkar stämma även ur ett elevperspektiv. Få känner att de besitter de kunskaper som krävs för betyget E i samhällskunskap. Många elever har ett engagemang för ämnet och önskar lära sig mer, de upplever här att lärare brister i sina prioriteringar i undervisningen samt i att få eleverna motiverade för ämnet. Slutsatsen är att det krävs vidare forskning på området för att se om tendenserna som visas i min undersökning återfinns i övriga landets gymnasieskolor.

INTRODUCTION: Fertility counselling on options for fertility preservation is increasingly implemented for children and adolescents at time of cancer diagnosis. Sperm cryopreservation has been standard of care for male patients during several decades and the procedure is not expected to delay the onset of cancer treatment. However, oocyte cryopreservation in female adolescents remains controversial, the reasons include the need of ovarian stimulation, gynecological exams and interventions, in all a potentially distressing experience for patients without previous experience of this type of examination or without previous sexual debut. With this study we wished to investigate how adolescent cancer patients experience fertility preservation procedures aiming at semen banking or oocyte cryopreservation.

METHODS: Adolescent patients diagnosed with cancer that underwent fertility preservation at the Reproductive Medicine Clinic of Karolinska University Hospital were invited to participate in the study. Inclusion required the ability to communicate in Swedish or English. Exclusion criteria were current age under 15 at time of the interview and ongoing cancer treatment. The study had a qualitative study design and phenomenological approach with semi-structured individual face-to-face interviews. Ten interviews with six female and four male study participants were conducted between June and August 2023.

RESULTS: The analysis resulted in three identified main themes: Communication about the risk of infertility and the fertility preservation, Freezing gametes - the process and healthcare encounters, and The decision to preserve gametes for one's own sake. Gender specific gaps in communication about fertility risks and fertility preservation procedures were found, with young females expressing a wish for improved communication and reporting experiences of discomfort during the procedures needed for oocyte cryopreservation, whereas young men were generally satisfied with their experience. Limitations include a risk of responder bias since not all patients who were contacted agreed to interview.

DISCUSSION: Although gender disparities were identified in this study, fertility preservation was perceived as a positive experience and mitigated fertility-related distress in both male and female adolescent patients. Our study adds to the scarce literature on adolescents of both sexes undergoing fertility preservation and underscores the importance of specialized communication in fertility counselling and treatment of AYAs diagnosed with cancer.

BACKGROUND: Appropriately and comprehensive applying implementation frameworks is one of the key challenges in implementation science resulting in increased use of multiple implementation frameworks within projects. This is particularly true for frameworks such as PARIHS/i-PARIHS. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to examine if and why the PARIHS/i-PARIHS framework has been applied in research with other implementation frameworks.

METHODS: We searched six databases from 2016 (the year following i-PARIHS' publication) to April 2024 and supplemented this with a citation search of the seminal i-PARIHS paper. We included studies that 1) were peer-reviewed with a protocol or empirical study design, 2) have applied the PARIHS or i-PARIHS framework for implementation planning, delivery, analysis, or evaluation and 3) also used at least one other implementation framework. Descriptive statistics were conducted to report on study characteristics and frequency for each implementation framework used with PARIHS/i-PARIHS. A qualitative, content analysis was used to analyse the answers to open-ended extraction questions.

RESULTS: Thirty-six articles met criteria for inclusion and included 16 protocols and 20 empirical articles (twelve intervention and eight cross-sectional studies). Thirty-four of the studies used one additional implementation framework and two studies used two additional implementation frameworks. In total, nine implementation frameworks were applied with PARIHS/i-PARIHS, including: 1) RE-AIM, 2) CFIR, 3) NPT, 4) REP, 5) TDF, 6), DSF, 7) KTA, 8) Stetler's Model, and 9) SIF. Thirty-four reported a rationale for using PARIHS/i-PARIHS and 34 reported a rationale for using the other implementation framework. Only eleven reported a rationale for using more than one implementation framework. Only three reported strengths of combining implementation frameworks.

CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this review identified that implementation researchers are using PARIHS/i-PARIHS in combination with other implementation frameworks and providing little to no rationale for why. Use of multiple implementation frameworks without detailed rationales compromises our ability to evaluate mechanisms of effectiveness. Implementation researchers and practitioners need to be more explicit about their framework selection, detailing the complementary strengths of the frameworks that are being used in combination, including why using one is not sufficient.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO: ID: 392147.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore how emergency department (ED) organisations and clinicians adapted to altered prerequisites during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, the processes involved and the consequences. In addition, we examined how the ordinary state affected resilient performance during this period.

DESIGN: This qualitative study involved inductive thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews and narratives.

SETTING: Three hospital-based EDs, one county and two rural hospitals, located in two Swedish regions were studied.

PARTICIPANTS: A total of 12 participants, 80% of whom were women, were recruited. The participants included two physicians, three registered nurses, three assistant nurses and four nursing managers working at the three EDs before and during the first pandemic wave.

RESULTS: The overarching theme 'anchored in the eye of the storm' emerged. This theme suggests that resilient performance during the pandemic was facilitated by ordinary adaptive capacity in the ED. A thematic map and seven main themes with a total of 25 subthemes explain the process. The ordinary state of conditions in the ED was challenged with the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Altered prerequisites were perceived partly as a new reality in addition to business as usual. The adaptations included organise to regain control and developing new strategies to manage the situation, mainly by initiatives among clinicians. The consequences included perceived strain and frustration and partially impacted quality of care. However, an increased sense of cohesion among clinicians and enhanced knowledge were also noted.

CONCLUSION: During the pandemic, a partially new reality was experienced, although work also continued largely as business as usual based on experiences of crowding, established preparedness plans and ordinary adaptive capacity. Despite dealing with a previously unknown patient group, the experience of working with critically ill patients and establishing structured work processes proved advantageous and facilitated resilient performance.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate how pole length, incline, and skiing intensity affect lower back muscle activation in elite cross-country skiers. This addressing a critical gap in understanding the biomechanical demands and risk of low back pain of double poling (DP).

METHOD: Eleven elite cross-country skiers performed skiing trials on a treadmill, varying in incline (flat vs. 6°), intensity (two self-selected speeds, training speed and racing speed), and pole lengths. Muscle activity was measured by surface electromyography on the erector spinae thoracic and lumbar muscles, on the left and right side. A motion capture system was used for kinematic analysis of the lower back-pole moment arm and the hip angle during the DP cycle.

RESULTS: Compared to men, female skiers had a significantly higher (p < 0.001), overall muscle activation for the m. erector spinae lumbar on both the left and right side (26% of MVC vs. 15% of MVC, and 28% of MVC vs. 22% of MVC, for the left and right side, respectively). No correlations were found, neither between muscle activation to the lower back-pole moment arm, or to the hip angle.

CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that female skiers experience significantly higher lumbar erector spinae activation during DP, potentially indicating greater susceptibility to back-related issues. The results also highlight the need to tailor training and right adapted equipment to mitigate lower back stress, especially in flat terrain high-intensity conditions. The asymmetrical muscle activity and gender differences underscores the need for further investigation into biomechanical factors influencing back muscle engagement in cross-country skiing.

Background: Preterm infants are more likely to suffer from gastrointestinal problems than full-term infants. Breastfeeding has been shown to have a positive impact on the maturation of the gastrointestinal tract. Functional gastrointestinal problems can cause varying degrees of suffering for both children and parents. Aim: The aim was to describe parents' perception of their moderately preterm infants' gastrointestinal problems and associated factors up to six years of age. Method: Mixed method with convergent design has been used to analyse data. Data were collected from two previously conducted studies with the same cohort of moderately preterm infants. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively in the statistical program SPSS. Qualitative data were analysed with inductive thematic analysis. Then the data were interpreted together and converged into an overall result. Results: There was no statistically significant association between gastrointestinal problems in moderately preterm infants and gestational age at birth (p = 0,76) or whether the child was exclusively breastfed upon discharge from the neonatal unit or not. However, a statistically significant association was observed between gastrointestinal problems and exclusive breastfeeding at eight weeks after discharge from the neonatal unit (p = 0,05) and six months postpartum (p = 0,04). There was also an observed decreased reporting of infantile colic if the infant was exclusively breastfed. Conclusions: Exclusive breastfeeding was shown to decrease the prevalence of gastrointestinal problems in moderately preterm infants. With this knowledge, gastrointestinal problems could be decreased by promoting exclusive breastfeeding among these children.

Klimatförändringar utgör ett allvarligt hot mot människors hälsa och kräver att hälso- och sjukvården tar en aktiv roll i klimatanpassningen. Denna kunskapsöversikt visar att sjukvårdens anpassning måste utgå från dess kärnuppdrag: att skydda människors liv och välbefinnande. 

Ökad frekvens av extremväder, luftföroreningar och infektionssjukdomar skapar nya utmaningar för vården. Trots detta saknas en tydlig strategi för hur sjukvården ska hantera dessa förändringar. Kunskapsöversikten visar att det behövs en samordnad nationell plan där resurser avsätts för att både förebygga och hantera klimatrelaterade hälsorisker. Idag ser vi en obalans där klimatanpassning ofta prioriteras bort i en redan pressad vårdsektor. Detta leder till att ansvaret faller på enskilda regioner och vårdinrättningar, vilket skapar ojämlikheter och ineffektivitet. 

En viktig del av klimatanpassningen är att integrera klimatfrågor i hälso- och sjukvårdens styrning, utbildning och forskning. Ett ökat fokus på klimat och hälsa i vårdutbildningar behövs, så att framtida vårdpersonal är rustade för de utmaningar som klimatförändringarna innebär. Samtidigt måste forskning finansieras och riktas mot lösningar som möjliggör en mer klimattålig sjukvård, inklusive utveckling av klimatanpassad infrastruktur och sjukvårdssystem. Kunskapsöversikten rekommenderar att:

• Hälsa bör införlivas i all utformning och genomförande av klimatanpassning, med hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal engagerade i varje steg. 
• Den politiska ledningen bör prioritera klimatåtgärder inom landet, regioner och kommuner och över nationsgränserna med fokus på miljörättvisa och främjande av hälsan hos utsatta befolkningar.
• Klimatutbildning bör införlivas i hälso- och sjukvårdens professionsutbildningar för att säkerställa att en grundläggande kunskap byggs upp inom alla sektorer och att kritiskt tänkande utvecklas.
• Forskningsfinansiering bör stimulera klimatsmarta initiativ, inklusive grön och klimattålig infrastruktur och sjukvårdssystem, samt hälsosamma miljöer.

Background: The world's population is aging, and older adults are the group that uses the internet the least. In Sweden, there is a national goal to be a global leader in digitalization and e-healthby 2025, which requires older adults to adapt to the increasing digitalization. The digital healthcare service 1177.se is well-established and easily accessible, which allows the swedish population to become more involved in their own care and health. Aim: The purpose of the study was to highlight older adults' experiences with the digital healthcare service 1177.se. Method: A qualitative interview study with an inductive approach. Eight older adults aged 65 or older and were selected through a strategic sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and the data material was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Older adults felt that the digital healthcare service 1177.se gave them increased control and involvement in their own care. Both challenges and opportunities were identified in the use of the digital healthcare service. The main challenge was the anxiety and uncertainty in handling the technology, as well as the lack of personal contact. The primary opportunity was the good accessibility of the digital healthcare service. Conclusions: The digital healthcare service 1177.se provides older adults with greater involvement, control, and access to care. At the same time, there are significant barriers to using digital healthcare services more extensively. These include technical difficulties, a lack of personal contact, and uncertainty regarding their use.

Background: Breastfeeding is a much-debated and constantly current topic that touches the vast majority of people in some way. Despite the fact that knowledge and experience are mixed with recommendations and information about the subject, it is increasingly common that breastfeeding is actively opted about and thus the frequency of breastfeeding decreases. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe factors that influence first-time mother's decisions to refrain from breastfeeding from birth or in the early postpartum period. Method: The study was a qualitative interview study with an empirical inductive approach. Results: From the analysis emerged two main categories ”Personal factors” and ”Influence of external factors” and nine subcategories that made up the result. Conclusions: Factors that influenced the choice of refrain from breastfeeding in first-time mother´s are about medical reasons, psychological aspects, external influences as well as physical discomfort. The mothers have described that the choice has been based on their own will but also influenced by the partner´s support and knowledge as well as information from healthcare professionals. The reasons could be the birth trauma with subsequent involuntary early separation from the child, equal parenting and parental leave or personal factors.

Background: Healthcare is facing several long-term and structural challenges with high demands. In primary care, the shortage of district nurses is greatest. Being a woman and working in health care has been shown to be related to a poorer perceived health, often with a diagnosis based on one's mental health, which leads to a high level of sickness absence. Female district nurses often choose to change profession or to a workplace with other tasks. Aim: The aim of this study was to highlight female district nurses and examine their experiences of their work situation in primary care from a salutogenic perspective. Method: The study was designed as a mixed method survey with a qualitative question. Data was collected using an electronic survey that participants accessed via a link or QR code. Consent to the study occurs when the participant scans the link or QR code. Results: The district nurses valued highly that they felt meaningful in their professional role, they felt that they developed in their work and that the tasks are understandable. What emerges from our survey is that it is the area of manageability that the district nurses do not have the feeling of mastering. Conclusions: The survey of our female district nurses in this study shows that they experience good health based on KASAM. To maintain the health of the district nurse, she must be valued based on her specialist skills and be given the opportunity to work clinically close to patients without time pressure and be allowed to participate in care development based on her knowledge.

BACKGROUND: Low-and middle-income countries bear a disproportionate burden of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with significant consequences for affected individuals and health systems. However, evidence on the incidence, risk factors, and associated vulnerability-particularly from road traffic injuries (RTIs)-remains limited in South Asia, including Bangladesh, which has one of the highest RTI burdens globally. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, health outcomes of TBI, and the vulnerability and risk factors associated with RTI-related TBI in Bangladesh.

METHODS: A prospective observational cohort study was conducted at Dhaka Medical College and Hospital from May to June 2017. Data were collected during patient admission and at 30-day follow-up (or discharge). Registered medical practitioners used a semi-structured questionnaire to collect data, including the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), and EuroQol-5D-3L. Descriptive analysis was used to present the incidence, clinical characteristics, outcomes, and pre-hospital care scenarios for TBI. The Chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the vulnerability of RTI-related TBI and its predictive factors for mortality.

RESULTS: The study followed 659 TBI cases. The mean age was 32.3 years, and the majority (80.1%) were male. RTIs were the leading cause of TBI (62%), followed by physical assault (17%) and falls (16%). The mortality rate was 10.3% (n = 68). Patients with RTI-related TBI had 1.95 times higher odds (95% CI 1.21-3.14) of severe GCS scores (<8) and three times higher odds (95% CI 1.59-5.78) of mortality compared to other causes. Predictive factors for mortality included severe GCS (<8) (aOR 8.1, p < 0.01, 95% CI 4.1-16.2), loss of consciousness >1 h (aOR 4.4, p < 0.01, 95% CI 1.4-8.1), and treatment initiation delay >8 h (aOR 2.8, p < 0.01, 95% CI 1.4-5.5). Nearly all patients lacked first aid and emergency transport, and two-thirds were referred from primary and secondary facilities, with one-third receiving no treatment before referral.

CONCLUSION: RTI is the most vulnerables, duration of unconsciousness, and treatment delays are key predictors of mortality. These findings can inform policy for prevention and management of TBI in Bangladesh and similar settings.

Background: Poor medication adherence is a significant public health issue, especially among the elderly. Medication nonadherence can lead to negative health outcomes, as well as increased costs for society. Primary care often has the main responsibility for elderly people's medical treatment, and district nurses play an important role in promoting adherence. Despite this, the district nurse is often an underutilized resource. Aim: The aim was to describe district nurses’ perceptions and experiences of working with elderly’s medication adherence. Method: A qualitative interview study based on semi structured individual interviews was conducted with eleven district nurses in eight health centers. Interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Based on the interviews, five categories with two to three subcategories could be identified. Factors affecting medication adherence described the district nurses' experience of the reasons for lack of medication adherence. The district nurse’s role in elders medication management was about a holistic view and problem solving. The district nurse's work for better compliance included measures to improve compliance. Collaboration with other professions described collaboration with doctors, among others. Challenges and areas for improvement included areas such as resources and knowledge. Conclusions: The district nurses' work with medication adherence was extensive, however, they felt that structured working methods were lacking. Implementing structured working methods in could be a way to increase elderly´s adherence to medication.

Background: In order to strengthen health nationally and to overcome the inequalities that exist, healthcare needs to become more accessible. To achieve this, the work and approach must be changed through the implementation of the model for Good quality and local care. District nurses and nurses often operate in leading positions within primary care and thus have responsibility for resource distribution and that the implementation of new methods takes place in a sustainable manner in terms of quality, safety and environment. The experiences leaders in primary care have of the implementation are described in this study. Aim: To describe nurses’ experiences of implementing Good quality and local care within regional primary care from a leaders perspective. Method: A qualitative interview study with eight nurses in leading positions in primary care, interviewed individually in semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: The results showed that nurses in leading positions considered themselves to have a great responsibility in getting involved and participating in the implementation process of Good and quality local care. They further believed that it was their responsibility to involve the employees and to support and lead them towards the goal. Resources and obscurities regarding definition and objective for the Good and quality local care were lacking, which constituted an obstacle in the exercise of leadership. Conclusions: Nurses in leading positions have a key role for the successful implementation of Good and quality local care in primary care. It is therefore important that this group gets the best conditions to exercise their leadership and the opportunity to spread evidence based methods.

Background: Breastfeeding has many health benefits for both mother and child, despite this, a decline in exclusive breastfeeding is seen in many western countries. The first period after birth is crucial for whether the mother will be able to successfully breastfeed and it can take up to a month. The continuing healthcare (CHC) nurse has a crucial role in giving the mother the right support to succeed in breastfeeding. In Sweden, 60 percent of mothers cease breastfeeding earlier than they would have liked, and they felt that the support from CHC was not enough. Aim: The aim was to describe how CHC nurses work with breastfeeding support during the first six months after birth. Method: A qualitative study with semi-structured interviews and an inductive approach. Results: The results were presented in one main category, which were Breastfeeding support within child health care – The importance of support and motivation of the mother, followed by four subcategories, which were; The work with breastfeeding support at the CHC, The mother's trust, The importance of motivation for breastfeeding and support from the partner, and The possibility of breastfeeding support varies. Conclusions: Breastfeeding is considered to be one of the most complex topics that a CHC nurse can work with. The statistics show that the breastfeeding frequency is falling and that both the mother and the CHC nurse are in need of more knowledge and support to improve breastfeeding care. The results of this study indicate that there is a lack of time and guidelines regarding breastfeeding support. The breastfeeding support that the mother receives varies depending on where the mother lives. There is a need for a further increase of knowledge among healthcare professionals in order to create a more equal care.

Carbon labelling of food products serves as a demand-side tool with the potential to drive the essential shift in consumption patterns toward reducing climate impact. For carbon labels to influence food choices, they must enable consumers to recognize and adopt purchasing behaviour that lower their climate footprint. While inference plays a critical role in facilitating behavioural change, evidence remains sparse regarding how specific characteristics of carbon labels affect consumers' ability to accurately identify low-carbon products. This study investigates how different carbon labels affect consumers' efficiency in identifying low-carbon-emitting food products. Three labels are evaluated: (i) ‘Digit’ specifies the amount of CO2e-emissions from the production of the product, (ii) ‘Colour-Coded’ label indicates the overall climate impact from A to E, (iii) ‘Logo’ identifies the lowest-emitting products within each product category. Respondents in a survey in the United Kingdom were asked to identify the lowest-emitting food product in a set of tasks. All labels improved accuracy in the tasks when products from the same food category were included. Importantly, in the tasks that included products from different categories, the Digit outperformed both the Colour-Coded and the Logo labels. Notably, the Logo did not improve accuracy compared to no-label tasks. It is important that a carbon label informs about the overall climate impact rather than the within-category performance, should the label help consumers identify changes that contribute to significant reductions in climate impact. © 2025 The Authors

Multilingualism has become more common nowadays due to globalization and social media on the Internet. When a bilingual person mixes two languages in the same sentence it is called code-switching. The aim of this research is to investigate the attitude towards code-switching among Spanish speakers residing in Sweden and how frequently they use it. By using the variable age, we are investigating if the use and the attitudes differ by the age of the informant. The study was made in Sweden. The methods applied were a questionnaire in Google Forms and three interviews. Based on the analysis, we found that code-switching serves multiple purposes. We found out that the younger the informants were, the more common it was to code-switch. We also discovered that the informants aged 25-49 years have a more positive attitude towards using code-switching with family and friends, while the use of code-switching at work or at school is more accepted by informants from 50 years old and up. All our informants agreed to the fact that code-switching enriches the cultural exchange in Sweden.

This qualitative study examines the integration of audiovisual resources in teaching of French foreign language (FFL) in Swedish high schools. The study is based on the reflections of six French teachers, through individual interviews and classroom observations to better understand the use of audiovisual resources in the classroom.The study’s findings reveal a widespread use of audiovisual resources due to their authenticity and their ability to provide ease in comprehension, pronunciation and vocabulary acquisition. However, despite the perceived advantages, teachers acknowledge risks, such as student distraction, passive observation, and difficulty in finding suitable resources. The study highlights the importance of balancing audiovisual resources with traditional methods (e.g., textbooks, lectures) and the need for a thoughtful and adaptive pedagogical approach to ensure the effective use of these resources.

The world is facing the highest number of people to have been forced from their homes due to war and conflict. Providing a framework for integrated action is a common societal solution to managing the challenges of integration policy programmes. These programmes are intended to standardise services provided by a diverse set of agencies and areas, and are usually delivered by civil servants and volunteers. The aim of this study was to describe factors, as reported by civil servants and volunteers in a policy programme, that enable or hinder them in helping newly arrived immigrants to establish themselves in Swedish society. The results show that the participants have the prerequisites to enable newly arrived immigrants to make their own choices, strengthen their own motivation and develop their own social networks within their new situation. However, the participants were hindered from influencing the newly arrived immigrants’ housing situation. No consensus was achieved regarding more structural prerequisites such as societal efforts to counteract segregation, or more general community-based welfare solutions. The results support the view that there is a need for a more tailored approach with consideration for each person’s unique living situation.

Popularization discourse (PD) disseminates academic knowledge to non-academic audiences through reformulation and recontextualization of the content (Gotti, 2014), which makes it more relatable and engaging. There are a number of strategies which researchers employ to create engagement, one of which is the choice of appropriate pronouns, especially the first-person plural we and its related forms us, let’s and our. Depending on the context their clusivity changes and their use can be either inclusive or exclusive, thus creating varying degrees of proximity between the speaker and the audience. To date, only limited research has been done on clusivity in spoken PD (but see e.g. Compagnone, 2005; Scotto di Carlo, 2018) and nothing has been done on podcasts, specifically. This study investigates clusivity and referentiality in neuroscientific guest episodes of the Huberman Lab Podcast by looking at randomized examples (n=2,933) of the uses of we, us, let’s and our across 52 transcripts. The framework applied is a revised and combined version of Scheibman’s (2004) taxonomy of we and Fortanet’s (2004) framework for the referentiality of we. The findings show two types of clusivity being the most dominant in the corpus: 1) inclusive plural with referentiality to humans and 2) exclusive plural with two types of referentiality: podcast and expert. This sheds light on how podcast speakers engaged non-specialist audiences in PD. The corpus analysis also revealed many recurring patterns including we or related forms which serve five functions: call for action, engagement, introduction, sponsorship and social media. The results seem to be in partial agreement with the findings in PD TED Talks of Compagnone (2015) and with the findings of Scotto di Carlo (2018).

There is a diversity in the field of mathematics education regarding how the term “concept” is used. In this study, a concept analysis is carried out, analyzing the use of the notion concept in some frequently used frameworks within mathematics education. The study takes an analytic philosophic approach, using an analyzing instrument based on a philosophical literature review resulting in two distinctions used for interpreting views on concept. It was found that intersubjective positions are more common than subjective ones. Furthermore, a main diversity concerns whether concepts are mental representations that have reached a certain level of development, or non-mental abstract objects. When mental and non-mental positions are combined, it becomes difficult to consistently describe the nature of concepts. This leads to unclear theoretical frameworks, and in the long run scientific results become less useful to interpret and compare.

Websites are common in today's digital world and something that many people interact with multiple times daily. Crucial for an appealing website is a good user experience (UX). This is something that often lags behind in the development of many company intranets. The design of a company's intranet is directly linked to employees' efficiency when interacting on the website, highlighting the importance of a well-designed layout. By identifying shortcomings and applying methods and design principles, this study aims to identify specific factors affecting user experience. To achieve this, the following question was addressed: • How can components and their placement be designed to better meet the needs and expectations of internal users? Data on user experience was collected through a survey and five interviews, providing both quantitative and qualitative data. Surveys were distributed to all employees at Sogeti's office in Borlänge, yielding thirty responses. Interviewees were intentionally selected with diverse gender, age, and occupation. Two design proposals with two different layout structures were created based on data collection, the company’s design guidelines and design principles. These design proposals were evaluated using a SUS survey. Through the survey and interviews, it was found that the current intranet is not sufficiently satisfactory. Among other things, there were insufficient contrasts, content division, and color usage. After applying design principles, one design proposal received a SUS score of 74.1, while the other received 66.5. Recommendations to achieve a better user experience include structured layout, simple navigation, clearer visual hierarchy, and a clear separation between components. By integrating the insights from the study, the understanding of user experiences and interaction design on intranets can be improved, which can create a more efficient digital work environment for all users.

Tolerance is a complex concept central to the Swedish school's core values and educational mission. While promoting tolerance should be integral to all teaching, religious studies plays a particularly important role in fostering this value. This paper aims to contribute to the didactic discussion on how to develop increased tolerance within the religious studies curriculum. To explore this, two focused group interviews were conducted with high school students (Swedish: Gymnasiet). The discussions centered on the role of religious studies, the understanding of tolerance, and potential teaching strategies for promoting tolerance.The students emphasized that the central role of religious studies is to foster an understanding of the world and its people. The subject also contributes to general education, personal development, and identity reflection. Tolerance was seen primarily as acceptance of what is perceived as problematic, with both positive and negative connotations. Tolerance also has moral and legal boundaries. To promote tolerance through religious education, students believe teaching should be diverse, comparative, motivating, and engaging, with an emphasis on understanding "the other" through knowledge and personal encounters. One key conclusion is that religious studies teachers should adopt a context-sensitive leadership style. By tailoring teaching to students' realities, teachers can create trust and a sense of belonging, which boosts motivation and engagement. This, in turn, enhances students' learning and supports the development of greater tolerance.

International migration creates a need for second language (L2) education in majority languages. The language programme Swedish for Immigrants (SFI) offers basic edu-cation in Swedish as an L2 to newly arrived adult migrants in Sweden. The aim of the study presented here is to explore the stability and dynamics of teachers’ beliefs about the education offered to students studying Literacy Education and Second Language Learning for Adults (LESLLA) during the COVID-19 pandemic.The study is part of an action research project that included teachers and students at four SFI schools. This sub-study builds on individual and focus group interviews with teachers from these schools, which are analysed though content analysis. The theoretical base for the study is the beliefs of teachers and the stability and dynamics thereof. For these teachers, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic meant an abrupt switch from in-person instruction in the classroom to various combinations of digital education and in-person instruction in smaller groups. The beliefs of these teachers remained stable concerning their students’ needs, such as the importance of social interaction, varied exercises and frequent feedback. At the same time, they showed creativity in developing new forms of teaching. The situation was stressful for teachers and a higher level of stability could have allowed them to prioritise in other ways. In these politically and economically challenging times, LESLLA students are in even greater need of efficient and empowering education, not least access to digital tools and competence of high quality. We conclude that the possibilities for the schools of handling the crisis that the pandemic caused depended on the professional competence of individual teachers as well as their ability to act independently.

In an era characterized by religious and cultural diversity, the subject of Religious Education can be viewed as a central component in the pursuit of cultivating conscious, educated, and empathetic citizens who recognize the potential of a society shaped by this diversity. This study aims to contribute by examining, based on the experience and perspectives of four highschool teachers, the opportunities and challenges they encounter in promoting understanding and acceptance of others religious and worldview affiliations. Through four semi-structured personal interviews, the discussions primarily revolved around (1) the teachers varying views on the subject’s purpose, (2) which content and teaching methods are deemed effective and ineffective in fostering understanding and acceptance for others, and (3) the teaching strategies employed by the teachers when promoting acceptance and understanding in the classroom. The results reveal a broad variation in the approaches used to promote acceptance and understanding. A notable finding was that what one teacher regarded as effective in promoting these goals, another could consider as a barrier to achieving them. For example, half of the teachers preferred to present an insider and individual perspective of religion in their teaching, while the other half viewed such a perspective, more or less, as an obstacle in their pursuit of achieving acceptance and understanding of others. These divergent views appeared to stem from various factors, such as the teachers’ different pedagogical approaches, their varying interpretations of the purpose of the subject, their individual reading of curriculum guidelines, as well as the prior knowledge and attitudes within the student groups which they teach. Nevertheless, the teachers were unanimous in agreeing that the primary task of Religious Education is to promote acceptance and understanding of others. All teachers were also in agreement that classroom discussions, variations in interpretation in relation to religion, and a comparative and unifying perspective were to be preferred. However, the way in which these aspects were practically addressed varied among them. The variation in teachers’ practices and views on what is effective or counterproductive in promoting acceptance and understanding is regarded in this study as an asset, rather than a hindrance, to teaching aimed at achieving these goals. It is hoped that reflective and professional educators, engaging in the findings of this study, can translate the insights shared by the participants into their own teaching context and practices.

BACKGROUND: Midwifery continuity models are highly recommended. Women with fear of birth living in rural areas might have difficulties accessing such care. Technology can play a role in enhancing contact with midwives during pregnancy and childbirth for these women.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to elucidate women's experiences of participating in a digital continuity of care model designed for pregnant women with fear of birth.

METHODS: A qualitative interview design, employing interviews with 15 women participating in a midwifery continuity project directed towards women with fear of birth. The participants used e-health tools for communication with midwives during their pregnancy and childbirth. Reflexive thematic analysis was used.

RESULTS: The analysis resulted in an overarching theme: 'A digital continuity model of midwifery care for women with fear of birth in a rural area is attractive'. The model created positive outcomes in terms of sustainability and use of resources. The women reported enhanced autonomy and reduced stress. Continuity of care fostered confidence and security throughout childbirth for the women, supported by a strong relationship with their midwives. The individualised care, which addressed mental health challenges and fears stemming from past childbirth experiences, led to positive outcomes.

CONCLUSION: A model with continuity using digital e-health could be a solution to meet women's needs in rural areas during childbirth, who suffer from fear of birth or have mental health problems. Care models need to be tailored to regional conditions, considering factors such as midwifery availability and geographical challenges.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vad gymnasielärare i svenskämnet anser om ljudböcker, digitala och analoga texter i läsundervisningen, samt på vilka sätt lärare anser att dessa ska användas för att främja svenskundervisningens läsning. Studien kan också ses som kunskapsinsamlare inför framtida yrke som svensklärare, men också som grund att bygga vidare på med kunskap kring läsningens för- och nackdelar inom den ständigt utvecklande digitaliseringen. Det är allmänt känt att läsförmågan hos elever i svensk grundskola har sjunkit de senaste 20 åren, samtidigt som läsningen på fritiden minskat alltmer (Vinterek et, al. 2019). Denna uppsats lyfter främst ljudboksanvändandet och digital läsning, då dessa inom multimodal teori anses bidra till att stärka elevernas meningsskapande (Magnusson,2014). Studiens metod består av digitala intervjuer och telefonintervjuer. Undersökningen utgår ifrån deskriptiv metod (Larsen, 2018), där empirin analyserats med hjälp av multimodal teori och sociokulturell teori. Resultatet visar att lärarna anser att den lingvistiska modaliteten dominerar i undervisningen tillsammans med den auditiva. Det är främst högläsning i kombination med analog läsning som nyttjas inom dessa modaliteter, men också ljudboken. De flesta lärare ställer sig positiva till att eleverna väljer ljudbok om den finns tillgänglig, men att den inte bör utesluta analog läsning på grund av den lingvistiska aspekten och av praktiska skäl gällande exempelvis citering och sidhänvisningar, när eleven ska arbeta med litteratur. Filmvisning används främst för att jämföra skönlitterära böcker med film och uppmuntra till gruppdiskussioner om innehåll, samt tydliggöra läsningsmål. Vid högläsning väljer lärare ofta att använda samma bok/ textutdrag för alla elever för att lägga grund för gruppdiskussioner, där lärandet sker tillsammans. Lärarna föredrar att eleverna använder dator när de ska läsa faktatexter eftersom funktionen att lyssna och läsa samtidigt finns tillgänglig för alla elever, medan skönlitterära texter helst nyttjas analogt, gärna i kombination med högläsning. För att främja läsningen på gymnasiet anser lärarna att det behövs mer tid för själva läsaktiviteten och mindre på bedömning.

Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om pedagogers arbete med barns delaktighet och inflytande i relation till förskolans fysiska inomhusmiljö. För undersökningens datainsamling valdes kvalitativ semistrukturerad intervju som metod och informanter var förskollärare och barnskötare. Det teoretiska verktyg som använts i resultatanalysen är Shiers (2001) analysmodell. Resultaten synliggör hur pedagogers beskrivningar i arbetet med barns delaktighet och inflytande i relation till inomhusmiljön kan variera beroende på de fysiska lokalernas utformning, ekonomiska förutsättningar samt hur pedagogerna arbetar med barnens delaktighet och inflytande gällande förskolans fysiska inomhusmiljö.

Background: Working based on person-centred care in the emergency department can be challenging for nurses. In the emergency department, nurses face various challenges that can affect the ability to provide person-centred care, such as lack of time, work-related stress and limited resources. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe nurses' work in relation to person-centered care in the emergency department. Method: This work is a literature review based on 13 scientific articles. The information was collected to conduct this study in accordance with the principles of a literature review. The articles were published between 2019 and 2024, and we used the databases CINAHL and PubMed. Results: The results highlight that nurses have a positive attitude towards person-centered care in emergency departments but face challenges due to resource shortages and high workloads. The findings emphasize that experience and competence are crucial for applying person-centered care effectively which fosters positive feelings among nurses. Continuous education is recommended to overcome these challenges. Effective collaboration and good teamwork between professional groups improve both the work environment and the quality of care, leading to increased satisfaction and better outcomes for both patients and nurses. Conclusions: The study highlights that implementing person-centered care in emergency departments is often constrained by factors such as the work environment, nurses' responsibilities, limited resources, and patient conditions. These challenges contribute to a stressful work environment, which can, in turn, evoke negative emotions like anxiety and frustration among nurses. However, the study also underscores the importance of experience, skill development, and collaboration in striking a balance between person-centered care and acute interventions in emergency settings. This balance not only enhances patient care but also fosters positive emotions in nurses, such as professional pride and satisfaction, ultimately boosting job satisfaction and motivation.

In this thesis, we examine English loanwords used in the discourse on Twitter (X) by three official accounts, namely those of the President of the French Republic, Emmanuel Macron and the newspapers Le Monde and Le Figaro. We chose to study the use of ten different anglicisms across these three accounts. The objective is to analyze the use of these anglicisms and their French equivalents, as recommended in Le Petit Robert (2020). To what extent are these anglicisms and their French equivalents used, and in what contexts?The study reveals that, despite the protective efforts of the Académie Française, certain anglicisms seem to have taken precedence. Emmanuel Macron uses fewer anglicisms often favoring French equivalents, unlike the media, which frequently employ them, likely to reflect modern language and attract a broader audience. The words studied appear more relevant to the media than the President of the French Republic.

Denna uppsats undersöker upplevda uttalssvårigheter hos arabisktalande vuxna elever som lär sig svenska inom ramen för svenska för invandrare (sfi). Syftet är att identifiera de fonetiska och fonologiska utmaningar som dessa elever upplever att de har, samt att utforska de pedagogiska metoder som lärare säger att de använder för att effektivt förbättra elevernas uttal. Genom kvalitativ forskningsmetodik inklusive intervjuer analyseras data från både elever och lärare. Resultaten visar att fonologiska skillnader mellan svenska och arabiska, såsom vokal- och konsonantstruktur, samt prosodiska aspekter som tonlängd och betoning, utgör betydande hinder. Studien belyser även vikten av anpassade undervisningsstrategier som tar hänsyn till dessa skillnader för att förbättra uttalsförståelsen och minska kommunikativa missförstånd. 

Background

Post surgical pain is both a complication in itself but it can also lead to secondary complications. Pain relief is therefore important. But pharmacological pain relief also has side effects.

Aim

The aim of our literature review is to study the effects of non-pharmacological pain relieving nursing interventions post surgically.

Method

This thesis is carried out as a structured literature review with elements of the methodology used in systematic reviews. We searched in the databases CINAHL and Pubmed. The articles were found in CINAHL och Pubmed and were published 2019-2024. In total 15 articles were reviewed.

Results

13 of the 15 different pain relieving methods had a significant pain reducing effect compared to the control groups which received standard treatment or placebo treatment.

Conclusions

Our literature review shows that 13 of the 15 included non-pharmacological interventions had a significant pain-relieving effect compared to control groups that received standard treatment or placebo, this result is not significant enough to argue that these methods should be integrated into postoperative care.

Tidigare forskning visar att det är en utmaning att kunna sätta ord på hur elever uttrycker känslor och skapar engagemang i argumenterande texter, vilket kan påverka både undervisning och bedömning. Syftet med studien är därför att undersöka hur känslor och värderingar kommer till uttryck i argumenterande texter skrivna under det nationella provet i svenskämnet av elever i årskurs 9 och huruvida dessa uttryckta känslor och värderingar korrelerar texternas betyg. Studien har sin utgångspunkt i appraisalteorin som även används som analysverktyg genom textanalys. Appraisalteorin har tre huvudingångar som sammantaget kan benämnas som värderande uttryck. I föreliggande studie används två av huvudingångarna, attityd och gradering samt respektive underkategorier. Resultatet visar att värderande uttryck i niondeklassarnas argumenterande texter främst visar sig genom uppskattning som innebär en värdering gentemot företeelser i världen samt genom bedömning av människors beteende. Dessa värderande uttryck förekommer både direkt och indirekt. De värderande uttrycken är främst graderade genom att höja och sänka styrkan i attityderna. Studien visar även att en text med fler uttryckta attityder ofta verkar ha en högre kvalitet och att fler graderingar, främst ord som sänker intensiteten, kan relateras till ett lägre betyg. Studien bidrar med kunskap om vad som behöver lyftas fram i undervisningen för att utveckla elevers skrivförmåga. Studien bidrar även med en ytterligare nyans till det metaspråk som redan finns kring känslor och värderingar i text, vilket möjliggör en dialog i klassrummet kring dessa språkliga resurser, dels mellan lärare och elever, dels lärare sinsemellan. 

Scholars have expressed concern about stagnation in physical education research. Specifically, they have claimed that physical education researchers have been investigating the same topics, presenting the same solutions, and at times fail to build on - or in some cases, even acknowledge - existing scientific findings. These are serious assertions that call into question the enterprise of researching in physical education. In this paper, we evaluate the merits of these claims. Through a Bernsteinian reading of four illustrations, the thesis we develop is that physical education has a horizontal knowledge structure. This knowledge structure affects the ways that scholars make scientific contributions, or in other words, how they develop knowledge. Understanding the connection between the knowledge structure and how knowledge is developed draws attention to: (1) the modest ways in which researchers typically make contributions, (2) the routine nature of repetition in research, and (3) the responsibilities researchers have to acknowledge the work of other researchers. We suggest that more generally, a Bernsteinian interpretation of the examples may help researchers acknowledge and accept slow disciplinary development and gain clarity regarding how and in which areas they can contribute in the future.

Research in sustainability transformations has emphasized technological innovation and large structural changes. Less attention has been paid to enabling approaches which emphasize the role of reimagination and collaborative exploration of alternative futures, involving agency, emancipation and care. In this research we took an enabling approach to sustainability transformations and worked with stakeholders in collaborative workshops to invite their experience of the COVID-19 pandemic and its transformative potential in envisioning and co-producing sustainable futures. In the workshops, stakeholders discussed their understandings of sustainable tourism development. What was evident among stakeholders was a caring for people—employees, locals, tourists. Although nature was another focus (often in the context of the new-found interest in tourism in proximate environments), care did not go all the way to redefine human and non-human relationship—missing a deep ecological understanding. This study expands knowledge on sustainability transformation and disruptive research that creates processes for re-imagination.

Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka och jämföra formativ feedback från svensklärare respektive ChatGPT, på elevskrivna texter i kursen Svenska 1 på gymnasiet. Genom att tillämpa van Leeuwens teoretiska ramverk The Legitimation Framework in Discourse and Communication undersöktes med en kritisk diskursanalytisk metod hur svensklärarna respektive ChatGPT motiverade och legitimerade sin feedback. Metoden bidrog till att dekonstruera feedbacken och på så sätt synliggöra dolda mönster och maktförhållanden. Resultatet belyser vad de tre svensklärarna och ChatGPT bedömer i relation till uppgiftsbeskrivningarna och språknormer. Den AI-genererade feedbacken fokuserade i större utsträckning på explicita kommentarer i förhållande till uppgiftsbeskrivningen, medan svensklärarna skrev fler implicita kommentarer. Resultatet visade även vem som bedömer och hur den rättfärdigar sin formativa feedback. Svensklärarna legitimerar i huvudsak sin feedback genom att hänvisa till sig själva som auktoritet medan ChatGPT legitimerar sin feedback genom rationalisering och håller sig nära uppgiftsbeskrivningen. Trots att resultaten indikerar att det finns stor potential för ChatGPT att bidra till feedbackpraktiken, kan vi dra slutsatsen att det krävs en hög lärarkompetens för att säkerställa relevant och pålitlig feedback till eleverna.

Background

Palliative care in the home has become increasingly common and requires nurses to be more independent and have sufficient knowledge in the area to be able to provide the safe and good care required. They must ensure serenity, dignity, integrity and listen to patients and their relatives

Aim

The aim was to describe nurses experiences of palliative care for adults in the home.

Method

The project was carried out as a structured literature review with elements of the methodology used in systematic reviews. The CINAHL and PubMed databases were used in the search for articles published in 2018–2024. This resulted in 14 articles with a qualitative approach that were analyzed using content analysis.

Results

The result is described through two main categories with four subcategories based on nurses' experiences of palliative care in the home: Team collaboration and Personal competence. The results highlight the importance of interprofessional collaboration and a good relationship with patients and relatives. It also emphasizes the significance of nurses’ knowledge and confidence in making decisions.

Conclusions

Caring for the patient at home could sometimes be difficult due to the need to adapt the care to the patient's home environment. One challenge was the independent execution of the work and making decisions. In order for good and well-functioning care to be established, there had to be communication between doctors and nurses. There was a great need to further educate nurses in palliative care so that they feel more confident in the areas of communication, symptom management and pain.