The main aim of this introduction is to engage critically with the discursive construction of Muslimness in a Western context and, in particular, a European context, through literary narratives. To this end, the chapter examines aspects concerning the problematization of Muslims in Europe and develops a theoretical discussion of the “Muslim question” in relation to Islamophobia and the “Jewish Question.” This provides the necessary contextualization for the analysis of literary narratives of Muslimness in Europe and how these relate to post-Enlightenment anxieties in European secular societies, summarized in what Zygmunt Bauman refers to as our “liquid fear” (2006). This analysis is performed within the framework of transculturality and the emergent field of critical Muslim studies and emphasizes the crucial contribution of the world literature paradigm to the understanding and examination of “Muslim writing” in this collection.