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ESG and Corporate Performance: How do ESG factors affect companies' stock returns, volatility, and funding?
Dalarna University, School of Culture and Society.
2025 (English)Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Under de senaste åren har ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) blivit en central aspekt i investeringsbeslut och riskhanteringen inom finanssektorn globalt och i Europa. Investerare och företag står inför ökade krav på hållbara investeringar, men det råder fortfarande osäkerhet kring hur ESG-faktorer påverkar finansiell prestation och risk, då resultaten av tidigare forskning inte vart enstämmig. Den forskning som har bedrivits om ESG och finansiell prestation har gett motstridiga resultat. Studier som fokuserar på en specifik sektor och marknad också är begränsad. Den observerade inkonsekvensen i tidigare forskningsresultat understryker behovet av en mer nyanserad förståelse av dessa komplexa samband på företagsnivå.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utforska förhållandet mellan ESG-faktorer och olika aspekter av företagsprestation, specifikt aktieavkastning, volatilitet och finansiering (kapitalkostnad).

Metod: Studien använder en kvantitativ ansats med en deduktiv strategi och är baserad på sekundärdata som samlats in från etablerade databaser som Business Source Premier, Google Scholar, Sciene Direct, Scorpus, EBSCOhost, Wiley Online Library, samt från Morningstar, MSCI, Sustainalytics och företagsrapporter.

Slutsats: Studiens resultat bidrar till den befintliga forskningen om sambandet mellan ESG och finansiell prestation, som uppvisat varierande resultat. Medan studiens korrelationsanalys fann ett signifikant positivt samband mellan ESG-score och aktieavkastning, vilket stämmer överens med viss ny forskning och meta-analyser, indikerade regressionen och t-testet inte ett statistiskt signifikant samband för ESG-score som en faktor som förklarar aktieavkastning i närvaro av andra kontrollvariabler. Resultaten för variablerna volatilitet och finansiering visar liknande komplexitet och överensstämmer med den befintliga forskningen varierande resultat. Studien understryker att sambandet mellan ESG och finansiell prestation är komplext och kan vara beroende av specifika modellval, urval och kontext inom finanssektorn. 

Abstract [en]

Background: In recent years, ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) has become a central aspect of investment decisions and risk management in the financial sector globally and in Europe. Investors and companies are facing increased demands for sustainable investments, but there is still uncertainty about how ESG factors affect financial performance and risk, as the results of previous research have not been unanimous. The research that has been conducted on ESG and financial performance has yielded conflicting results. And studies that focus on a specific sector and market are also limited. The observed inconsistencies in previous research underscore the need for a more nuanced understanding of these complex relationships at the firm level.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to explore the relationship between ESG-factors and different aspects of corporate performance, specifically equity returns, volatility, and financing (cost of capital).

Method: The study employs a quantitative method with a deductive approach, based on secondary data collected from established databases, including Business Source Premier, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, EBSCOhost, Wiley Online Library, as well as company reports from Morningstar, MSCI, and Sustainalytics.

Conclusion: The results of the study contribute to the existing research on the relationship between ESG and financial performance, which has shown varying results. While the study's correlation analysis found a significant positive correlation between ESG scores and equity returns, which is consistent with some recent research and meta-analyses, the regression and t-test did not indicate a statistically significant correlation for ESG scores as a factor explaining equity returns in the presence of other control variables. The results for the variables volatility and funding show similar complexity and are consistent with the existing research, which yields varying results. The study emphasizes that the relationship between ESG and financial performance is complex and may be dependent on specific model choices, selection, and context in the financial sector. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2025.
Keywords [en]
ESG performance, Financial performance, Stock return, Volatility, Cost of capital, Firm-level ESG, Corporate sustainability
National Category
Business Administration Economics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:du-50918OAI: oai:DiVA.org:du-50918DiVA, id: diva2:1986121
Subject / course
Business Administration and Management
Available from: 2025-07-30 Created: 2025-07-30 Last updated: 2025-10-09

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