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Two-step deep-learning identification of heel keypoints from video-recorded gait
Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Medical Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6916-4148
Uppsala University, Uppsala.
Stardots AB, Uppsala.
Dalarna University, School of Health and Welfare, Physiotherapy. Uppsala University, Uppsala.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8196-0553
2025 (English)In: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, ISSN 0140-0118, E-ISSN 1741-0444, Vol. 63, no 1, p. 229-237Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Accurate and fast extraction of step parameters from video recordings of gait allows for richer information to be obtained from clinical tests such as Timed Up and Go. Current deep-learning methods are promising, but lack in accuracy for many clinical use cases. Extracting step parameters will often depend on extracted landmarks (keypoints) on the feet. We hypothesize that such keypoints can be determined with an accuracy relevant for clinical practice from video recordings by combining an existing general-purpose pose estimation method (OpenPose) with custom convolutional neural networks (convnets) specifically trained to identify keypoints on the heel. The combined method finds keypoints on the posterior and lateral aspects of the heel of the foot in side-view and frontal-view images from which step length and step width can be determined for calibrated cameras. Six different candidate convnets were evaluated, combining three different standard architectures as networks for feature extraction (backbone), and with two different networks for predicting keypoints on the heel (head networks). Using transfer learning, the backbone networks were pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset, and the combined networks (backbone + head) were fine-tuned on data from 184 trials of older, unimpaired adults. The data was recorded at three different locations and consisted of 193 k side-view images and 110 k frontal-view images. We evaluated the six different models using the absolute distance on the floor between predicted keypoints and manually labelled keypoints. For the best-performing convnet, the median error was 0.55 cm and the 75% quartile was below 1.26 cm using data from the side-view camera. The predictions are overall accurate, but show some outliers. The results indicate potential for future clinical use by automating a key step in marker-less gait parameter extraction.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2025. Vol. 63, no 1, p. 229-237
Keywords [en]
Convolutional neural networks, Gait analysis, Marker-less motion capture
National Category
Computer and Information Sciences Clinical Medicine
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:du-49409DOI: 10.1007/s11517-024-03189-7ISI: 001315678800001PubMedID: 39292381Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85204189976OAI: oai:DiVA.org:du-49409DiVA, id: diva2:1901209
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2017-1259Swedish Research Council, 2020-01056Available from: 2024-09-26 Created: 2024-09-26 Last updated: 2025-10-09Bibliographically approved

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Halvorsen, KjartanÅberg, Anna Cristina

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CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • chicago-author-date
  • chicago-note-bibliography
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
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  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf