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Study of the mean size and fraction of the second-phase particles in a 13% chromium steel at high temperature
Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Materials Technology. KTH Royal Institute of Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3812-5285
Sandvik Materials Technology.
Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Materials Technology.
KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
2019 (English)In: Philosophical Magazine, ISSN 1478-6435, E-ISSN 1478-6443, p. 1-17Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The mean size and fraction of the second-phase particles in a 13% chromium steel are investigated, while no plastic deformation was applied. The results of the measurement are compared with the modelling results from a physicallybased model. The heating sequence is performed on samples using a Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulator over the temperature range of 850?1200°C. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), the size distribution and composition of the carbides were evaluated, respectively. For obtaining particle size distribution (PSD), an image-processing software was employed to analyse the SEM images. Additionally, the relation between the 2D shape factor and size of the particles is also studied at different temperatures and most of the particles turned out to have a shape factor close to two. In order to measure the carbide weight fraction, electrochemical phase isolation was employed. The Ms and fraction of the martensite phase after quenching of samples are calculated and the results were comparable with the measured hardness values at corresponding temperatures. The measured hardness of the samples is found to comply very well with the measured mean size of the precipitates. The calculated mean size of the particles from the model shows very good agreement with both hardness value and experimentally measured mean size, while the calculated volume fraction from simulation follows a slightly different trend.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis , 2019. p. 1-17
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Research Profiles 2009-2020, Steel Forming and Surface Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:du-31030DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2019.1674455ISI: 000491547100001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85074354022OAI: oai:DiVA.org:du-31030DiVA, id: diva2:1365304
Available from: 2019-10-24 Created: 2019-10-24 Last updated: 2025-10-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Modeling the Microstructure Evolution During and After Hot Working in Martensitic Steel
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modeling the Microstructure Evolution During and After Hot Working in Martensitic Steel
2021 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In this study, the goal is to predict the microstructure evolution during and after the hot working of a martensitic stainless steel with 13% chromium using a physically-based model in the form of a MATLAB toolbox. This model is based on dislocation density theory and consists of coupled sets of evolution equations for dislocation, vacancies, recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth.

The focus in this work is on the flow stress calculation and the effect of second phase particles on the strengthening mechanisms in the material at elevated temperatures. Recovery and recrystallization are also studied for this alloy during deformation and following stress relaxation.

The experimental part of this work was performed with a Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulator over the temperature range of 850 to 1200°C. Samples were investigated later by a light optical microscope (LOM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS). Hardness test and phase isolation were also performed on the samples and the results are compared with the modeling results.

The model can satisfactorily predict the grain growth, recovery, recrystallization, and flow stress for this alloy. Further investigation on the second phase particles showed that the measured mean size of carbides has a good agreement with what is obtained from the model and the hardness values. On the other hand, the modeled volume fraction of the carbides followed a slightly different trend comparing to hardness values, and phase isolation results at temperatures higher than 1000°C. Additionally, the Ms temperature and fraction of the martensite phase are calculated for quenched samples where the results are following the measured hardness values.

Finally, the Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z) and its relation to the flow stress and the activation energy for deformation are defined. The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) kinetic is modeled and the fraction DRX was calculated at various temperatures and strain rates for this alloy.

Abstract [sv]

I denna studie är målet att förutsäga mikrostrukturutvecklingen under och efter varmbearbetning i ett martensitiskt rostfritt stål med 13 % krom med hjälp av en fysisk baserad modell i form av en MATLAB verktygslåda. Denna modell är baserad på en teori för dislokationstäthet och bestårav kopplade uppsättningar av evolutionsekvationer för dislokation, vakanser, återhämtning, rekristallisation och kornstillväxt. Fokus i detta arbete är beräkning av flytespänningen och effekten av sekundärfaspartiklar på härdningsmekanismerna i materialet vid höga temperaturer. Återhämtning och rekristallisation studeras också för denna legering under deformation och efter spänningsrelaxation.

Den experimentella delen av detta arbete utfördes med en Gleeble termomekanisk simulator inom temperaturområdet 850 till 1200°C. Proverna undersöktes senare med ett ljust optiskt mikroskop (LOM) och svepelektronmikroskop(SEM) utrustad med energidispersiv spektroskopi (EDS). Hårdhetstest och fasisolering utfördes också på proverna och resultaten jämförs med modelleringsresultaten.

Modellen på ett tillfredsställande sätt kan förutsäga korntillväxt, återhämtning, rekristallisation och flytspänningen för denna legering. Vidare undersökning av partiklarna i sekundärfasen visade att den uppmätta medelstorleken för karbider har bra överensstämmelse med vad som erhålls från modellen och hårdhetsvärdena. Den modellerade volymfraktionen av karbiderna följde en något annorlunda trend vid temperaturerna högre än 1000°C jämfört med hårdhetsvärden och fasisoleringsresultat. Dessutom beräknas Ms temperaturen och fraktionen av martensitfasen för släckta prover där resultaten följer de uppmätta hårdhetsvärdena.

Slutligen definieras Zener-Hollomon-parametern (Z) och dess förhållande till flytspänningen och aktiveringsenergin för deformation. Den kinetiska dynamiska rekristallisation (DRX) modelleras och fraktionen DRX beräknades vidolika temperaturer och töjningshastigheter för denna legering.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sweden, Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 44
Keywords
Modeling, Martensitic steel, Carbides, Carbide size distribution, Carbide volume fraction, Carbide shape factor, Modellering, Martensitiskt stål, karbider, karbidstorleksfördelning, karbidvolymfraktion, karbidformfaktor
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:du-35570 (URN)978-91-7873-732-1 (ISBN)
Presentation
2021-01-22, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-12-07 Created: 2020-12-06 Last updated: 2025-10-09Bibliographically approved

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Safara Nosar, NimaEngberg, Göran

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