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Building Energy Efficiency Measures in District Heating Systems
Dalarna University, School of Technology and Business Studies, Energy Technology. Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9789-3882
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Improving energy performance of existing buildings is an important part in decreasing energy use and in turn reducing greenhouse gas emissions and primary energy use. To be able to evaluate how energy refurbishment influences greenhouse gas emissions and primary energy use a wider system perspective is needed which puts the building in its context.

 This thesis deals with energy efficiency refurbishment performed on multi-family buildings within district heated areas and how greenhouse gas emissions and primary energy use is influenced. Both energy demand and temperature levels are considered.

A simulated building is used to evaluate energy refurbishment packages. The results are used as input data for models of district heating systems to cost optimize district heating production. One district heating system model is also used to evaluate the impact of lowered district heating supply temperatures. The results from the cost optimizations are used to evaluate the impact on greenhouse gas emissions and primary energy use.

The results show that all refurbishment packages decreases greenhouse gas emissions and primary energy use, but to a different extent. Depending on the fuel types used and to which extent electricity is co-produced in the district heating system, the results of implementing the refurbishment packages vary. The largest reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and primary energy use occurs in a district heating system with a high share of biofuel and no electricity production. Another result is that the temperature levels of a building’s heating system can be reduced when refurbished which promotes low-temperature district heating. The results also indicates that greenhouse gas emissions and primary energy use can be decreased from a short- and medium term perspective if the supply temperature of a district heating system is lowered. From a long term perspective primary energy use is still decreased while greenhouse gas emissions are increased.

Abstract [sv]

Att förbättra energiprestanda hos befintliga byggnader är en viktig del i arbetet med att minska energianvändningen och i sin tur minska utsläppen av växthusgaser och användningen av primärenergi. För att kunna utvärdera hur energieffektivisering av byggnader påverkar växthusgasutsläpp och primärenergianvändning behövs ett brett systemperspektiv som sätter byggnaden i sitt sammanhang. Denna avhandling handlar om energieffektivisering av flerfamiljshus inom fjärrvärmeuppvärmda områden och hur växthusgasutsläpp och primärenergianvändning påverkas. Både energibehov och temperaturnivåer beaktas. En simulerad byggnad används för att utvärdera energieffektiviserings-paket. Resultaten används sedan som indata för modeller av fjärrvärmesy-stem där fjärrvärmeproduktionen kostnadsoptimeras. En fjärrvärme-systemsmodell används också för att utvärdera effekterna av sänkta fram-ledningstemperaturer. Resultaten från kostnadsoptimeringarna används för att sedan utvärdera effekterna på växthusgasutsläpp och primärenergian-vändning. Enligt resultaten bidrar alla energieffektiviseringspaket med att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser och primärenergianvändning, dock i olika utsträckning. Beroende på vilka bränsletyper som används och i vilken utsträckning som el produceras i fjärrvärmesystemet varierar resultaten för implementering av energieffektiviseringspaketen. Den största minskningen av växthusgasutsläpp och primärenergianvändning sker i ett fjärrvärmesystem med en hög andel biobränsle och ingen elproduktion. Ett annat resultat är att temperaturnivåerna i en byggnads värmesystem kan sänkas när den renoveras vilket främjar lågtemperaturfjärrvärme. Resultaten tyder också på att växthusgasutsläpp och primärenergianvändning kan minskas ur ett kort- och medellångt perspektiv om framledningstemperaturen för ett fjärrvärme-system sänks. Ur ett långsiktigt perspektiv minskar fortfarande primärenergi-användningen medan växthusgasutsläppen ökar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Gävle: Gävle University Press , 2020. , p. 51
Keywords [en]
building simulation, combined heat and power, district heating, domestic hot water, energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emission, low-temperature, multi-family building, primary energy, refurbishment
Keywords [sv]
byggnadsimulering, energieffektivitet, flerfamiljshus, fjärrvärme, kraftvärme, lågtemperatur, primärenergi, renovering, tappvarmvatten, växthusgas
National Category
Energy Engineering
Research subject
Research Profiles 2009-2020, Energy and Built Environments
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:du-36177ISBN: 978-91-88145-52-9 (print)ISBN: 978-91-88145-53-6 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:du-36177DiVA, id: diva2:1529121
Public defence
2020-11-06, 322, Röda vägen 3, Borlänge, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Knowledge Foundation, 20120273Available from: 2021-02-17 Created: 2021-02-17 Last updated: 2025-10-09Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. An approach to illustrate strategies for improved energy efficiency at the municipal level
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An approach to illustrate strategies for improved energy efficiency at the municipal level
2014 (English)In: Proceedings from the 14th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling: Proceedings from the14th InternationalSymposium on District Heating and Cooling September, 6-10, 2014 Stockholm, SWEDEN / [ed] Anna Land, Swedish District Heating Association, 2014, p. 50-55Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Keywords
Energy Efficiency, District Heating, Decision making, Million programme
National Category
Energy Engineering
Research subject
Research Profiles 2009-2020, Energy and Built Environments
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:du-16541 (URN)9789185775248 (ISBN)
Conference
14th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling
Projects
REESBE
Funder
Knowledge Foundation
Available from: 2014-12-17 Created: 2014-12-17 Last updated: 2025-10-09Bibliographically approved
2. System impact of energy efficient building refurbishment within a district heated region
Open this publication in new window or tab >>System impact of energy efficient building refurbishment within a district heated region
2016 (English)In: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 106, p. 45-53Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The energy efficiency of the European building stock needs to be increased in order to fulfill the climate goals of the European Union. To be able to evaluate the impact of energy efficient refurbishment in matters of greenhouse gas emissions, it is necessary to apply a system perspective where not only the building but also the surrounding energy system is taken into consideration.

This study examines the impact that energy efficient refurbishment of multi-family buildings has on the district heating and the electricity production. It also investigates the impact on electricity utilization and emissions of greenhouse gases.

The results from the simulation of four energy efficiency building refurbishment packages were used to evaluate the impact on the district heating system. The packages were chosen to show the difference between refurbishment actions that increase the use of electricity when lowering the heat demand, and actions that lower the heat demand without increasing the electricity use. The energy system cost optimization modeling tool MODEST (Model for Optimization of Dynamic Energy Systems with Time-Dependent Components and Boundary Conditions) was used.

When comparing two refurbishment packages with the same annual district heating use, this study shows that a package including changes in the building envelope decreases the greenhouse gas emissions more than a package including ventilation measures.

Keywords
Energy efficiency, District heating system, Refurbishment, Simulation, Greenhouse gases, Buildings
National Category
Energy Systems
Research subject
Research Profiles 2009-2020, Energy and Built Environments
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:du-21382 (URN)10.1016/j.energy.2016.03.043 (DOI)000378659700005 ()2-s2.0-84977503634 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knowledge Foundation, 20120273
Available from: 2016-04-25 Created: 2016-04-25 Last updated: 2025-10-09Bibliographically approved
3. Environmental impact of energy refurbishment of buildings within different district heating systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Environmental impact of energy refurbishment of buildings within different district heating systems
Show others...
2018 (English)In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 227, no SI, p. 231-238Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The refurbishment of existing buildings is often considered a way to reduce energy use and CO2 emissions in the building stock. This study analyses the primary energy and CO2 impact of refurbishing a multi-family house with different refurbishment packages, given various district heating systems. Four models of typical district heating systems were defined to represent the Swedish district heating sector. The refurbishment packages were chosen to represent typical, yet innovative ways to improve the energy efficiency and indoor climate of a multi-family house. The study was made from a system perspective, including the valuation of changes in electricity use on the margin. The results show a significant difference in primary energy use for the different refurbishment packages, depending on both the package itself as well as the type of district heating system. While the packages with heat pumps had the lowest final energy use per m2 of floor area, air heat recovery proved to reduce primary energy use and emissions of CO2-equivalents more, independent of the type of district heating system, as it leads to a smaller increase in electricity use.

Keywords
District heating; Primary energy; Energy refurbishment; Building simulation; Multi-family house
National Category
Civil Engineering
Research subject
Research Profiles 2009-2020, Energy and Built Environments
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:du-25709 (URN)10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.022 (DOI)000445987200025 ()2-s2.0-85026287103 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2017-08-07 Created: 2017-08-07 Last updated: 2025-10-09Bibliographically approved
4. Impact of Domestic Hot Water Systems on District Heating Temperatures
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impact of Domestic Hot Water Systems on District Heating Temperatures
2019 (English)In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 12, no 24, article id 4694Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

When buildings become more energy effective, the temperature levels of district heating systems need to be lower to decrease the losses from the distribution system and to keep district heating a competitive alternative on the heating market. For this reason, buildings that are refurbished need to be adapted to suit low-temperature district heating. The aim of this paper is to examine whether four different energy refurbishment packages (ERPs) can be used for lowering the temperature need of a multi-family buildings space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) system as well as to analyse the impact of the DHW circulation system on the return temperature. The results show that for all ERPs examined in this study, the space heating supply temperature agreed well with the temperature levels of a low-temperature district heating system. The results show that the temperature need of the DHW system will determine the supply temperature of the district heating system. In addition, the amount of days with heating demand decreases for all ERPs, which further increases the influence of the DHW system on the district heating system. In conclusion, the DHW system needs to be improved to enable the temperature levels of a low-temperature district heating system.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Basel, Schweiz: , 2019
Keywords
district heating, energy efficient refurbishment, building simulation, low-temperature heating, domestic hot water.
National Category
Energy Engineering
Research subject
Research Profiles 2009-2020, Energy and Built Environments
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:du-31601 (URN)10.3390/en12244694 (DOI)000506918400087 ()2-s2.0-85077015857 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knowledge Foundation, 20120273
Available from: 2020-01-07 Created: 2020-01-07 Last updated: 2025-10-09
5. System effects of lowered district heating supply temperatures
Open this publication in new window or tab >>System effects of lowered district heating supply temperatures
2020 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Series
WEENTECH Proceedings in Energy, ISSN 2059-2353
Keywords
District Heating System; Low-temperature District Heating; Combined Heat and Power; CO2-eqv. Emissions; Primary Energy
National Category
Energy Engineering
Research subject
Research Profiles 2009-2020, Energy and Built Environments
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:du-36178 (URN)10.32438/WPE.0920 (DOI)
Conference
5th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Economics, ICEEE2020, 18-20 August 2020, Edinburgh
Available from: 2020-09-11 Created: 2021-02-17 Last updated: 2025-10-09Bibliographically approved

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Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • chicago-author-date
  • chicago-note-bibliography
  • Other style
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  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
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  • nn-NB
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  • Other locale
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Output format
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