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BACKGROUND: Up-to-date estimates of stroke burden and attributable risks and their trends at global, regional, and national levels are essential for evidence-based health care, prevention, and resource allocation planning. We aimed to provide such estimates for the period 1990-2021.

METHODS: We estimated incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 people per year for overall stroke, ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We also calculated burden of stroke attributable to 23 risk factors and six risk clusters (air pollution, tobacco smoking, behavioural, dietary, environmental, and metabolic risks) at the global and regional levels (21 GBD regions and Socio-demographic Index [SDI] quintiles), using the standard GBD methodology. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline.

FINDINGS: In 2021, stroke was the third most common GBD level 3 cause of death (7·3 million [95% UI 6·6-7·8] deaths; 10·7% [9·8-11·3] of all deaths) after ischaemic heart disease and COVID-19, and the fourth most common cause of DALYs (160·5 million [147·8-171·6] DALYs; 5·6% [5·0-6·1] of all DALYs). In 2021, there were 93·8 million (89·0-99·3) prevalent and 11·9 million (10·7-13·2) incident strokes. We found disparities in stroke burden and risk factors by GBD region, country or territory, and SDI, as well as a stagnation in the reduction of incidence from 2015 onwards, and even some increases in the stroke incidence, death, prevalence, and DALY rates in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania, countries with lower SDI, and people younger than 70 years. Globally, ischaemic stroke constituted 65·3% (62·4-67·7), intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 28·8% (28·3-28·8), and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 5·8% (5·7-6·0) of incident strokes. There were substantial increases in DALYs attributable to high BMI (88·2% [53·4-117·7]), high ambient temperature (72·4% [51·1 to 179·5]), high fasting plasma glucose (32·1% [26·7-38·1]), diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages (23·4% [12·7-35·7]), low physical activity (11·3% [1·8-34·9]), high systolic blood pressure (6·7% [2·5-11·6]), lead exposure (6·5% [4·5-11·2]), and diet low in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (5·3% [0·5-10·5]).

INTERPRETATION: Stroke burden has increased from 1990 to 2021, and the contribution of several risk factors has also increased. Effective, accessible, and affordable measures to improve stroke surveillance, prevention (with the emphasis on blood pressure, lifestyle, and environmental factors), acute care, and rehabilitation need to be urgently implemented across all countries to reduce stroke burden.

FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Background: the opportunity for women to give birth in water vary globally, and in Sweden waterbirth is offered in some of the maternityclinics in the country. An increased demand of water birth from pregnant women have been noticed. Research on waterbirth mainly focuses onwomen's experiences, but rarely on midwives' knowledge and perception.

Aim: the aim of this study was to describe midwives' experience of, and knowledge about waterbirth. With a qualitative method and inductiveapproach, 16 midwives with varying experience, working in a clinic that provides waterbirths, were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed withcontent analysis.

Results: The difficulty of estimating bleeding in water was perceived as a challenge. Also, the surveillance of the baby when CTG was usedwas another challenge. The working environment for the midwife working in positions where they had to lean into the pool was also mentionedas a challenge. The state of education and knowledge was varying, but trusting one's skills in assisting a waterbirth was based both in the level ofexperience as a midwife and in the number and frequency of assisting waterbirths. The clinic's policies and guidelines on waterbirth also played apart in the perceived safety.

Conclusion: midwifes experienced of waterbirths was that waterbirth is positive both for the woman and the midwife herself. Knowledge wasobtained mainly through practical experience, other midwives, and clear guidelines.

Ungdomsbrottslighet är en betydande fråga i den svenska samhällsdebatten. Denna studie syftar till att få en djupare förståelse för mäns vägar in i och ut ur brottslighet genom att analysera tre självbiografier med en kvalitativ, tematisk metod. Resultaten visar att faktorer som uppväxtförhållande, familjedynamik, segregation, utanförskap och exponering för våld spelar avgörande roller i att leda unga män till kriminellt beteende. Effektiv behandling mot återfall, tillsammans med personlig motivation och reflektion, är avgörande för deras rehabilitering. Analysen identifierar två huvudteman: Känslohantering, utanförskap och inkludering. Självbiografierna beskriver kaotiska familjerelationer, segregation och våld.Trots återfall lyckas personerna slutligen bryta brottets kretslopp och återintegrera sig i samhället genom behandling, reflektion och stark motivation. 

In Sweden, there has been a development of continuously more and earlier mandatory assessments in schools in the last decades. One of the latest is mandatory assessment in preschool classes from 2019, with one of the purposes to identify students in need of Special Education in Mathematics (SEM students). Preschool class is a compulsory school year for 6-year-olds which precedes compulsory school. The study at hand explores how teachers create knowledge of mathematics and the SEM student during their work with this mandatory assessment. Results show that mandatory assessment might affect how teachers assess knowledge, develop their teaching, and (re)produce knowledge of the six-year-olds as knowers and of knowledge in mathematics. We join the vast amount of research that has shown that mandatory assessment is a potentially sensitive situation for students who are already unprivileged, who face obstacles in their learning or who struggle with mathematics. Awareness of processes of inclusion, exclusion and (in)equity during assessment and in the following education is central to not count (SEM) students out as competent learners with valuable knowledge.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka aspekter av naturvetenskapens karaktär som blir synliga när lärare som undervisar inom naturorienterande ämnen i årskurs 4–6 beskriver sin undervisning. För att besvara studiens frågeställning valdes kvalitativ metod och semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fem behöriga, undervisande lärare i NO. Det teoretiska ramverk som omger studien är pragmatismens idéer om autentiskt och problembaserat lärande och en undervisning som utgår från elevers tidigare erfarenheter. Definitionen av naturvetenskapens karaktär som studien utgår från är att elever ska ha kännedom om vad naturvetenskap är, hur den skiljer sig från andra områden och hur säkra naturvetenskapliga resultat är. I studien blev flera aspekter av naturvetenskapens karaktär synliga, exempelvis aspekterna hur naturvetenskap skiljer sig från andra områden och undersökande arbetssätt i syfte att förstå hur naturvetare arbetar. Studiens resultat visar inte om lärarna medvetet arbetar med dessa aspekter i syfte att utveckla elevernas kunskaper om naturvetenskapens karaktär. Utifrån studiens forskningsbakgrund och resultat dras slutsatsen att det dels finns behov av fortbildningssatsningar för lärare inom området, naturvetenskapens karaktär, dels att styrdokument och lärarutbildningarna behöver ha ett större fokus på naturvetenskapens karaktär om det är ett mål att elever ska ha goda kunskaper inom området.

In recent year there has been a massive increase in photovoltaic (PV) installations in Sweden, with a 93% increase from the year 2019 to 2023. Even with all the advantages that PV electricity generation offers, it is important to understand the hurdles that come with its implementation, one of them being the degradation of PV modules. Understanding this degradation is integral so that stakeholders understand the financial implications of their investment, and for grid operators to plan accordingly the future of the grid. 

A problem arises when degradation is to be determined since traditionally a system needs to stop operating to be able to determine the degradation. Some researchers have tried tackling this problem by calculating the degradation rate through monitoring data by comparing different performance metrics over several years of operation, and the knowledge that degradation tends to be linear in most PV technologies. Despite several studies proving the usefulness of these methods, no study has been done in higher latitudes where seasonality complicates these calculations due to higher variations in the performance metrics utilized.

This study aims to assess the efficacy of the Linear Regression (LR), Year-on-year (YoY), and PVUSA characterization LR methods to calculate the degradation rate of a PV system in higher latitudes with different data aggregation windows. Furthermore, the thesis also aims to assess if it is possible to utilize data from weather stations to calculate the degradation rate, so systems without dedicated temperature, wind, and irradiation sensors can also quantify the health of their system without the extra capital investment that comes with the implementation of a measuring system.

The process of calculating the degradation starts with the identification and removal of faulty data.  At the same time temperature, wind speed, and irradiance data from nearby weather stations is extracted to utilize in the process. The irradiance data is decomposed through the Engerer 2 model and transposed with the Perez 1990 model with the help of Python code. With the cleaned and replaced data, then the performance metric is calculated, filtered and the degradation rate is calculated.

The results obtained for the scenario with no data replacement are -0.388 %/year for the PVUSA model, -0.676 %/year for the LR with monthly aggregation, -0.498 %/year for LR with weekly aggregation, -0.341 %/year for the YoY method with monthly aggregation, and -0.503 %/year for the YoY method with weekly aggregation.  

For the scenario where data was replaced, a degradation rate of -0.476 %/year for the LR with monthly aggregation, -0.393 %/year for LR with weekly aggregation, -0.085 %/year for the YoY method with monthly aggregation, and 0.0.22 %/year for the YoY method with weekly aggregation. No useful result for the PVUSA method was obtained when data was replaced.

Out of the Linear regression results, only the result from the monthly aggregated data where data was replaced (-0.476 %/year), and the result from the weekly aggregated data where there was no data replacement (-0.498 %/year) were statistically significant.

Results from the YoY method are statistically significant, but with a larger confidence interval value.

Introduction: Self-management support (SMS) improves quality of life, mood, self-efficacy and physical function, and reduces health service utilization in persons with stroke.Today, rehabilitation increasingly occurs at home, but persons with stroke and their families often feel unprepared to manage this situation. SMS is important to succeed in transforming care and rehabilitation to home. Understanding how people perceive and experience self-management are thus crucial in developing SMS for persons with stroke. This study aimed to explore how persons with stroke understand and practice self-management in the post-acute phase.Method: Semi-structured with 18 persons who received rehabilitation at home. The data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis.Results: The participant expressed the importance of being independent and taking action to find their new normal way of living. They discovered difficulties performing daily activities after homecoming, a situation they were not prepared for. The persons displayed different game plans for self-management to handle their situation, but lacked support from health care.Conclusion: In the present study, participants expressed self-management as taking care of their own business and being as independent as possible. Despite health care attempts to increase self-care models, more advance advise on self-management was not revealed. This may indicate that health care does not have all the tools to operationalize self-management for persons with stroke to meet their individual needs. This study can contribute to knowledge on self-management as experienced by persons with stroke and thereby develop sustainable self-care models, which is crucial to meet patients’ needs in a new health care context.

The aim of this paper is to explore students mathematical and ethical reasoning in fair sharing tasks. In our study, 8-year-old students were asked to share eight biscuits between three soft toys, where one of the toys is hungry and sad. Two analytical frameworks were used, one for mathematical reasoning and one for ethical reasoning. The results show that sharing tasks can generate several solutions in which students use different mathematical arguments combined with ethical arguments. Another result is that the different argument soften interplay with, or depend on, each other, meaning that mathematical reasoning and ethical reasoning are intertwined.

Behålla anställda inom ett privat företag kan minska personalkostnader genom att arbeta med företagskultur, ledarskap och utbildning. Tidigare forskning visar att behålla anställda är ett brett område och att det finns olika strategier som företag kan använda sig av. Ledarskap och företagskultur, relationer, kompetensutveckling samt förmåner och motivation är strategier som denna studie fokuserar på. Studien lyfter positiva samt negativa aspekter med strategierna utifrån medarbetare och chefer. Detta examensarbete syftar till att få en djupare förståelse för hur ett privat företag arbetar med valda strategier för att behålla anställda och få dem att vilja fortsätta hos företaget. 

En kvalitativ studie med en fenomenologisk inriktning har genomförts. Åtta anställda från samma privata företag har intervjuats, tre är chefer och resterande fem är medarbetare. Utifrån respondenternas upplevelser skapades temana; ledarskap och företagskultur, relationer, kompetensutveckling, samt förmåner och motivation. Studien visar hur arbetsplatsen arbetaraktivt med dessa strategier och det finns förbättringsområden som arbetsplatsen kan utveckla. Det finns inte enbart en anledning till att medarbetare och chefer stannar på arbetsplatsen. Resultatet tyder på att strategierna integrerar och samverkar med varandra. Studien bidrar till nya perspektiv på den befintliga forskningen. I studien framkommer det även hur företaget arbetar med fungerande strategier i praktiken, vilket kan bidra till ökad förståelse för företag som arbetar med att behålla personal. 

In the era of the IoT revolution, applications are becoming ever more sophisticated and accompanied by diverse functional and non-functional requirements, including those related to computing resources and performance levels. Such requirements make the development and implementation of these applications complex and challenging. Computing models, such as cloud computing, can provide applications with on-demand computation and storage resources to meet their needs. Although cloud computing is a great enabler for IoT and endpoint devices, its limitations make it unsuitable to fulfill all design goals of novel applications and use cases. Instead of only relying on cloud computing, leveraging and integrating resources at different layers (like IoT, edge, and cloud) is necessary to form and utilize a computing continuum. The layers’ integration in the computing continuum offers a wide range of innovative services, but it introduces new challenges (e.g., monitoring performance and ensuring security) that need to be investigated. A better grasp and more profound understanding of the computing continuum can guide researchers and developers in tackling and overcoming such challenges. Thus, this paper provides a comprehensive and unified view of the computing continuum. The paper discusses computing models in general with a focus on cloud computing, the computing models that emerged beyond the cloud, and the communication technologies that enable computing in the continuum. In addition, two novel reference architectures are presented in this work: one for edge–cloud computing models and the other for edge–cloud communication technologies. We demonstrate real use cases from different application domains (like industry and science) to validate the proposed reference architectures, and we show how these use cases map onto the reference architectures. Finally, the paper highlights key points that express the authors’ vision about efficiently enabling and utilizing the computing continuum in the future. © 2024 The Author(s)

BACKGROUND: Addressing the evidence-to-practice gap in midwifery is vital for improving maternal and newborn health outcomes. Despite the potential of involving midwives in quality improvement interventions to address this gap, such interventions are understudied. In a Ugandan urban hospital, midwifery practices with a significant evidence-to-practice gap have been identified as areas for clinical improvement.

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of the Quality Improvement was to increase the uptake of identified and essential midwifery practices through a quality improvement approach led by midwives.

PARTICIPANTS: We enrolled 703 women aged 18 years and older with uncomplicated full-term pregnancies (between 37+0 and 42+0 weeks) who gave birth at the facility.

INTERVENTION: The intervention focused on evidence-based practices with an identified evidence-to-practice gap: dynamic birth position, including women's involvement in birth position decision-making, perineal protection and intrapartum support. A team of midwives led a seven-month co-created quality improvement intervention. The intervention used Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles, following the Model for Improvement and included a train-the-trainer approach and weekly online support meetings.

DATA COLLECTION: In this single-case prospective observational study, we compared pre-, during and post-intervention uptake of evidence-based practices. Trained research assistants collected data through interviews and observations.

RESULTS: We observed improvements in the uptake of all clinical improvement areas. Dynamic birth positions increased from 0 % to 79 %, decision-making of birth positions from 0 % to 75 %, perineal protection measures from 62 % to 92 % and intrapartum support from 7 % to 67 %.

CONCLUSION: A multifactorial midwife-led Quality Improvement resulted in significant and sustained improvements in the uptake of evidence-based practices in maternal and newborn healthcare. If given the mandate and time, midwives can successfully lead Quality Improvements, which enhance the quality of care and close the evidence-to-practice gaps in maternal and newborn health. The study's results underscore the significance of developing effective strategies to enhance care quality and promote the adoption of evidence-based midwifery practices.

BACKGROUND: Intrusive memories of psychologically traumatic events bring distress both sub-clinically and clinically. This parallel-group, two-arm randomised controlled trial evaluated the effect of a brief behavioural intervention on reducing intrusive memories in frontline healthcare workers exposed to traumatic events during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: Participants with at least two intrusive memories of work-related trauma in the week before recruitment were randomised 1:1 to an imagery-competing task intervention (n = 73) or attention-based control task (n = 71). The number of intrusive memories was assessed at baseline and 5 weeks after the guided session (primary endpoint).

RESULTS: The intervention significantly reduced intrusive memory frequency compared with control [intervention Mdn = 1.0 (IQR = 0-3), control Mdn = 5.0 (IQR = 1-17); p < 0.0001, IRR = 0.30; 95% CI = 0.17-0.53] and led to fewer post-traumatic stress-related symptoms at 1, 3 and 6 month follow-ups (secondary endpoints). Participants and statisticians were blinded to allocation. Adverse events data were acquired throughout the trial, demonstrating safety. There was high adherence and low attrition.

CONCLUSIONS: This brief, single-symptom, repeatable digital intervention for subclinical-to-clinical samples after trauma allows scalability, taking a preventing-to-treating approach after trauma.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: 2020-07-06, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04460014.

Accurate and fast extraction of step parameters from video recordings of gait allows for richer information to be obtained from clinical tests such as Timed Up and Go. Current deep-learning methods are promising, but lack in accuracy for many clinical use cases. Extracting step parameters will often depend on extracted landmarks (keypoints) on the feet. We hypothesize that such keypoints can be determined with an accuracy relevant for clinical practice from video recordings by combining an existing general-purpose pose estimation method (OpenPose) with custom convolutional neural networks (convnets) specifically trained to identify keypoints on the heel. The combined method finds keypoints on the posterior and lateral aspects of the heel of the foot in side-view and frontal-view images from which step length and step width can be determined for calibrated cameras. Six different candidate convnets were evaluated, combining three different standard architectures as networks for feature extraction (backbone), and with two different networks for predicting keypoints on the heel (head networks). Using transfer learning, the backbone networks were pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset, and the combined networks (backbone + head) were fine-tuned on data from 184 trials of older, unimpaired adults. The data was recorded at three different locations and consisted of 193 k side-view images and 110 k frontal-view images. We evaluated the six different models using the absolute distance on the floor between predicted keypoints and manually labelled keypoints. For the best-performing convnet, the median error was 0.55 cm and the 75% quartile was below 1.26 cm using data from the side-view camera. The predictions are overall accurate, but show some outliers. The results indicate potential for future clinical use by automating a key step in marker-less gait parameter extraction.

Syftet med denna studie var att få en djupare förståelse för generation Y och generation Z:s arbetspreferenser, samt undersöka vad som attraherar dessa generationer i valet av arbetsgivare. Studiens särskilda fokus ligger på arbetsflexibilitet. För att uppnå syftet valdes en kvalitativ studie med en fenomenologisk inriktning. Genom en empirisk tematisk analys bearbetades studiens empiri. Studien ämnar till att belysa vad som attraherar dessa generationer, samt undersöka om det finns eventuella skillnader och likheter mellan de två generationerna.

Resultatet av studien visar att flexibilitet i arbetet är den i särklass viktigaste aspekten för båda generationerna. Generation Y:s arbetspreferenser kring arbetsflexibilitet är stark kopplat till fritiden och familjelivet. För generation Z är flexibilitet också av stor vikt, men deras syn är i högre grad kopplad till individualism och en frihet att delvis kunna styra över sin tid. Studien visar tydliga skillnader i hur generation Y och generation Z värderar och prioriterar semester och ledighet. Generation Y efterfrågar fler semesterdagar och deras syn på semester och ledighet är starkt kopplat till dess värderingar kring privat- och familjeliv. Generation Z anser den lagstadgade semestern som betydelsefull, men tenderar att värdera högre lön framför möjligheten till lång sommarsemester. Generation Z värderar ledarskapet högt och förväntar sig regelbunden feedback och coachning från sina chefer för att trivas och prestera i sin anställning. 

AIMS: This study aimed to investigate body function and daily life activities 18 months after Covid-19 infection, depending on the initial severity of disease and according to sex.

METHODS: All 11,955 individuals on sick leave due to Covid-19 during the first wave of the pandemic in Sweden were invited to answer a questionnaire regarding experiencing negative changes in body function and daily life activities approximately 18 months after the start of sick leave. The analysis of data included descriptive statistics, group comparisons and multivariable binary logistic regressions (two groups).

RESULTS: Of 5464 responders (45.7%), 4676 (85.6%) reported experiencing at least one problem with body function, and the reported prevalence of problems with daily life activities was 46%. The most frequently reported problems were fatigue (66.3%), cognition, sleep and movement. In general, women and those initially hospitalised reported more problems. In the regression analyses, problems with body function could partly explain whether individuals experienced problems with daily life activities. However, only fatigue and movement significantly contributed throughout all groups (p<0.001). Furthermore, the odds ratios for fatigue were larger in regressions for women than for men.

CONCLUSIONS: In this nationwide study, more than 8 out of 10 individuals experienced problems with body function 18 months after being on sick leave due to Covid-19, with women and those initially hospitalised reporting more problems. Problems with body function, such as fatigue, could partly explain problems with daily life activities. However, the mechanisms behind the consequences are not yet clear and need to be further investigated.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur relationen mellan Gypsy Rose och Dee Dee påverkas av att Münchausen syndrome by proxy är en central del av deras relation. Studien ämnar även att undersöka hur deras relation framställs i dokumentärserien Fallet Gypsy Rose, vilket är det material som denna studien kommer att baseras på. Denna studien genomförs meden kvalitativ metod där dokumentärserien är det material som kommer analyseras. Resultatet från analysen presenteras i fem olika teman i enlighet med den tematisk analys. Där de även analyseras med utgångspunkt i de teoretiska ramverken, Goffmans teori om frontstage och backstage samt Parsons begrepp sick role. Resultatet visar på att relationen som Dee Dee och Gypsy haft har till stor del präglats av fasader och lögner, både mot varandra samt gentemot sin omgivning. Upprätthållandet av fasaden gentemot omgivningen har resulterat i att barnmisshandeln genom förfalskning av symtom, även kallat Münchausen syndrome by proxy, har kunnat fortgå. Vilket även resulterar i att Gypsy antar rollen som sjuk.

Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en djupare förståelse för hur HR-medarbetare upplever att konsekvenserna av hybridarbetet påverkar balansen mellan privat- och arbetsliv. Samt hur det obetalda arbetet påverkar det betalda arbetet när arbetet utförs hemifrån, med fokus på ett jämställdhetsperspektiv. För att uppnå syftet valdes en kvalitativ metod, där sju semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes inom den regionala och privata sektorn. Intervjuerna genomfördes med medarbetare inom HR. Studiens metodval är inspirerad av hermeneutiken och empirisk fenomenologi som båda syftar till att skapa förståelse för fenomenet. Den insamlade empirin har analyserats och tematiserats med hjälp av en tematisk analys.

Studiens resultat visar på att respondenterna upplever att hybridarbetet generellt sätt främjar en bättre balans mellan privat- och arbetsliv. Vidare visar resultatet på att majoriteten av respondenterna uppskattar fördelarna med möjligheten till hybridarbete, som att kunna arbeta trots svårigheter att infinna sig på arbetsplatsen och möjligheten att kontrollera sina egna scheman. Men även att de i framtiden inte kan tänka sig en arbetsplats som inte erbjuder möjligheten till arbete hemifrån någon dag i veckan. Studien konstaterar att samtliga respondenter upplever att de lever i ett jämnt förhållande och att det obetalda arbetet fördelas jämnt mellan könen. Det framkommer däremot att fördelningen av uppgifter faller sig naturligt på det som är det typiskt manliga och kvinnliga. Resultatet visar att individer påverkas olika av icke genomförda hushållssysslor vid arbete hemifrån, beroende på var i hemmet de utför deras betalda arbete. Avslutningsvis kan det utläsas av resultatet att arbetstagarna inte har svårt att dra en gräns mellan privat- och arbetsliv vid arbete hemifrån. 

To realise the clean energy transition, peer-to-peer (P2P) renewable energy sharing markets have been proposed as one possible solution for achieving such a goal and are recognised as a potential path to achieving other goals such as affordable and reliable energy. Existing studies have shown that coordination at the micro level can be achieved by employing such P2P market structures. A pressing question concerns how to set the trade price such that the community coordinates in a way that maximises social welfare. A solution to this question based on multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has been provided as a proof-of-concept in a single environment. However, various factors such as climate and community scale have been shown to affect the collective performance in such energy-sharing communities. In this work, to test the wider applicability of the proposed solution, a full factorial experiment based on the factors of climate, , community scale, , and price mechanism, , is conducted to ascertain the response of the community w.r.t. the outputs: community selfsufficiency, , total net-loss, , and income equality. . In short, we find that a community stands an odds of 2 to 1 in higher savings by adopting a smart agent.

Studiens övergripande syfte är att skapa en djupare förståelse för hur inhyrd personal upplever organisatorisk och social delaktighet i kundorganisationen. För att besvara syftet har studien genomförts med kvalitativ metod med inspiration av den fenomenologiska inriktningen. Insamling av empiriskt material har genomförts genom nio semistrukturerade intervjuer med deltidsanställd inhyrd lagerpersonal. Studiens insamlade material har analyserats utifrån teorier rörande delaktighet och engagemang.

Av studiens resultat framkommer upplevelser av bristande organisatorisk och social delaktighet i kundorganisationen. Exkludering från informations- och diskussionsforum påvisas medföra försämrad insikt kring arbetsuppgifternas syfte, bristande information, minskad möjlighet till inflytande samt begränsade möjligheter till kompetensutveckling. Det förekommer en upplevd känsla av segregering mellan inhyrd personal och ordinarie personal samt begränsad tillgång till medarbetarsamtal och arbetsrelaterad feedback. Dessa upplevelser visas ha en negativ inverkan på den inhyrda personalens upplevda engagemang gentemot kundorganisationen. Genom att arbeta för att främja organisatorisk och social delaktighet för den inhyrda personalen kan arbetsengagemanget gentemot kundorganisationen öka. 

Live action role-play (larp) is an improvised and embodied form of storytelling that develops through co-creation. While autistic individuals generally dislike unpredictable situations and social interaction in larger groups, anecdotal reports suggest that they often are found in the larping community. Through interviews with 10 autistic, experienced adult larpers, this study investigates larp as a scene for social learning. The examination focuses on the attraction of larps; what the participants learn about social interaction through larping; and how such insights transfer to everyday life. From a cognitive point of view, larping comes through as an optimal autistic space where players feel safe enough to dare push their social boundaries, which conceivably contributes to the formation of more precise social predictions since experimentation and mistakes facilitate embodied learning. From the participants' point of view, larping improved their understanding of social nuances, which in turn increased social confidence and well-being in everyday life.

The internet has become very central to today’s society. The aim of this scoping review was to map internet use among people with an intellectual disability (ID) in Sweden, and to scrutinise the phenomenon from a critical perspective. The concepts of digital divide, digital inequality, social construction of intellectual disability, and power relations were applied to conceptualise the empirical material. The results showed that people with ID have limited access to the internet. A discrepancy in approaches towards internet use was identified. Generally, people with ID subscribe to a positive view of the internet. Among professionals a generally pessimistic view was instead identified. People with ID are described as a vulnerable and naive group, who presumably cannot protect themselves from the risks the internet entails. From a critical perspective, control of internet access could strengthen asymmetric power, and human rights of social participation are withheld from people with ID.

Most lighting is only designed to meet the visual needs in most public libraryenvironments in Sweden. Although lighting-related impacts are relevant to six Unite Nationssustainability goals, some important lighting considerations, such as circadian phase disruption,mode and productivity impact, and energy-efficient operation, are missing in current lightingoperating practices. Moreover, most of the current lighting asset management practice in publicbuildings remains “fix it if only it breaks”. With respect to people-centric health factors, visualindex, and lighting asset energy-efficient operation, this study sublimates lighting into a newperspective. Finally, the suggested comprehensive lighting operating strategies integratingdigital twins can help designers and operators in defining the optimal design/control strategy inpublic-built environments, like public library. Digital twin-based decision-making is expected tobe applied to lighting design and control in public spaces that improves visual acuity and comfort,positively impact mood and productivity, and provides recommendations on engagementprinciples under Environment Social Governance (ESG) framework to asset manager/operators.

Attributable to the COVID pandemic, Zoom has become one of most widely used digital tools for online interaction. Schools and universities had to transition to wholly online teaching, and Zoom was one of the platforms used for real-time sessions. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate students' experiences of using tools like Zoom to see the positive and negative sides of videoconferencing for language learning. Students' and teachers' digital competence is an important factor that impacts online learning, and therefore students' experiences are analyzed in relation to the TPACK framework, which looks at teachers' digital competences and the intersections between their technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK). It is found that especially the intersection between technological and pedagogical competences is sometimes lacking among teachers and is identified as the cause of a lot of negative experiences. Thus, the conclusion of this study is that such competences need to be developed by teachers.

I denna artikel undersöks diskurser om grundläggande skriftspråksfärdigheter för vuxna andraspråksinlärare inom studieprogrammet svenska för invandrare (sfi), med det specifika syftet att undersöka diskurser om skriftspråksundervisning på studieväg ett, för elever med kort eller ingen tidigare skolbakgrund. Studien har sin teoretiska bas i nexusanalys, vilket innebär att skriftspråksundervisningen studeras som en social handling, genom de tre diskurserna: Discourses in place, Historical bodies och Interaction order. Dessa studeras genom aktuella styrdokument, lärarintervjuer och klassrumsobservation.

När det gäller betoningen i styrdokumenten på att undervisningen ska vara funktionellt utformad överensstämmer detta väl med lärarnas tal om hur skriftspråksundervisningen ingår som en del i den generella undervisningen i svenska och hur denna kopplas tydligt till elevernas upplevda behov i sin vardag. Samtidigt stämde den brist som påtalas i granskningar och rapporter, vad gäller att skapa individualiserad undervisning utifrån tidigare kartläggning, överens med att detta inte framträder starkt i diskurser som framkommer i intervjuer och klassrum. De motsägelser vad gäller kartläggning och individualisering som framträdde visar på ett utvecklingsbehov. Detta gäller även den tidiga bokstavsinlärningen som inte hade en framträdande plats i styrdokument och föreföll att behandlas separat i undervisningen. 

Idag utgör inte kunskap om skriftspråksutveckling för vuxna andraspråksinlärare ett behörighetskrav för sfi-lärare och av studiens 24 lärare sade sig enbart en ha sådan. Kunskap om tidig skriftspråksutveckling ingår vanligtvis enbart i lärarutbildning för lärare för barn, och gäller då förstaspråkstalare. Denna studie visar alltså både på ett behov av att skapa ytterligare kunskap om dessa initiala skeden av skriftspråksutveckling för vuxna och av kompetensutveckling för lärare på sfi, studieväg ett. 

This study investigated whether repeated transitions between seated and standing positions has a different physiological response compared to continuous use of either seated position or standing position during steep uphill cycling among elite cyclists. Ten elite male cyclists completed three 5-min treadmill cycling tests at an inclination of 6.8° with constant individual-based speed resulting in a work intensity close to the aerobic threshold. During the first and third test, the participants used standing position (ST test) and seated position (SE test) or vice versa, whereas in the second test, they made repeated transitions between standing and seated positions every 10 s (RT test). The last 2 min of each test was used to measure the mean values of oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and respiratory exchange ratio, which were used to calculate the metabolic rate (MR) and gross efficiency (GE). Additionally, the blood-lactate concentration before and after (Lapost) each test was determined. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the effect of cycling position on the physiological response. No significant differences between tests were observed for the variables related to aerobic energy expenditure (i.e., V̇O2, MR and GE), whereas the RT test was associated with a significantly lower Lapost compared to the ST and SE tests. Steep uphill cycling, at an intensity close to the aerobic threshold, with repeated transitions between standing and seated positions, did not have a higher oxygen consumption; instead, the blood-lactate concentration was lower during the RT test compared to that under continuous use of either seated or standing position.

In contemporary multicultural societies a widespread use of social media has provided individuals easy access to information and the ability to track inequalities. Consequently, it is important to investigate the potential effects of social media on people. This ethnographic study conducted in Sweden focuses on young students with foreign backgrounds and aims to examine how social media influences their attitudes towards their ethnic identity. Through semi-structured interviews, the study reveals that social media has a significant impact on the perception and formation of ethnic identity both in positive and negative ways. Despite initial struggles this thesis argues that most young students ultimately expressed satisfaction with their ethnic identity.

Att undersöka samverkan inom socialt arbete är relevant då samverkan i välfärdssamhället blivit en viktig del myndigheter emellan. För individen i sig är samverkan viktig genom skapande av helhetssyn och effektivare insats utifrån dennes behov i rehabiliteringsprocessen. Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hur representanter från Region och kommun upplever utmaningar och framgångsfaktorer som kan uppstå i samverkan mellan professionella aktörer kopplade till ett samverkansteam, vilket gjorts genom kvalitativa intervjuer. Samverkansteamet består av Region, kommun, Arbetsförmedlingen och Försäkringskassa i syfte att rehabilitera personer till arbete eller studier. För en djupare förståelse av resultaten belyser vi det i systemteoretiskt och lösningsfokuserat perspektiv. Exempel på utmaningar i samverkan som framkom i resultatet är otydliga professionella roller samt dåligt placerade lokaler. Exempel på en framgångsfaktor i samverkan som framkom i resultatet är god kommunikation.

This study investigates the attitudes of Spanish language teachers in Swedish Primary Schools towards different varieties of Spanish, the factors influencing these attitudes and how the teachers perceive the inclusion of more varieties of Spanish in their teaching. Utilizing qualitative semi-structured interviews with seven Spanish teachers from various regions of Sweden, the research employs thematic analysis to identify patterns and themes in the participants perceptions and experiences. The findings reveal that teachers’ attitudes towards different varieties of Spanish are shaped by personal experience, education and background, which often evolve into more inclusivity over time. However, challenges remain in fully integrating these varieties into teaching practices. The teachers use a range of strategies, such as multimedia resources and authentic material to expose students to linguistic diversity, but they also express frustration with the lack of varied and inclusive teaching materials. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for enhanced educational programs and more diverse teaching materials to better represent the linguistic diversity of the Spanish speaking world. 

Denna studie har två huvudsyften: att undersöka spansklärares syn på analoga och digitala lärresurser i spanskaundervisningen i grundskolan, särskilt vilka fördelar och nackdelar de ser med olika lärresurser. Det andra syftet är att undersöka lärarnas uppfattning om de kommande ändringarna i skollagen, där riksdagen beslutat att stärka elevernas tillgång till ändamålsenliga läromedel, som exempelvis fysiska läroböcker. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar genomfördes en kvalitativ undersökning med hjälp av ett digitalt frågeformulär som besvarades av spansklärare från olika skolor.

Undersökningen visar att de flesta lärare föredrar att kombinera analoga och digitala lärresurser och använder dem olika beroende på vilken språkfärdighet som är i fokus. Många lärare har redan tillgång till tryckta läroböcker, vilket förklarar varför mer än hälften av informanterna inte planerar att ändra val av lärresurser trots lagändringen. En fjärdedel angav dock att lagändringarna kommer att påverka deras val. Informanterna använder lärresurser på liknande sätt genom att anpassa och variera dem för att möta elevernas behov. Det fanns dock vissa motstridiga uppfattningar om vilka analoga och digitala lärresurser som på bästa sätt främjar undervisningen och språkinlärningen. 

La Civilisation, ma Mère !... de Driss Chraïbi explore les changements sociaux et culturels au Maroc pendant la période coloniale française, traitant pour la première fois l’émancipation féminine tout en critiquant ouvertement la société marocaine. À travers le parcours de la mère, l'oeuvre illustre une transformation radicale, passant d'une vie confinée et traditionnelle à une existence marquée par l’éducation et l'engagement social, tout en exposant les tensions entre tradition et modernité dans un Maroc colonial. Le but principal de cette étude est d'examiner comment Driss Chraïbi dépeint les tensions entre tradition et modernité dans La Civilisation, ma Mère !... et de comprendre comment ses propositions ont été reçues différemment au Maroc et en Occident. Afin de répondre à ces questions, nous avons utilisé une approche intégrant les perspectives des études postcoloniales, de la critique culturelle et de la réception littéraire, en examinant comment l'oeuvre critique les structures traditionnelles tout en valorisant les aspects de la modernité. Les résultats montrent que le roman est généralement perçu en Occident comme une critique incisive des traditions patriarcales et coloniales,tandis qu'au Maroc, il rencontre une réception plus mitigée en raison de son interrogation des valeurs culturelles et religieuses établies. Cette divergence de réception suggère la nécessité d'examiner plus en profondeur les implications culturelles et sociales de l'œuvre dans le contexte marocain.

Vi har studerat hur kostnadsstyrning tillämpas i investerings- respektive underhållsprojekt på Trafikverket. Syftet med studien är att identifiera de faktorer som påverkar kostnadsstyrningen samt beskriva likheter och skillnader mellan investeringsprojekt respektive underhållsprojekt inom Trafikverket. Tidigare forskningar har berört problemet med kostnadsöverskridanden, vikten av en fungerande kostnadsstyrning och metoder för att kostnadsstyra. Här finns en identifierad kunskapslucka gällande kostnadsstyrning inom vägprojekt. Dessutom saknas det en jämförelse i tidigare forskning mellan olika projekt och tillämpningen av kostnadsstyrning. Därför redogör denna studie för tillämpningen av kostnadsstyrning inom investeringsprojekt och underhållsprojekt på Trafikverket.

Forskningsmetoden som har tillämpats är en kvalitativ metod där två semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts, varav en gruppintervju samt en dokumentstudie. Studien resulterade i att kostnadsstyrningen inom investerings och underhållsprojekt visat sig tillämpas genom olika styrmedel. I studien sammanfattats dessa som planeringsverktyg, krav och riktlinjer. Dessutom har kravställare och underleverantörer identifierats som centrala intressenter som påverkar kostnadsstyrningen. Studien har även resulterat i att både likheter och skillnader mellan de två projekttyperna synliggjorts för styrmedel och intressenter samt hur de tillämpas och kommuniceras. Likheterna kan förklaras i att de styrmedel som identifierats är vanligt förekommande i projekt, men även viktiga för att uppnå Trafikverkets vision. Skillnaderna beror främst på att de olika projekttyperna skiljer sig åt gällande omfattning, åtgärder och tidsomfång. 

Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka vilka utmaningar och möjligheter religionskunskapslärare i årskurs 7–9 kan uppleva i deras arbete att uppnå saklig och allsidig religionskunskapsundervisning och samtidigt upprätthålla de demokratiska värden som ska prägla undervisningen. Studien baseras på kvalitativ metod och det empiriska materialet består av fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med högstadielärare. Insamlad empiri har analyserats utifrån studiens teoretiska ramverk bestående av religionsdidaktiska och didaktiska teoribildningar som beskriver olika didaktiska ansatser, samt begrepp som kan belysa olika aspekter av religionskunskapsundervisningen i förhållande till läroplanens (Lgr22) formuleringar kring saklighets- och allsidighetskraven.

Studiens resultat visar att alla lärarrespondenterna ansåg kraven som självklara. Saklighet och allsidighet associerade de flesta av lärarna till objektivitet, opartiskhet och perspektivtagande. I lärarnas resonemang över hur dessa krav uppnås framkommer det olika utmaningar och möjligheter gällande användandet av olika didaktiska ansatser och inslag som en del av religionskunskapsundervisningen. En del lärare framhöll att med inslag av levd religion riskerar undervisningen att gå från lära om religion till lära i religion (konfessionell) och andra menar på att enbart lära om religion inte är tillräckligt för att faktiskt förstå religion, utan att det bör kompletteras med lära av religion. En stor utmaning som de flesta lärarna lyfte fram var tidsbrist vilket leder till att många av lärarna prioriterar bort uppgifter och upplägg som de själva anser kan bidra till elevengagemang, så som livsfrågor eller studie- och klassrumsbesök. Skolämnet har en potential att väcka känslor och värdeyttringar hos eleverna, något som kan vara både utmanade att hantera eller en möjlighet för en mer allsidig och saklig religionskunskapsundervisning. 

Acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with substantial abnormalities in lipid biology, including changes in the structural lipids that are present in the myelin in the brain. We investigated the relationship between traumatic microstructural changes in white matter from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and quantitative lipidomic changes from blood serum. The study cohort included 103 patients from the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in TBI (CENTER-TBI) study. Diffusion tensor fitting generated fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) maps for the MRI scans while ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was applied to analyze the lipidome. Increasing severity of TBI was associated with higher MD and lower FA values, which scaled with different lipidomic signatures. There appears to be consistent patterns of lipid changes associating with the specific microstructure changes in the CNS white matter, but also regional specificity, suggesting that blood-based lipidomics may provide an insight into the underlying pathophysiology of TBI.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to report experiences gained while conducting the research project, in which social workers' active participation was a core feature.

MATERIALS AND METHOD: Guided by the implementation framework AIF (Active Implementation Framework) data were collected from multiple sources, such as minutes from guidance sessions, meetings with managers, booster days, and transcriptions of focus group interviews with social workers.

RESULTS: Findings indicate that social workers need to receive training in research activities before program start and to have time for pre- and post-therapeutic session reflections To deliver and maintain an intervention like Me & my Family require cross-sectional cooperation and staff having academic degrees to develop reflections on program delivery. Research design experiences indicate that RCT methods proved difficult to accomplish. An additional finding was organizational structures in silos as a barrier to recruiting families.

CONCLUSION: Involving social workers in doing research on practices concern needs for managerial support regarding scheduling, routines and interest in evidence-based practice, well-educated social workers, and special attention to research design in relation to clients' needs. Conclusions drawn from using the AIF framework include the need for continuous coaching and consultations as well as feed-back on results.

Our overall objective is to improve food literacy in ECEC, and develop a research based, easy to use, free of charge digital tool to support the adoption of more sustainable and healthy diets in ECECIs. What we eat has an impact on our health (Ward et al., 2021), and it is responsible for 25% of our carbon footprint (Tilman & Clark, 2014). Moreover, it has a huge impact on biological diversity on land, in fresh and in salt water (Vijay et al., 2016). The younger generation will bear the consequences of inaction on the climate crisis and should therefore be empowered to effectively engage in climate action (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2022). We will use a both a positivist and pragmatic paradigm approach to collect, compare and analyse several types of data (using quantitative and qualitative methods), such as questionnaires, interviews, LCA. All participants will sign an informed consent form. Children’s participation will be voluntary with the possibility to withdraw at any time. All data will be anonymized after the link between data from different sources is established. ECECIs can help promoting sustainability in many ways. In this project, we focus on three aspects: children eating habits, the environmental footprints (and its potential mitigation) of dietary regimes in ECECIs, and children understanding of energy flow in ecosystems. This research will have a direct impact on the ECEC sector and on children health and will contribute to a better understanding of ECECI and sustainability. 

The aim of our study is to explore and compare the curricula for preschool in Norway, Italy and Sweden, with special focus on sustainability. Research indicates that national curricula play a significant role in developing educational activities for young children, who will bear the consequences of inaction in the actual climate and biodiversity crisis and should therefore be empowered to effectively engage themselves towards a sustainable future (Ärlemalm- Hagsér et al., 2014; Borg et al., 2022; Ohlsson et al., 2022; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2022). This study uses Bruner’s theory of learning and process of education (1960, 1966) as well as an integrated approach to sustainability. A qualitative research paradigm will be used to conduct a critical content analysis (Cohen et al., 2018) to interpret and compare differences and similarities among the curricula. Although this is a curricula analysis that is based solely on secondary data, ethical consideration was given to ensuring fair representation of literature from relevant sources, to avoid possibility of bias. The findings indicate that in Norway and Sweden, the term sustainability is explicitly mentioned several times in the curricula as one of the core values of the Framework plan for preschools. In Italy the term is not explicitly mentioned, although many parts of the curriculum can be directly linked to the UN sustainability goals. Our study contributes to increase knowledge about policies in preschool education in Norway, Sweden, and Italy. The results are discussed in the light of the different national contexts. 

This paper aims to explore children’s views of social and economic sustainability and discuss how preschool can introduce peace education through encouraging children to solve conflicts peacefully, cultivating respect for diversity and developing interconnectedness of all living things. Studies have shown that there is a correlation between peace education and teaching of peace values at an early stage in reducing conflict in society (Affolter et al., 2020). Researchers argue that developing a culture of peace in early childhood education can be the best investment (Angelica Ponguta et al., 2018; Sunar et al., 2013). This study draws from Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory that looks at the ways society impacts children’s development and behavior (Vygotsky, 1978). Employing qualitative research methodology, 403 children were interviewed from 50 preschools in 25 municipalities in Sweden. Data were analyzed thematically. The Swedish Ethical Review Authority did not raise any objection to the study. The study follows the Swedish research council guidelines, including that informed consent was negotiated with the children and parents. The findings demonstrate that preschool children are aware of the ongoing conflicts and war through news and conversations of adults. Some of them were willing to help the victims with money, toys, food and even accommodation. To contribute to the creation of a more peaceful and equitable society, preschool needs to incorporate peace education initiatives, to establish a robust foundation for fostering a sense of responsibility towards both individuals and the environment, thereby promoting the welfare of both current and future generations (United Nations 2015). 

Theories of decision making are implemented in models that predict and explain behavior in terms of latent cognitive processes. But where do these models come from, and how are they instantiated in the brain? In this article, we examine several avenues where artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) can benefit decision theory by providing new methods for developing and testing cognitive models. First, machine learning can be used to efficiently estimate the values of latent parameters in cognitive models and assign posterior probabilities to competing models of the same observed data. Second, models of decision behavior can be embedded within artificially intelligent systems to allow them to make inferences about human counterparts (goals, abilities, cognition) in real time, equipping AI with tools to interact socially. Third, AI can be used to understand how evolutionary and learning processes give rise to the cognitive abilities that support decision making. Last, the tools of experimental psychology and decision sciences can be applied to better understand the "black boxes" of neural networks by systematically testing input-output (stimulus-response) relationships. Put together, we suggest that merging ML/AI into decision-modeling-and vice versa-is a promising path toward many long-term benefits for both fields.

This study investigates an under-researched Swedish national improvement initiative called “Collaboration for the Best School Possible” (CBS), regarding preschool. The aim of this article was to develop knowledge of preschool teachers’ and head teachers’ conceptions and experiences during the initial phase of CBS. The data are based on semi-structured interviews with 14 preschool professionals. A qualitative content analysis guided by the concept of ideological dilemmas was conducted. The results show imbalances regarding the dilemmas of “a linear logic” versus “a complex practice” and “the top-down governance” versus “the bottom-up influences”. The linear logic for improvements, to which it seemed the preschool professionals had adapted, appears to lack place for complexities. The professionals also appeared subordinated to representatives of National Agency for Education and a specific language use, supposed to be spoken at the agency, “Skolverkiska” as well as a perceived focus on deficiencies. Risks are pointed out for an overly narrow view of the practice in which its conditions are neglected. This article shows the importance of further discussions regarding why, for what and for whom an educational practice needs to be improved.

Artikeln: Barn och unga behöver stöd för att komma in i de läsandes gemenskap

Artikeln lyfter vikten av högläsning för de yngsta barnen och betydelsen av ett läsfrämjande arbete genom hela skolgången. Den handlar också om samverkan mellan hem, förskola, skola och bibliotek för att utveckla barns läsförmåga och uppmuntra ett läsintresse.

Artikeln är skriven av Tarja Alatalo, professor i pedagogiskt arbete vid Institutionen för lärarutbildning vid Högskolan Dalarna. Artikeln är framtagen av Skolverket.

The aim of this article is to analyse and discuss policies and planning for rural housing, with a special focus on social sustainability. In this endeavour, we review research with such a focus and put this in dialogue with an analysis of the contemporary situation regarding rural housing challenges and policies in Sweden. Countrysides in Europe, including Sweden, are diverse and face different housing-related challenges. The literature illuminates spatial as well as socio-economic inequalities. Both a low demand for housing related to a shrinking labour market and out-migration and a high pressure on the housing market triggering restrictive or conditional measures to avoid speculative developments and rural gentrification affect social sustainability. Our case study on policy and planning measures that deal with rural housing in Sweden shows that there is a need to further investigate and understand the role of housing in rural areas for various groups and people with fewer resources, including further elaboration on the connection between mobilities and housing needs. A narrow focus upon housing provision that does not take into account access to services and communications as well as contemporary mobility flows of different groups challenges equality and well-being in rural areas. In Sweden, housing is primarily a municipal, local responsibility. However, exogenous forces or trends mean that housing issues play out at both the regional and national levels and put the municipalities in a difficult situation.

Mathematical communication, encompassing writing in, about, and for mathematics, is a critical competency. Defining excellent mathematical writing standards, however, remains challenging. To address this, we conducted a systematic review of 48 scholarly works on quality in mathematical writing. Our findings reveal mathematical writing for different purposes under scrutiny, including general mathematical writing, proof writing, reflective writing, expository writing, and descriptive writing during problem solving. To assess quality, researchers explore a variety of facets, such as syntax and semantics. Progression pathways vary, with both quantitative and qualitative evaluations-analysing text structure, writing style, and the use of different semiotic elements. It seems that in mathematics education, a consensus on quality measurement remains elusive. Proof writing is a notable exception. Among reviewed articles examining proof writing, a common set of standards emerges and provides valuable guidance. We propose that mathematical writing, perhaps especially in the context of reporting solutions in problem solving, can draw from proof writing standards. 'Good' mathematical writing would then require students to focus on (1) defining assumptions and assigning variables; (2) producing a coherent narrative, including relevant calculations (semantic issues); (3) using correct language, representations, and mathematical symbols (syntax issues); and (4) attending to what is appropriate in the context.

AIM: To explore Finnish paramedics' perceptions of work-related performance expectations in relation to work experience, and understand how organizational socialization contributes to understanding paramedics' performance expectations.

DESIGN: A qualitative design with a deductive-inductive approach utilizing a social constructivist framework. The organizational socialization framework by Wanberg was used as the theoretical basis.

METHODS: Data were collected between May and August 2023, using group and individual interviews of newly graduated (n = 9) and experienced paramedics (n = 13). Participants were recruited via social media channels. Data were first analyzed deductively, according to constructs of the organizational socialization framework (role clarity, task mastery, and social acceptance), then inductively, using codes not utilized in the deductive phase.

DATA SOURCES: Interviewed Finnish paramedics (N = 22), both newly graduated paramedics (n = 9) and experienced paramedics (n = 13). The interviews were performed remotely and then transcribed into text.

RESULTS: Our findings showed comparable performance expectations between newly graduated and experienced paramedics, mismatches in role clarity of paramedic work, challenges in both learning and upholding professional competence, and difficulties of social acceptance into the paramedic community. There were variations in how expectations were perceived between groups, indicating that experience might partly affect how paramedics identify and manage performance expectations. The organizational socialization framework enables the contextualization of these performance expectations.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Paramedic work involves challenges to upholding clinical competence, aligning to a professional role, and social integration into the professional community. Our research contributes to understanding how paramedics perceive these challenges as performance expectations in different stages of their careers and how they could be managed utilizing a framework for organizational socialization. The socialization of paramedics into the workforce needs to account for these performance expectations, especially considering the changing paradigm of paramedic work, role, and societal expectations.

PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No Patient or Public Contribution.

This paper explores the ethical challenges and possibilities of conducting responsible and transformative translanguaging pedagogy in adult education for second language learners with limited previous experience of schooling. We identify and explore ethical dilemmas in teachers’ interaction and multilingual teaching practices. The data was produced in a linguistic ethnography and action research project. It consists of classroom observations and interviews with teachers who teach in the programme Swedish for Immigrants (SFI). The teachers expressand embody ambivalence in relation to the students’ use of their whole linguistic repertoires and the students are not always treated as competent to make informed decisions about their own use of linguistic repertoires. This touches on issues of citizenship and democracy and here the framework ethics of care offers context-specific ways of understanding and responding to the ethical challenges of multilingual teaching.